IPTEK KEOLAHRAGAAN (SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY OF SPORT
Taufik Hidayah
Siti Baitul Mukarromah
Department of Sport Sciences
Universitas Negeri Semarang
Sport Technology and Innovation (BOOK 1)

Sport has changed dramatically in the past decade as a result of techno-

logical innovations. The internet and the resulting mobile commerce rev-
olution changed the way sport is viewed, purchased and played (Ratten
2011). This has led to some interesting ethical debates about how
technology has changed performance outcomes in sport. The need for
technological change in sport has been the result of not only more
competition among different sports for fans but also an increased usage of
technology in people’s everyday lives. This has led to the practice of sport
becoming more complex and harder to manage. The perception of
technology innovation in sport is related to who the stakeholder is and the
reasons for the technology usage in sport (Ratten 2012).
 Sport Technology Effectiveness (BOOK 1)

The definition of sport comes from its context-sensitive nature that

relies on the type of sport played and the environment in which it
occurs (Dimitropoulos et al. 2017). In the past, legitimate sports were
more physical forms of activity but this has changed with electronic
forms of sport gaining acceptance in the marketplace. Thus, defining
sport can be a contentious topic and takes place in a changing global
landscape (Ratten 2011). To enable a better understanding of sport it
should be considered in terms of how it is governed and viewed by
society (Duerden et al. 2016).
 Usage of Sport Technology (BOOK 1)

Sport and technology innovation are interconnected concepts as they

apply both on and off the sports field. The playing of sport involves use
of technological equipment and the watching of sport is often through
mul- timedia devices. The importance of technology to the sport
industry has increased in recent years with a general increase in the
number of techno- logical devices in everyday lives. This is reflected in
Seifried et al. (2016: 1) stating that “the supersonic growth of the sport
industry increased com- petition through innovation among sport
organizations for the individual attention of consumers, talents of
players, managerial skills of coaches and sponsorship dollars of
interested businesses
 Those girls with sideburns: Enhancing the
female (BOOK 2)
As Le Jingyi climbs from the pool, for perhaps the millionth time, and as
the water cascades off her impressive shoulders, slender waist and
defined musculature, she reminds us of the terrifying consequences of
women’s entry into sport. Her presumably soft and feminine features
have been replaced by hard muscle, and her womanly proportions are
obscured by a masculine physique. No longer strictly female, yet not
quite a man either, the image of Jingyi has become the predictable
media adjunct to any report on illicit doping in sport, visually confirming
that for women to transform their bodies to such a degree, they must
systematically consume large quantities of dangerous chemicals
 Going Green: The Application of Life Cycle Assessment
Tools to the Indoor Sports Flooring Industry (BOOK 2)

Specifying and selecting sports surfaces, involves the simultaneous

evaluation of a multitude of performance factors. Increasingly,
environmental impact is becoming an important component in such
surface eval- uations. Architects, specifiers and facility operators require
objective, consistent and com- prehensive data detailing the
environmental impacts of materials and their associated manufacturing
processes. The broad aim of this paper is to analyze the environmental
impacts of various constructional styles of indoor playing surface on global
warming, through the application of Life Cycle Assessment.
 Development of a Force Feedback System for
Exercising (BOOK 3)

A prototype of the proposed system consisting of a

controller circuit, a DC motor and a power source was
built and tested. Two different modes of exercise were
developed in this prototype, namely the variable
resistance mode and constant force mode. Both modes
of exercise were tested and found to be functioning
well.
 A Low Cost Self Contained Platform for Human
Motion Analysis (BOOK 3)

Using a custom designed operating system it is easily customised by

someone who has only limited programming experience. In the second
part of our paper we present some simple applications for investigating
human motion using the on-board sensors. These applications show the
user how to collect and download data and then introduces basic data
processing techniques to process and analyze the data for key signatures
and markers using readily available tools such as Matlab and
Mathematica or their freeware equivalents.
Mid Semester
 The Influence of Hues on the Cortical Activity – A
Recipe for Selecting Sportswear Colours (BOOK 3)

Few studies exist on the influence of colours on sports

performance. So far, red, associated with dominance, seems to
provide a higher chance for winning in male contestants. In this
preliminary study, we investigated the fractal dimensions of EEG
waves resulting from exposure to different colours. Green, cyan and
yellow produce higher fractal dimensions than red, magenta and
blue
 Effect of Rocker Heel Angle of Walking Shoe on
Gait Mechanics and Muscle Activity (BOOK 3)

This study was to investigate the effects of rocker heel angle

during walking on gait mechan- ics and muscle activity of lower
extremity. While fifteen healthy men walked with two pairs of
different rocker heel shoes (15° and 20°) and a pair of normal
running shoes at 1.33 m/s on the treadmill, the joint
kinematics and EMG signal were simultaneously recorded for 1
minute
 SPORTS AND FACILITIES Indoor facilities for
outdoor sports (BOOK 4)

These types of facilities were rare until recent years,

when they became growth areas. Dramatic examples
include indoor ski slopes and climbing wall installations.
Both of these examples have leisure connotations too,
so, for the purposes of this chapter, we have chosen to
feature indoor facilities for four competitive outdoor
sports: tennis, bowls, cricket and rowing.
 Facilities Development; Continuous improvement
(BOOK 4)

Sport is generally associated with a healthy outdoor lifestyle. So it is a

conundrum that it took the Industrial Revolution, division of labour and
urban development to create the conditions in which sports facilities
development would happen. In the second half of the 20th century, in
both the USA and the UK, increasing leisure time led to increasing
demand for, and increasing use of, sports facilities in schools, school-
and-community, community (public sector) and then commercial
(private sector) locations
 Implementation: Sensor Selection and
Characteristics (BOOK 5)
The application and development of sensors to the sporting, or any
context for that matter is complex and is systematically addressed in this
section. The sporting context brings unique challenges, for example, the
harsh environment, electrically and physically, the demand of small
dimensions and minimal power consumption, the increasing request of
real-time feedback to use. Sensors and accompanying instrumentation
are subjected to physical shock, often encountered through physical
movement and contact forces, and what could be considered a quasi-
aquatic environment through exposure to the elements, including
perspiration.
 Social Entrepreneurship in Sport (BOOK 1)

Increasingly organizations are seeking to identify new business models

that combine the use of social and commercial resources (Covin and
Slevin 1989). Due to the increased inequality in society and emphasis on
the envi- ronment, social entrepreneurship has become a popular topic
(Dey 2007). Bornstein and Davis (2010: 1) define social
entrepreneurship as “a process by which citizens build or transform
institutions to advance solutions to social problems, such as poverty,
illness, illiteracy, environmental destruc- tion, human rights abuses and
corruption in order to make life better for many”.
Ujian Akhir Semester
 Reference
1. Armenteros, Manuel, Anto J. Benítez & Miguel Ángel Betancor (ed.). 2020.
The Use of Video Technologies in Refereeing Football and Other Sports. New
York: Routledge
2. Ratten, Vanessa. 2019. Sports Technology and Innovation: Assessing Cultural
and Social Factors. Melbourne: La Trobe University
3. James, Daniel A. & Nicola Petrone. 2016. Sensors and WearableTechnologies
in Sport: Technologies, Trends and Approaches for Implementation.
Singapore: Spinger
4. Magdalinski, Tara. 2009. Sport, Technology and the Body: The nature of
performance. New York: Routledge.
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