P-7 Safety , Health & Environmental Legislation 23114

Q Describe in brief the factors to be considered for "Better Housekeeping" at construction site
Ans Good housekeeping Program should include
1. Speedy removal of scrap, waste, debris, loose and unused materials at regular intervals.
2. Proper storage of materials, tools and equipment. Removal of nails from lumber before stacking.
3. Cleaning of floors, passageways, stairs etc. to remove oil, water, dust etc. Sand, ash, sawdust
and proper absorbers can be used.
4. Containers should be provided for collection and separation of waste. Flammable/ hazardous
waste should be covered and safely disposed off.
5. After completion of any job, excessive materials, tools and equipment should be lifted and
placed in their proper place.
6. Piles of materials should be stable and properly supported.
7. Throwing of material should be avoided. If it is to be thrown, warning signals should be given.
8. Proper painting and colour-coding should be followed.
9. At least at the beginning and end of a shift, supervisors.
Q Write safety precautions need to be taken, write transporting at construction site.
Ans 1. Awareness of Surroundings
2. Identify Potential Hazards
3. Wear Proper Safety Equipment
4. Proper Traffic Control
5. Stay Hydrated
6. Have a Site Safety Program
7. Avoid Blind Spots
8. Use Communication Signals
9. Designate a Job Site Safety Officer
10. Catalog Work Areas

Q 3) Discuss Hazards in material handling and material handling equipments in construction

Ans HAZARD IDENTIFICATION:
1. Back injury is the number one injury associated with improper material
handling.
2. Heavy or unbalanced loads could fall and injure employees, especially head and
feet.
3. Vehicle becomes unbalanced and overturns with driver not wearing seat belts.
4. Improper or unsafe use of material handling equipment could cause injury or
property damage.
5. Falls from working platforms or ladders could occur
6. Damaged or poorly maintained equipment could cause injury.
7. Battery charging and filling pose significant risks
8. Loading docks pose numerous risks for injury or property damage to include:
a. falls from unguarded dock edges,
b. slips/trips due to wet or icy surfaces,
c. caught between/under due to crowded staging areas, unbalanced loads,
d. collision due to numerous pieces of moving equipment or vehicles,
e. tip over due to steep inclines improperly traversed,
f. lift platforms could fail or operate improperly,
g. Wheeled vehicles could roll if not properly secured, or damage to vehicles could
occur due to tight maneuver room,
h. Overhead doors may open or close unexpectedly,
i. Hazardous chemicals with their commensurate risks may be involved during
loading/unloading operations
j. Any fuel-operated material-handling vehicle poses the risk of fire and explosion.
k. Material handling equipment used in cramped spaces or populated areas pose
significant hazards of injury or property damage.
Material handling equipments in construction
Power Shovels (Excavators): They should be equipped with emergency stop device and
two independent locking devices for brake pedals. The bucket teeth should not come nearer the
boom than 40 cm. Safe working load of the lifting gear should be displayed in the cabin and its
indicator should be fitted. The boom should be prevented from swinging during transport. The
boom should not be pulled tight against the emergency stop while supporting a load. The wire
ropes should be of specified diameter and construction. The safe operating radius shall not be
exceeded. The shovels should be so operated as not to loose their stability. The driver should see
that no person is under or near the raised bucket or grab. When not in use, the bucket shall be kept
resting on the stable ground and not hanging. Truck to be loaded should be stationed at 60 cm. or
 more from the excavator even when it turns. Earthing and fire extinguisher should be provided
where necessary.
Bulldozers: While moving uphill, the blade should be kept low. The blade should not be
used as brake except in emergency. The blade suspension arrangement, wire rope or hydraulic
system should be inspected weekly. At the close of work, the bulldozer should be left on level
ground and before leaving it, the operator should apply the brakes, lower the blade and ripper and
put the shift lever in neutral.
Scrappers: The tractor and scrappers should be connected by a safety line when in
operation. Scrappers moving downhill should be left in gear. Scrapper bowls should be propped
when blades are being replaced.
Pavers: Guards should be provided to prevent workers from walking under the skip.
Road Rollers: The land should be checked for bearing capacity and general safety before
using a road roller. While moving downhill the engine should be in gear. When it is not in use, the
brakes should be applied, the wheels should be blocked, the contact should be switched off and the
engine should be in bottom gear if the roller is facing uphill and in reverse gear if it is facing
downhill.
Pile-drivers: All pile-driving equipment should be of good design and construction and
properly maintained. Ergonomic principles should be considered. Pile-driving should be carried
out under the supervision of a competent person. Underground services should be located and
rendered safe before starting piling. Pile drivers should be firmly supported on sound foundation.
If necessary, they should be guyed also. If two pile-drivers have to work nearby, they should be
separated by a distance at least equal to the longest leg. If electrical conductors are in proximity,
they should be made dead. When leads have to be inclined, they should be counterbalanced and
tilting device should be secured against slipping. The hoses of steam and air hammers should be
securely lashed to the hammer so as to prevent them from whipping if a connection breaks.
Overturning of a pile-driver has to be prevented. Out coming of the rope from the top pulley or
wheel and missing of hammer from the pipe should also be prevented. Pile lines and pulley blocks
should be inspected before the beginning of each shift. Only trained operators should be employed.
Use of suitable signals, ear protectors and safety helmet is necessary. Piles should be prepared at a
distance at least equal to twice the length of the longest pile from the pile driver. When not in use,
the hammer should be blocked at the bottom of the leads. When pile-drivers are working over
water, a suitable boat should be kept readily available at all times. Whistle, siren, signals,
firefighting equipment and sufficient sheaves should be provided, the weight of machinery should
be evenly distributed and water-tight compartments should be provided with siphons to remove
water seepage.
Mobile Asphalt Layers and Finishers: The mixer elevator should be within a metal
enclosure with a window for observation, lubrication and maintenance. Bitumen scoops should
have covers. The sprayer should have fire resistant shield with an observation window.
Nonfoaming
products are preferable. Reflective jackets should be provided to workers working on
public roads. The fire extinguishers are necessary near spreader and others in readiness. No naked
flame should be used to see the level of asphalt in the tank. Thinners should not be heated on open
flame. Inspection doors should not be opened if there is any pressure in the boiler. If a burner
flame is extinguished, the fuel supply should be cut off and the heating tube should be thoroughly
blown out by the fan to prevent backfire.

