Role of Space Factors in Promoting Vitality for the Design of Stadiums in

Iloilo and Capiz; A Case Study Review

By:

Billones, Robin Jon J.

Roa, Gabriel L.

Segaya, Michael Joshua V.

Aug 7, 2022
 ABSTRACT

One of the key areas of focus for current design studies has been the
significance of urban recreational spaces, such as facilities related to sports and event
areas to host for social gatherings. A public space that might please inhabitants in
many ways has been suggested as one of the main methods for urban design
initiatives. Vitality is a significant component in urban areas and public places because
it influences people how well they function in the environment. In this regard, this study
intends to review the role of space factors that can prompt the importance of vitality in
the development of sports stadiums. Primarily, this study will be evaluating Iloilo Sports
Complex and Villareal Stadium. The study will be conducted using a mixed method of
research analysis combining quantitative and descriptive context. Furthermore, the
data analysis for the site and building components will be assessed using various
architectural methods of analysis to find significant data for evaluation. After
determining the variables and results of the study, a design solution will be presented
through a strategic design innovation using modular architecture that prioritizes
efficiency and sustainable qualities of the building, whilst possessing the elements of the
space that enriches vitality and interacts with the community and the environment.

KEYWORDS: Architecture, Stadiums, Space Factors

 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The study evaluates the role of space factors in determining different design

components that promote vitality as an essential element in designing contemporary

sports stadiums for the community. Two(2) case studies of sports stadiums in Iloilo City

and Capiz will be evaluated - The Iloilo Sports Complex and Villareal Stadium. The study

will be formulating a design concept of a contemporary modular stadium that

generates urban revitalization and sustainability.

According to Zetlin (2021), a stadium is an enclosure with a wide floor plan for

sporting events and other displays and lots of spectator seating. The word comes from

the stade, a Greek unit of length used to describe the distance traveled in the first

Greek foot races. Sports stadiums should have an adequate quality and quantity while

meeting the national and international standards given by the relevant organizations to

satisfy the users. On the other hand, as cities grow and population rises, we have a

greater demand for sporting facilities. However, it seems that sometimes, despite

spending a lot of money to build these facilities, they are still inefficient and cannot

provide the proper function, utilities and lacking in both quantitative and qualitative
benefits. It seems that sports complexes can contribute to the promotion of vitality if it is

applied with the appropriate functional-physical quality components (Moein,2002).

The Villareal stadium is a joint project of Kiwanis of Kapas and the administrative

year is 1997-1998 with the theme of “To Embrace the Future”. The facilities in this

stadium are composed of a rubberized track oval, open paved basketball,

volleyball,football field, tennis courts and olympic size swimming pool and a 6000

capacity air-conditioned Capiz gymnasium with a basketball

court(Casio,2009)(Inocencio,2015)(Olivares,2015).

The iloilo sports complex , commonly known as the Iloilo sports center, is a multi-use

sports complex in Lapaz, Iloilo City, Philippines. Athletics track rehabilitation cost

P100,000 in 2014. However, given the volume of sporting events the stadium hosts, it had

to be done again. For renovations, the athletic facility had to be closed in October

2015 (Nepomoceno,2015). According to the Philippine News Agency (2015) The 18

million pesos renovation was finished in December 2015. The lane markings were

painted and the athletics track was rubberized. A different variety of Bermuda grass

was used on the football field's turf as well.

According to Khasto & Saeedi Rezvani (2010), if we consider cities as a life form,

it needs vitality and pleasure in order to survive. Having joy, fulfillment, and happiness is

one of the most essential psychological demands of the human being. The human
person, like all other organisms on the planet, has its own social life. As a result, his need

for happiness is vital and is manifested through his need for life and engaging in

activities in the rapid changing environment (Ahmadi Marrand, 2016). Since the goal of

art and architecture is to promote human’s biological conditions by enhancing the

quality of space, and this is realized when it is not only responsible for the functional and

aesthetic aspects, but also for the psychological needs and everyday dreams of

individuals, vitality can be regarded as an integral part of a desirable architecture,

which seeks to convey the sense of glory to the audience of space (Hashempour &

Kayini,2016). Thus, vitality and liveliness are the essential elements of an ideal urban

