CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presents the relevant theories, the related literature and studies on foreign and local
resources, and the definition of technical terms used in the study.

Relevant Theories

The success of a team, pair, or individual athlete depends on their ability to play well during a
game while remaining at ease. A climate control system maintains the ambient temperature and responds
to the effects of seasonal weather conditions to ensure a safe and healthy environment for sports. While
getting hot and sweaty is an inevitable part of the hobby, it is important to maintain comfortable, cooler
temperatures during the warmer months, while the indoor sporting areas need to be comfortable during
the winter months. Sport facilities are having some issues with the player's comfort. When exercising
indoors, the static air conditions are typical. The process of sweat evaporation, which is necessary when
exercising, is not very supportive when there is a high degree of humidity in the air (Kusdinar et.al 2019)
One of the most certain effects of climate change is an increase in heat exposure levels, and
studies by Forzieri et al. (2017), Gasparrini et al. (2015), Aström et al. (2015), and Canou-Poitrine et al.
(2005) provide solid support for this claim. Although there is a high risk of heat-related death in warmer
temperate regions as well (e.g. Poumadère et al. (2005), Patz et al. (2005), and Kaiser et al. (2007)),
exposure to excessive heat is more dangerous in tropical and subtropical climates (Kjellstrom et al. 2009).
Due to what is known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect, heat exposure is particularly harmful in large
cities (Oke 1982; Patz et al. 2005). In addition, regions with hot climates are those with high rates of
urbanization and population expansion (United Nations 2015). Numerous people are at risk as a result of
this.
By providing indoor thermal comfort to prevent heat-related health issues, air conditioning (AC)
is marketed as an efficient way to reduce heat stress and protect from heat exposure (e.g. Whitman et al.
(1997), Chestnut et al. (1998), Davis et al. (2003), Barnett (2007), Bouchama et al. 2007, and Anderson
and Bell (2009)). Despite the fact that there are many justifications for higher AC usage, it is crucial to
consider its material, discursive, and social dimensions. More than ten years ago, O'Neill (2003)
identified issues with the broad use of AC and argues against the non-critical methodology used by
several public health and epidemiological research sectors that support AC as the best remedy (e.g.
Whitman et al. (1997), Chestnut et al (1998), Bouchama et al. (2007), Barnett (2007), Anderson and Bell
(2009), and Davis et al. (2003)).
The utilization of electricity or energy grows with the use of AC. According to current estimates,
the world consumes roughly one trillion kilowatt hours (kWh) of electricity for air conditioning each
year, which is more than double what Africa uses energy for overall (Dahl 2013). According to Isaac and
van Vuuren's (2009) modeling findings, the demand for AC energy will rise sharply worldwide in the
twenty-first century. According to the median scenario, the amount of electricity used will have increased
from around 300 TWh in 2000 to around 4000 TWh in 2050 and more than 10,000 TWh in 2100. (Isaac
and van Vuuren 2009). Widespread use of AC strains the electricity distribution network and raises the
possibility of power outages (Parkpoom and Harrison 2008). The 2012 Global Energy Assessment study
by IIASA notes that the development of energy demand will depend more on the cooling technology
choices made. These decisions are already creating issues due to increased electricity demand in many
parts of the world (IIASA 2012).
Electrical home appliances are increasingly widely used as living standards rise, and household
energy use rises as a result (Le Phan and Yoshino 2010). Le Phan and Yoshino (2010) demonstrate that
the quantity and frequency of AC units used are related to the monthly income of the households and
have bigger influence on the annual energy consumption than the use of any other household equipment.
This situation can be exemplified by the case of Hanoi. AC-using homes used 4 GJ more power than non-
using households (Le Phan and Yoshino 2010). This demonstrates how changing lifestyles, such as
becoming more reliant on air conditioning and using more energy, are a result of better living conditions.
The cost of purchasing one or two air conditioners or a central cooling system, as well as paying the
electricity bill, are less of a concern for high-income families. The cost of an AC and power may be
insurmountable for a family with lower means.
Utilization of AC has a gender component in addition to the issue of economic inequality. For
instance, Hanoi residents rarely use air conditioning in the kitchen, which is already excessively heated
from cooking (Phan and Yoshino 2010). Additionally, other research (such as those by Gasper and van
Staveren (2003), Iversen (2003), and Fernandez et al. (2013)) have demonstrated gender biases in relation
to the adoption of new technologies. Additionally, men and women do not spend the same amount of time
in each room of the house, and women often spend more time at home and are more involved in domestic
tasks than men (Carswell, 2012). In other words, the placement of the AC units may exacerbate inequality
within and between families.
Despite the significance of clean air in indoor spaces, evaluation studies have almost exclusively
concentrated on schools (e.g., Daisey et al., 2003; Blondeau et al., 2004; Mólnar et al., 2007; Pekey and
Arslanbaş, 2008; Stranger et al., 2008; Pegas et al., 2011; Oeder et al., 2012; Pegas et al., 2012), In
contrast, there are very few indoor air quality (IAQ) evaluation programs conducted in athletic
facilities.Most of these investigations (Bruno et al., 2008; Brani et al., 2009, 2011; Brani and afránek,
2011; Buonanno et al., 2012) were conducted in school gymnasiums and evaluated a small number of
contaminants. The goal of the current study was to thoroughly characterize a wide range of indoor
contaminants in two athletic facilities and their interactions with outdoor air. This assessment could be
helpful for epidemiological research and the creation of effective control methods aimed at reducing the
negative health impacts on exercise professionals.

Lundgren-Kownacki, K., Hornyanszky, E. D., Chu, T. A., Olsson, J. A., & Becker, P. (2018). Challenges of
using air conditioning in an increasingly hot climate. International Journal of Biometeorology, 62(3), 401-
412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-017-1493-z