Q 4) Write in brief good safety practices in construction site

Ans  Good safety practices/ initiatives in construction safety :
These recommended practices reflect current conditions in the construction industry:
  New construction techniques, materials, and equipment have come into common use.
 Greater diversity in the construction workforce means that people from different backgrounds
and cultures are working alongside each other, often speaking different languages.
 An aging workforce and the rise of sedentary lifestyle means that some workers are at
higher risk for work-related musculoskeletal disorders.
 Increased temporary and contract employment means that traditional relationships between
workers and employers are shifting, and changes in safety programs and policies will be
required to ensure the safety and health of all workers at worksites characterized by these
newer and more fluid relationships. These practices also reflect what we have learned from
best-in-class programs and what makes them effective. In particular, these recommended
practices place greater emphasis on involving workers, and include a more robust program
evaluation element to help drive continuous improvement. These practices also stress the
need for communication and coordination on worksites involving more than one employer.
 THE BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTING THESE RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES:
Responsible employers know that the main goal of a safety and health program is to prevent
workrelated
injuries, illnesses, and deaths, as well as the suffering and financial hardship these events
can cause for workers, their families, and their employers. Employers may find that implementing
these recommended practices brings other benefits as well. The renewed or enhanced commitment
to safety and health and the cooperative atmosphere between employers and workers have been
linked to:
• Improvements in production and quality.
• Better employee morale.
• Improved employee recruiting and retention.
• A more favorable image and reputation (among customers, suppliers, and the community).