environment. In the age of technology, psychological anxiety and stress are important

issues that affect people, and both have a negative impact on their sense of

happiness. Additionally, there is a clearly visible lack of vigor and liveliness in our nation's

urban areas, which can boost crime, melancholy, and the propensity of people to

engage in immoral actions(Pourmohammadi & Asadi,2015). Therefore by incorporating

vitality and joy into architectural monuments and, more specifically, public places, we

may create a cheerful environment, which is a necessary matter. We therefore need a

location to address this issue, and sports venues can be effective in promoting vitality as

a space for individuals or groups to operate. The term "exercise" means performing

regular physical training to complete physical and mental strength. According to the

meaning derived from Dr.Moien's dictionary (2002). The results and outcomes that are
involved in the development of physical strength and mental concerns are more

significant than the exercise itself.

According to Jim Mcflynn (2018), modular stadiums are a flexible, cost

effective-way to get your team on the field and fans in the stands. Additionally, adding

temporary solutions such as VIP Suites, supplemental seating, or party platforms that fit

into the landscape in place. Perhaps most important is the flexible nature of modular

stadiums.Its semi-permanent design allows for installation at a fraction of the price of a

traditional stadium while maintaining safety, comfort, and aesthetics. Modular stadiums

can also be expanded within their current footprint as the team and fan base grows, or

even relocated to a new site.

Based on the article written by(Mwaniki, 2019), Contemporary architecture is a form of

construction that embodies the various styles of building designs stemming from a wide

range of influences. Contemporary architecture cuts away from the modern

architecture of the late twentieth century by including eco-friendly features and

embracing all kinds of creativity. Aside from employing the different styles and

influences, contemporary architecture uses the latest technology and materials. One

distinctive element of contemporary architecture is the expressiveness of form and

design. The buildings incorporate innovative and creative designs which are meant to

be noticed and appreciated. The aesthetic sense is very much emphasized in the

design of structures. There is also a wide range of material combinations to bring out
contrast or uniformity. Contemporary architects have a sense for sustainability. This is

achieved through design of buildings that are energy efficient and that use recycled

material for the most part of the construction process,

Statement of the problem

1.What is the role of space factors in promoting vitality to the design of sports stadiums?

2.How does Iloilo sports complex and villareal stadium influence the human factors to

design in promoting vitality and achieving sustainability

3.How do the factors of vitality affect the design of sports stadiums that integrate

modular architecture?

Objectives

The objective of this research is to determine the key aspects (qualities) and

factors of both Iloilo Sports Complex and Villareal Stadium, its role in promoting vitality in

the community and its overall users.

To Review on the Role of Space Factors in Promoting Vitality for Designing Sports

Complex. a Case Study Evaluation of Iloilo Sports Complex and Villareal Stadium
 To evaluate Iloilo Sports Complex and Villareal Stadium if it Meets The Basic

Human Factors that Satisfies The Needs Through the Integration of Effective

Spatial Strategies to Promote Vitality and Achieve Suitable Human Factors in

The Design Of Community Stadiums

To create a contemporary modular stadium that integrates design solutions in

improving spaces for the promotion of vitality and sustainability of stadium

design.

Significance of the study

Generally, the study seeks to determine the components of improving the

environmental and spatial qualities of sports stadiums in relation to human factors that

impact and enhance vitality, hence, these components shall provide strategic solutions

in the design of sports stadiums for the development of sports in Iloilo and Roxas. This

study will benefit the Athletes, the community, LGU’s, and future researchers.

Athletes, para-athletes, Esports Atheletes. This study can benefit the athletes,

para-athletes, and e-sports athletes during their practices and competitions.

Community. The primary goal of this study is to promote sports and improve the vitality
among the members of the community. As a result, this study may benefit individuals

who are engaging in sports.

Local Government Unit. This study will help the local government unit in planning and

designing the facilities that a local sports complex should have. This study may serve as

a basis to the LGU.

Future Researchers. This study can be used as the basis of other researchers for further

studies about the availability of facilities in a sports complex and how it can affect the

members of the community.

