Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant theories, the related literature and studies on foreign and

local resources, and the definition of technical terms used in the study.

Relevant Theories

The history of sport originally took shape in Ancient Greece. The young of the world are
coming together thanks to the athletic activities that have developed from those times to the
present and that allow them to compete in a spirit of fair play. With all these factors, sport has
grown significantly in significance over the past century thanks to its cognitive, emotional, and
psychomotor contributions to individual education and its integration into daily life. In the
modern day, where sports' economic, political, social, and psychological components are
becoming more and more integrated into everyday life, the significance of sports sciences has
grown at the same rate. Numerous developments have been made possible by its importance.
Sport is the totality of an individual's attempts to safeguard their mental and physical well-being,
as well as to maximize their sense of struggle, thrill, competitiveness, and personal triumph
within the confines of predetermined regulations (Arac, 1999). Ahin (2006) defined sport as
"physical, mental, and spiritual activities that strive to reach the gratification of one's
subconscious feelings, such as victory and success, with particular rules, based on competition,
having socialization and integration benefits."
Rapid technological change is one of today's world's most significant characteristics.
Naturally, the structure of society and living standards alter as a result of these rapid changes.
Having developed especially in the twentieth century, technology is of great importance for
bringing developments and innovations in the world to people as soon as possible through mass
media. Numerous facets of the sport have been affected by these advancements (Argan & Katrc,
2002).
Information and communication technology advancements are useful across all
industries, including education. These technologies cause a rapid change in the educational
environment. It is inevitable that the modernization of educational materials and equipment will
work in tandem with these technological advancements to meet current needs. The
transformation of the technology used in the field of education into an advanced modern
technology is among the top priority issues (Karasar, 2004). Countries conduct research on the
use of information and communication technologies in the classroom in terms of different
educational, cultural and social frameworks (Hepp et al., 2004).
One of the fields where technology has benefited the most recently is sport. There are
several options for professional athletes, amateur athletes, and their supporters to contribute to
the growth of the sport thanks to technology, which supports numerous sports branches in
numerous different categories (Ansal, 2018).
Sport has evolved into a phenomena that many people follow, are interested in, and watch
as a result of the addition of the characteristic of watching to the aspects that already present
within the sport, such as competition, winning, losing, rivalry, and the quick changes in the
sports media.
The use of information and communication technologies becomes more important in
sports education, in the preparation phase of internet-based distance education and in teaching
activities during the training period (Yücel & Devecioğlu, 2012) Future generations' education
must be provided in accordance with the needs of the time in order to maximize the benefits of
information and communication technologies in order to succeed and keep up with competition
in the sport area, which has grown to be a significant industry today. The preparation of web-
based distant education as well as teaching activities, particularly during the training process, are
becoming more and more dependent on the use of information and communication technology.
Sport and physical education are excellent, and it is amazing how far-reaching their
influence is. Without utilizing the one-dimensional technology and current needs, applying such
an interaction aspect to social life would be a very destructive idea and would also lessen its
efficiency. In terms of information technology, there are numerous tools that can be utilized for
sports instruction, including opaque projectors, overhead projectors, slide projectors, interactive
video, computers, internet, closed-circuit television, video, and video cameras (Yaman, 2007).
Computers today handle data and software far more fast, and graphics and video are now of
extremely high quality. It is feasible to assume that learning psychomotor skills as well as
cognitive learning will develop with the usage of such multimedia capabilities. Additionally,
there are benefits to using multimedia technologies to examine educators' motor abilities in the
context of physical education (McKethan et al., 2001). In this sense, the use of technology in the
field of physical education can be seen as an increasing element of teacher-student interaction
and motivation in teaching both theoretical knowledge and psychomotor skills (Yaman, 2007).
According to Yaman's study, the majority of the physical education teachers who took part in it
employed a board, book, and notice board in a certain combination. Internet sites, internet
cameras, teleconferences, television, overhead projectors, video, CDs, video cameras, office
software, scanners, digital cameras, data shows, CD-ROMs, multimedia, computers, and printers
have not been used much, and computer lab usage has been relatively low (Yaman, 2007)
Computer-aided education is successful in cognitive or psychomotor domains, according
to studies on the use of technology in sports instruction. According to the findings of their study,
Mirzeolu, Aktag, Göcek, and Boşnak (2006) has stated that computer aided education is effective
in learning the skills in the physical education basketball unit and in cognitive field learning.
Göcek and Mirzeoğlu (2010) also found in their studies that the computer aided education in
teaching the 9th grade volleyball unit was more effective in cognitive, affective and mental areas
than traditional teaching.
In order to attain success and quality in the sphere of sport, Deveciolu and Yücel (2012)
claimed in their study that the use of information and communication technologies is critical
today for facilitating information flow throughout teaching and learning processes in sports
education.