Q a. What are the hazards while working on fragile roof 7 Prepare work permit for working on fragile roof?
Ans Fragile roofs:
Falls through fragile roofs account for 22% of all the deaths that result from a fall from height in
the construction industry. A fragile material is one that does not safely support the weight of a
person and any load they are carrying. The fragility of a roof does not depend solely on the
composition of the material in it, the following factors are also important:
Work on fragile materials must be carefully planned to prevent falls through the roof:
■ all work should be carried out from beneath where this is practicable;
■ where this is not possible, consider using a MEWP that allows operatives to carry out the work
from within the MEWP basket without standing on the roof itself; Health and Safety Executive
Working on roofs
■ if access onto the fragile roof cannot be avoided, edge protection should be installed around the
perimeter of the roof and staging should be used to spread the load. Unless all the access and work
is on staging and platforms that are fitted with guard rails, safety nets should be installed under the
roof or a harness system should be used.
■ Where harnesses are used, they require adequate anchorage points. They also rely on user
discipline, training and supervision to make sure that they are used consistently and correctly.
Support platforms should be of sufficient dimensions to allow the worker to move safely and use
any equipment or materials safely. Make sure that support platforms are long enough to provide
adequate support across roof members. They should span across at least two purlins. Using a
platform may spread the load, but it will not provide enough support if the only thing supporting it
is the fragile material. Never try to walk along the line of the roof bolts above the purlins or along
 the ridge, as the sheets can still crack and give way; they are not designed to support your weight.
Workers should not have to constantly move platforms about the roof. It is not acceptable to rely
on using a pair of boards to ‘leap-frog’ across a fragile roof. Make sure there are enough platforms
provided to avoid this. Precautions are needed to prevent a person falling from the platform.
Working near fragile material:
Protection is needed when anyone passes by or works near to fragile materials, eg:
■ during access along valley gutters in a fragile roof;
■ when fragile roof lights or smoke vents are contained in an otherwise non-fragile
roof; or
■ during access to working areas on a fragile roof.
Wherever possible make sure that all fragile materials 2 m or closer to the people at risk are
securely covered and a warning notice displayed. Alternatively, provide continuous physical
barriers with warning notices around or along the fragile material to prevent access to it. (Make
sure that appropriate precautions are taken when installing such protection, eg the use of netting,
birdcage scaffold or a harness system.) Sometimes it will not be reasonably practicable to provide
such protection, usually if the proximity to fragile material is irregular and short duration, ie a
matter of minutes. Safety harnesses will usually be the appropriate solution and may be used in
conjunction with any permanently installed running line systems. Boundaries can be established
identifying ‘safe’ areas containing the workplace and routes to and from it. If these are used:
■ the boundary should be at least 2 m from the nearest fragile material;
■ the boundary does not need to comply with full edge protection standards, but there should be a
continuous physical barrier (a painted line or bunting is not acceptable); and
■ tight discipline is essential to make sure everyone stays inside the safe area at all times.
Q b. Discuss the hazards associated in handling and storage of construction material at site ?
Ans
Q c. Write safety measures to be taken for high rise building construction?
Ans
Q 1) Write preparation to be done before start of demolition of building ?
Ans
Q 2) Explain welding & gas cutting hazards in demolition work?
Ans Safety During Welding: The welding, cutting and brazing processes can produce
sparks and extremely hot flying particles. Showers of sparks can move molten metal
far from the work area where they are not seen, and could start a fire. Put shields
around the welding site to prevent this. Remove all combustible materials, liquids
and containers from the work area. Position tool cords safely and make sure sparks
or molten metal do not burn any power cords.

Q 3) Prepare check list for scaffold preparation?

Ans
Q 4) Discuss about electrocution in construction site?
Ans Of the Fatal Four hazards, electrocution hazards are the third highest cause of fatalities among construction
workers.
According to OSHA, electrocution injuries accounted for 82 construction worker deaths in 2016, which is 8.3%
of the 991 fatalities caused by construction site hazards.
Electrocution Hazards
Electrocution is death by electric shock caused by exposure to lethal amounts of electrical energy. Electricity
flows through conductors like wires and power lines to create a path or complete a circuit. The human body acts
as a conductor when they come into contact with an electrical current due to things like exposed electrical wires
or damaged equipment.
Electrocution can occur from contact with power lines, contact with energized sources such as faulty equipment
or exposed wires and improper extension cord usage. Both overhead and underground power lines carry a high
voltage. The best way to avoid electrocution from power lines is to simply stay away from them.
Maintain a safe distance and be aware of the location of power lines to avoid accidental contact with heavy
equipment, ladders, lifts, etc. If you must operate equipment such as cranes near power lines, contact the utility
company to de-energize and ground the lines. When working around live power lines use nonconductive tools
and equipment, avoid storing material underneath power lines and cordon off the area around power lines to the
correct distance per OSHA guidelines.

Q 5) Explain about excavation safety measures?

Ans Excavation safety measures:
 Slit trench using shovel, Do not use pickaxe for slit trench.
 Detection of underground facilities using metal or cable detector.
 Trial excavation shall be carried out to ensure protection of underground facility before mechanical
excavation.
 Adapting soil protection method like stepping, sloping, shoring and close sheeting.
 If excavation reached more than 3 meter, shoring or close sheeting shall be done.
 Adequate barricade and excavation sign board.
 Gas test inside excavation before job.
 Temporary support shall be provided for existing foundations.
 Adequate spacing between workers.
 Ladder shall be positioned at least 1 meter above the landing level and is excavation exceed 1.2 meter two
access is required.
 There should be at least two means of access for person working inside excavation if walking distance is
more than 7.5 meter.
 Walkways across excavations should be made by scaffolding and jumping across excavation is not allowed.
 Excavated soil, materials, equipment shall maintained distance of 0.5 meter away from the edge of
excavation.
 If engine driven equipment is using inside excavation; confined space conditions shall be followed.
 Signal man shall always be present with heavy equipment like excavator, dump truck, and loader.