MEng8042 Materials Characterization and Testing

By: Fakada Dabalo Gurmesa

JIMMA UNIVERSITY, JIT

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

August 31, 2022

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Presentation Outlines
1 Static Mechanical Testing methods
Hardness testing methods and relevant standards
Tensile test methods and standards; Stress-strain relations for different
materials
Torsion test methods and standards
Impact and fracture toughness tests
Codes and standards for testing metallic and composite materials
2 Dynamic Mechanical Testing-Fatigue
Stress cycle and the S-N curve
Low and high cycle fatigue
Fluid Velocity Measuring System
Fatigue tests: LCF and HCF tests, test methods and equipmen
Statistical nature of fatigue and strain-life equations.
3 Creep and stress rupture including examples of testing methods

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1. Static Mechanical Testing methods
a) Review of hardness testing methods and relevant standards
Definition: Hardness is the resistance of a material to permanent
deformation such as indentation, wear, abrasion, scratch.
Scratch-hardness tests have been used in the metalworking industry,
primarily on a laboratory basis.
One of the better known is the Spencer Bierbaum instrument.
Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell (1849-1925) in
1900, it was the first widely used and standardized hardness test in
engineering and metallurgy.

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Hardness Tester

Theory: Current practice divides hardness testing into two categories:

macro hardness and micro hardness.

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Hardness Tester cont...
1) Macro Hardness Testers (Applied Loads > 1 kg)
Rockwell
Brinell
Vickers
2) Micro Hardness Testers (Applied Loads < 1 kg)
Knoop diamond
Vickers diamond pyramid

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Cont...
Triple Point
For any substance, the liquid phase, solid phase, and vapor phase can
coexist at only one temperature and pressure. This is known as the triple
point

Figure 1 : Triple Point

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Cont...
Thermal Equilibrium
Two objects are in thermal equilibrium when no heat flows from one
object to another
The two objects have the same temperature
Thermal equilibrium is important in the context of a measurement device
Absolute Zero
Absolute zero is the temperature at which all molecular motion stops
(molecules have no kinetic energy)
A value has been established for the temperature at absolute zero, but
this temperature can never be attained

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Cont...
The International Practical Temperature Scale (IPTS) uses Absolute Zero
philosophy and defines a number of fixed points for reference
temperatures. Three examples are:
1 The triple point of hydrogen: 259.35o C
2 The freezing point of zinc: 419.53o C
3 The freezing point of gold: 106418o C

Figure 2 : Triple Point

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Cont...
Temperature Standards
The Celsius and Fahrenheit scales are encountered in everyday use
The absolute scales Kelvin and Rankine are also used within scientific
circles.
Celsius Temperature Scale
The Celsius temperature scale is based on the following two points (both
at atmospheric pressure):
0o C, the freezing point of water
100o C, the boiling point of water
On this scale, absolute zero is −273.15o C
Fahrenheit Temperature Scale
The Fahrenheit temperature scale is based on the following two points
(both at atmospheric pressure):
32o F , the freezing point of water
212o F , the boiling point of water
On this scale, absolute zero is −459.67o F .
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END

Thank You!
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