Theoretical Framework of the Study

 Scope and Limitation

This study is limited to two chosen stadiums particularly the Iloilo Sports Complex

and Villareal Stadium in Roxas City. It will be evaluated using mixed methods of

quantitative and qualitative research analysis, Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE), SPSS

software and formulated questionnaires will be used as research instruments for the

study.

The corresponding individuals for the study are those within the members of the urban

community, the LGUs, Athletes i.e.,(sports athletes, para-athletes, esports athletes),

building users, and future researchers. Other related issues and concerns of this study

include the lack of sports facilities, adaptability of space, cultural and societal benefits,

environmental development and urban sustainability. Furthermore, as for the concept

of vitality being regarded, the components and characteristics of vitality within the

existing building space can significantly influence and limit variable results of data

being developed throughout the study.

Definition of Terms

Vitality-As an environmental feature, vitality is one of the factors influencing the

environmental quality of urban and public spaces, as defined by the definitions for the

qualities of public and public spaces (Bazundi & Shahbazi,2015).

In this study, vitality is a dependent variable which will be affected by the space factors
Space Factors-The spatial components of the building space which can affect various

factors to human behavior and the conditions of the built environment.

In this study, the term space factors are the independent variables that can affect

quality of vitality in a stadium

Stadium. An enclosure that combines broad space for athletic games and other

exhibitions with a large seating capacity for spectators.

In this study, the stadium will serve as the main criteria for the evaluation of different

space factors that may help in promoting vitality through modular design.

Sport Spaces- An athletic field built for physical activity, recreation, or exercise is a

socially important location that improves the health and wellbeing of the

community(Alizadeh,2013).

In this study, sports spaces will be one of the independent variables that can affect

vitality in a stadium.

Public Space-In cities, public space is essential to social and political life. Parks, squares,

and streets are locations where people can gather to protest, mingle, and experience

diversity. They support urban people' wellbeing as well as the reputation of cities as

being vibrant and livable(Collins & Stadler,2020).

In this study, public space is one of the independent variables that can affect vitality in

a stadium
 CHAPTER II

Related Literature

Unlocking the Potentials of Urban Architecture in Enhancing the Quality of Urban Life in

Urban Poverty Areas through Community Projects

A Vertical Gym for the informal UPAs of Caracas

The vertical gym that was established in 2004 as a pilot project in La Cruz, an unofficial

UPA in Chacao, Caracas, Venezuela's capital city, represents a novel idea that was

investigated through the potentials of urban architecture. Caracas is one of the CDEs

that is affected by unplanned, chaotic urbanization and the presence of informal UPAs.

Approximately 60% of the population of Caracas currently resides in unofficial urban

planning areas (UPAs), and this number is steadily growing, according to Brillembourg

and Klumpner. Despite the ongoing urban population growth, only 50,000–80,000 social

units are constructed each year, despite the fact that at least one million are required.

This leads to more impromptu structures and UPAs.

The project aimed towards achieving the following objectives:

● To address the issue of lack of social amenities caused by a lack of space in La

Cruz and Caracas UPAs. According to Hurley: "The consummate U-TT idea, the

gym is tactical, replicable, and programmed to the max—to make the most of
 scarce land in a dense city" (Hurley, 2014); as well as to provide a piece of social

infrastructure aimed at reducing crime rates amongst the youth and adults in La

Cruz and surrounding UPAs in Caracas through sports and healthy activities. In

addition, healthy habits and social capital should be promoted.

● To improve the quality of life in La Cruz by implementing a community urban

architecture project that would provide socioeconomic opportunities for the

local population.

● The project works to make the local environment more sustainable. Where

ecological conditions allow, the project was built to rely on renewable energy

technology. It can also be retrofitted with solar cells, wind turbines, and rainwater

collection infrastructure (Brillembourg, & Klumpner, 2011).

