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THEORETICAL CONCEPTS OF ENGINE

COMPONENTS
MODULE 2.7
DISTRIBUTORS TRAINING
Themes

01 : Special tools

02 : Engine components

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

01 : Special tools

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 01 : Special tools

 Each engine needs its specific tools in order to perform the most
demanding jobs.
 Examples of Perkins special tools :

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 01 : Special tools

 Examples of Iveco FPT tools :

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

02: Engine components

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 02: Engine components

 Cylinder

 The cylinder consists of three different elements:

Cylinder head, cylinder block and crankcase

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 02: Engine components

 Cylinder head
 The engine cylinder head may be a single part for all
cylinders or be completely individualized per
cylinder. The cylinder heads are complex
components since they may include the inlet and
outlet channels, the housings of the respective
valves and rockers, cooling chambers and injectors
housing.

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 02: Engine components

 Cylinder block
 The cylinder block constitutes the housing of the cylinder liners and the base to fix
the cylinder head.
 It can be in line shape or in V shape.

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 02: Engine components

 Oil sump
 The oil sump is where the engine oil is kept.
 Also is where the oil pump strainer is going to be to aspirate the oil.

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 02: Engine components

 Cylinder liner
 Its main functions are to guide the piston in its
movement, to ensure, together with the piston rings
and the piston, the seal of the exhaust gases
contained within the cylinder and to promote the
heat dissipation necessary for the operation of the
engine.

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 03: Engine components

 Piston
 It’s divided into two parts, crown or head and tab or skirt.
On the side surface are the piston rings housings.
 The piston must fulfill the following functions:
 to withstand the efforts to which it is subject
 to seal, with the piston rings and the cylinder liner,
the volume of the cylinder
 promote adequate heat dissipation

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 03: Engine components

 Piston rings
 The piston rings play a key role in sealing the combustion chamber.
 The number of piston rings used depends on the maximum
combustion pressure and engine speed. The higher the
combustion pressure and the slower the rotational speed, the
more are used.
 There are two types of piston rings:
 Compression rings
 Oil scraper rings

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 03: Engine components

 Connecting rod
 Ensure the connection between the piston
and the crankshaft.

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

 03: Engine components

 Crankshaft

 The crankshaft, together with the connecting rods,

converts the alternating rectilinear movement of

the piston into rotating movement. It consists of

the support and crank trunnions, crank arms and

counterweights.

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 03: Engine components

 Camshaft
 The camshaft receives movement of the crankshaft
through toothed gears or through toothed wheels
joined by a distribution current. In four-stroke engines,
since the operations only repeat every two engine
revolutions, the rotation speed of this shaft is half the
speed of rotation of the crankshaft.
 It has the function to actuate the valves.

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 03: Engine components

 Impellers and rockers

 They have the function to
transmit the movement between
the camshaft and the valves.

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 03: Engine components

 Valves
 Usually the intake and exhaust valves have equal dimensions,
however, as they are subject to different temperatures, they
have different materials in their composition.
 The purpose of the clearance is to compensate for the
expansion of the valve stem, which occurs when the engine
reaches its normal operating condition.

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 03: Engine components

 Injectors
 They have the function of atomizing the fuel in the
combustion chamber, pressurized by the injection pump and
set the injection pressure. The nozzles have different number
of atomization holes.
 There are several types of injectors, namely the unit injector,
which have the function of compressing and atomizing the
fuel.

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 03: Engine components

 Injection pumps
 They have the function to compress the fuel to the injectors.
 There are rotative and in-line type.

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 03: Engine components

 Water pump

 Its function is to circulate the coolant through

the engine and the radiator. The water pump

can be coupled to the engine and driven by a

gear or can be actuated by belts.

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 03: Engine components

 Oil pump

 Its function is to draw the oil from the oil sump and compress it to

a certain pressure for the movable contact elements of the engine,

in order to form a thin layer between elements subjected to wear

 The pressure of the oil varies with its temperature, the higher the

temperature, the lower the pressure.

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 03: Engine components

 Thermostatic Valves: Their function is to

regulate the engine’s coolant temperature.

 Thermostatic valves consist of a housing which

contains a wax therein, which expands with the

temperature rise of the engine coolant and allows

the valve to open.

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 03: Engine components

 Turbocharger
 The turbocharger is driven by the exhaust of the
engine through a turbine, which transmits its
movement to a compressor that allows the suction
and compression of the air. In practice the
turbocharger allows the increase of the engine
displacement without increasing the size of the
engine, giving a higher power for a reduced size.

MODULE 2.7. | Theoretical concepts of engine components|

Thank you