Instructional/Learning Materials in

AS 201 – SURVEYING (Lecture)

CHAPTER 1
Module 1: INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATIONS AND TYPES OF SURVEYING
Course Outcome: CO1 – familiarize with basic surveying principles.

Module Rationale/Introduction
The study of surveying in the field of civil engineering as a course requirement is a must in
the application of this field in the actual practice of profession. A civil engineer must have
essential knowledge of surveying because survey works are done before during and after the
construction specially in carrying out big projects.

                                                             

                                                           

Chapter Title 1: Introduction and Types of Surveying

Chapter Outcomes:
At the end of the chapter the students shall be able to
1. define surveying.
2. discuss the two general classifications of surveying
3. describe the different and more executed types of surveys

Lesson 1: Classifications and Types of Surveys

Lesson Outcomes:
At the end of the lesson the students shall be able to
1. define the different types of surveys
2. explain where and when these surveys are carried out
3 discuss the basic principles in surveying
Lesson Contents:
A. General Classifications and Types of Surveys
B. Principles of Surveying

A. General Classifications and Types of Surveys

General Classifications of Surveys: Plane and Geodetic Surveying
Plane Surveying - this considers the earth as a flat surface where the distances and areas
involved are of limited extent that the exact shape of the earth is disregarded. In this
survey the following are considered:
For horizontal distances - the level line is considered as mathematically straight
For direction – all angles are considered as plane angles.
This survey is usually employed in engineering, scientific, commercial, architectural,
geographic, navigational, and exploratory works.
Geodetic Surveying – the surveys are of wide extent that takes into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth.
This survey employs principles of geodesy, high precision, and related calculations using
advanced mathematics.

Types of Surveys ( by L a Putt )

1. Cadastral Surveys - closed survey which are undertaken in urban and rural locations for
determining and defining lines and boundaries, corners, and areas.
2. City Surveys – surveys in and near a city for planning expansions or improvements, locating
property lines, fixing references monument, determining the physical features and configuration
of the land, and preparing maps.
3. Construction Surveys – surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to provide data
regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configuration, and the location and
elevation of structure which are of concern to engineers, architects, and builders .
4. Forestry Surveys – a type of survey executed in connection with forest management and
mensuration , and the production and conservation of forest lands.
5. Hydrographic Surveys – these are surveys of streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors, oceans, and
other bodies of water.
6. Industrial Surveys – also known as optical tooling. These are surveying techniques in ship
building, construction and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy and complex
machinery.
7. Mine Surveys – these are surveys which are performed to determine the position of all
underground excavations and surface mine structure, to fix surface boundaries of mining
claims, determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes.
8. Photogrammetric Surveys- these surveys make use of photographs taken with specially
designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations.
9. Route Surveys – surveys which involve the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork
quantities, location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and
construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines, and other linear
projects.
10. Topographic Surveys – are those surveys made for determining the shape of the ground,
and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.

B. Principles of Surveying
The basic principle of surveying have changed over the years and the tools used evolved
tremendously. Most of the civil engineering works depend on surveys. Engineers and surveyors
should have thorough knowledge in algebra, trigonometry, geometry, and basic calculus. With
the advancement in technology, the use of survey instruments with precision and accuracy
should be employed.
Two fundamental principles of plane surveying:
1. Locating a point from two other known points.
The relative positions of points can easily be known from other two known fixed
points.

2. “Working from the whole to the part.”

In this procedure, the primary control points are established. That is, the surveyor
should first establish a sufficient number of points with precision in and around the area to
be surveyed. Then the secondary as well as the tertiary control points at closer intervals
are established for the prevention of the accumulation of errors.

References:
Introduction to Surveying
LINK: http://www.tgpcet.com/CIVIL-NOTES/4/Survey-I.pdf
LINK: http://www.vssut.ac.in/lecture_notes/lecture1428642587.pdf
LINK: https://civiltoday.com/surveying/87-surveying-lecture-notes-pdf

Introduction to Surveying.mp4 How does land surveying work.mp4

Teaching and Learning Delivery:

a. Lecture/discussion – Synchronous and Asynchronous
b. Think Pair Share/ small group discussion
c. Powerpoint/Video presentation

Assessment:
a. Group report
b. Formative test.