 Vitality of The Cities

The physical creation of a city, where all members of society reside, is composed of

inanimate and tangible features such as buildings, roads, public spaces, and plants. On

the other side, a city's significance is derived from its citizens, whose presence revitalizes

it, as well as their acts within the city and their connections with one another and the

city. The more the active presence of citizens on the city's streets, the more vibrant and

alive the city becomes. Numerous studies have been conducted on urban dynamism

and livability. In this study, urban vitality is defined based on past research findings. By

examining the definitions of vitality provided by Lynch and Jacobs, two of the most

prominent researchers in the field, it was determined that social interaction, a sense of

belonging, and security, as well as the presence of multiple functions, transformability,

aesthetics, and accessibility, are the factors that determine urban vitality. As a

consequence of the study, it has been determined that cities that meet these criteria

are livable, vibrant communities that can sustain themselves.

QUALITIES IMPROVING THE VITALITY OF CITIES

Individual survival in urban environments is contingent on their ability to meet their

demands from their surroundings. Lynch and Jacobs identify these needs as "vitality

sources." Vitality is defined as "exuberant physical strength or mental vigor; capacity for

survival or the continuation of a meaningful or purposeful existence; and capability to

survive or grow" in dictionaries (Definition of Vitality,2017). Lynch defines vitality as the

degree to which a human may obtain his or her nourishment, safety, and ergonomic

needs from the environment; above all, vitality is the degree to which an individual can

survive (Lynch,1987). In contrast, Jacobs defines vitality through the interactions of

people on the streets. In his urban planning, Jacobs values human and social life over

physical necessity (Jacobs,2015). She believes that space, like people, should be alive

in order to create individual and social life. Features such as the range of spatial

behaviors and the timing of activities at different times of the day, in her opinion, are

indicators of urban life. The above-mentioned concepts of Lynch and Jacobs are used

to sort the qualities that promote the life of cities. The following titles have been chosen:

• Social interaction,

• Individual’s sense of safety and belongingness towards space.

Provision of different needs in city quarters, homogeneous distribution of spatial

practices in the schedule,

• Active use of open/semi open/closed spaces, where individual can satisfy his/her

personal and social needs, realize daily life practices,

• Provision of ergonomic conditions, • Transformability of units according to the needs

of the era,

• Provision of aesthetic criteria satisfying the visual needs,

• Citizens’ ability to access social networks. These qualities are explained below:
 Case studies in modular prefabrication: comparative analysis and discoveries

While prefabrication refers to the process of creating parts off-site, modular construction

refers to the utilization of parts and their assembly to shape a full structure, such as a

building. The goal of this study is to compare case studies of prefabrication, including

modular construction. Following that, this study looked at five case studies from

throughout the world. When these case studies were evaluated, China had the fastest

building rate due to off-site fabrication of steel modules. This was most likely due to the

widespread application of Advanced Modular Technology (AMT). This new technology

has the potential to usher in the next era of high-rise prefabrication. Companies who

are thinking about or using modular prefabrication, in particular, should leverage AMT

to improve the design and assembly processes.

Industries throughout the world are constantly striving for new technologies and

innovations to improve the quality of their products (Akadiri,2015)(Baer,2015)

(Bock,2015). This is especially true in the building business (Baer,2015), (Carriker &

Langar,2014), (Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat,2013), and (De Luca et

al2021). (Gardiner,2015). As a result, prefabrication in construction is becoming more

popular around the world, particularly in North America, Europe, and Asia (Council on

Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, 2013). (Gardiner,2015). The modular building business in
Australia is disproportionately valued at $4.5 billion, compared to the global total of

$150 billion (Gharehbaghi & Scott-Young,2018a). While prefabrication involves the

creation of elements off-site, modular construction involves the use of parts as well as

their installation to make a full structure such as a building. Despite all of the

advantages of prefabrication, conventional construction is still widely employed in

high-rise building due to the uncertainties and misconceptions that prefabrication

creates (Carriker & Langar,2014)(De Luca, et al.,2021) (Gharehbaghi &

Scott-Young,2018b) (Gharehbaghi,2015). According to (Gharehbaghi,2015), some of

the concerns of adopting prefabrication are related to the design, transportation, and

installation processes. Nonetheless, (Gharehbaghi,2015) stated that the benefits of

employing modular prefabrication in building exceed the disadvantages. As a result,

this study will examine five case studies in order to compare and highlight the benefits

and drawbacks of modular prefabrication.

The Influence Of Geometry On The Vitality Of Architecture, Case Study: Cultural Centers

Contemporary architectural settings are experiencing a form of semantic crisis, the

principal reasons of which include witnessing architecture devoid of soul and invitation.

This process results in alterations to the vitality of contemporary architecture. Due to the

importance of geometric elements in comprehending architectural concepts, the

primary objective of this article is to evaluate the effect of geometric features on the

perception of architecture vitality by analyzing case studies of several Tehran cultural

sites. This paper's central premise is that geometric characteristics have substantial

effects on the life of architecture. Using a descriptive-analytical research approach and

a questionnaire survey instrument to collect data from respondents, the given

hypotheses are examined. In this study, a comprehensive set of evaluation criteria,

including centrality, different proportions, preservation of hierarchy, simple, complete,

and understandable concepts, equilibrium, cohesion between design components,

distinguishable signs, compliance with an endogenous disorder, the emergence of

similarities, and dynamic balance between positive and negative spaces, are

considered. Centrality, the primary structure is located in the center, with the remaining

components surrounding it. Depending on the numerous applications of space, distinct

pieces are developed at specific levels with a balanced and variable scale and

proportion. In order to maintain the hierarchy, the components must have distinct

hierarchies in regards to motion, size, shape, etc. This variety evokes a sense of vigor. In

conceptions that are simple, comprehensive, and easily comprehensible, the parts of

each component consist of simple and complete forms. Consequently, unobtrusive

background space cannot be attained. In addition, the background's worthless and

shapeless space is not formed. Asymmetry in equilibrium signifies life and survival. The

ideal symmetry may be deemed to be dead. In terms of cohesion between design

components, the inseparability of one component from its surrounding environment

components is a sign of life and a form of organic growth for objects. There will be life in

distinguishing signs if there is a wide variety of form, design, and other similar objects. In

this instance, the component is unique and its diagnosis is straightforward. In

accordance with an endogenous disorder, the building's adaptation to the disorder of

its surrounding environment is indicative of its natural birth and survival. However, the

conventional buildings convey an underlying sense of melancholy. The components of

any live phenomenon are innate in their internal resemblance. This occurrence

contributes to its continuity and integrity by indicating that a given element belongs to

the whole. In the dynamic equilibrium between positive and negative spaces, the

existence of spaces to generate peaceful and silent environments, interactive and

cumulative spaces, and other similar items will ensure a deep and sustainable

equilibrium to suit the diverse needs. Using statistical analysis tools, the studied

hypothesis is confirmed based on the acquired results. This study evaluates the Javan

and Niavaran cultural centers in Tehran in accordance with the scope of the research.

The principal findings of the statistical correlation study reveal that the position and

relevance of appropriate geometric standards can be noticed among the geometric

measurements that affect life. The research findings reveal that rational and sensible

geometry has a major effect on the perception of architecture vitality in understudied

cultural hubs. In addition, the research results indicate that the Niavaran Cultural Center

is more architecturally viable than the Javan Cultural Center, which is influenced more

by rational geometric criteria. In constructing cultural centers, it is advised that

geometric criteria such as diverse proportions, similarities, preservation of hierarchy, and

simple, complete, and understandable concepts should be given greater

consideration. Additionally, statistical relationships between the considered geometric

criteria are examined. The statistical findings indicate that improving each of the

evaluated evaluation criteria could have a favorable effect on their connected

criteria. Moreover, refining these evaluation criteria could result in a greater sense of the

cultural centers' vitality. The results indicate that diverse proportions, the emergence of

similarities, the preservation of hierarchy, and straightforward, comprehensive, and

understandable concepts are superior to other geometric criteria in terms of their

beneficial effect on the sense of architecture vitality. Therefore, when designing a

cultural center with the goal of achieving maximum viability, designers should consider

the most important issues, such as diversity in size and dimension of spaces, dissimilarity

of spaces, maintaining a common spirit in the design of the various spaces, existence of

a rational system for allocating space adjacent to one another and determining their

access structure, simplicity in the design and readability of spaces, and the optimal use

of all spaces. (Maliheh & Parisa,2019)