LESSON 4.

Second and Third Conditional

IF I HAD A MAGIC LAMP

(PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONAL)

2NDCONDITIONAL
When we refer to non- probable situations that we hypothetically expect to happen, we build a complex sentence with
these elements:

+
+

verb

DEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

In case of using VERB TO BE in past form, the only form used with all subjects is ‘were’.

If Sheila were an actress, she would be a big star.

If cows flew, we would always carry an umbrella.

If people were conscious, the subway would be clean.

2nd Conditional (for advising or warning)

If I had your grades, I might apply for a scholarship.

If I were you, I wouldn’t touch those wires.

nd
2 formula

verb

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Answering questions

On real context questions we may answer using only the independent clause

What would you do if you found $ 750 MM?

- I would open my own English Institute.

 Exercises.

Answer these questions

Using 2ND CONDITIONAL:

- Where would you go if you had a plane ticket?

- What would you say if you met Johnny Depp?

- How long would you live if you had the chance to live longer?

- Who would you take with you if you went to your favorite destination?

-
- If you were to speak at the UN, what would you say?

- -

- If your mother bought a pair of shoes, which brand would they be?

- -

- If your best friend chose to live a famous person’s life, whose life would she/he like to be?
-
 IF I HAD BEEN ON THE TITANIC

(PAST UNREAL CONDITIONAL)

3RD CONDITIONAL

Things happened in the past, so they can’t be changed. But we may revise, regret or criticize on them through
hypothetical situations:

+ +

participle
verb

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

3rd Conditional (Second Formula)

participle
verb

DEPENDENT CLAUSE INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

This means that, in the case I had been there, the captain and I would have sunk with the ship.
 FOR REGRETTING / FEELING SORRY

Rose would have saved Jack if the door would have been bigger.

Contracted Auxiliaries

Would’ve /wUrǝf/ could’ve /kUrǝf/ might’ve / mairǝf/

Wouldn’t’ve /wUrǝnǝf/ couldn’t’ve /kUrǝnǝf/ mightn’t’ve / mairǝnǝf/

Rose & Jack wouldn’t’ve survived if both had jumped onto the small door.

If the ship had had enough lifeboats, those people wouldn’t’ve died.

Exercises

Answer these questions:

Using 3RD CONDITIONAL

How would you have lived if you had been in the moon?

Where would you have gone if you had lost your home?

Who would you have taken with you if you had received a plane ticket?

What would you have done if you had been in the titanic?

Would you have saved Rose if you had been Jack?

What would you have wished if you had had a magic lamp?

Which team would you have played with if you had been a sportsperson?

-
 LESSON 5. Reported speech
When somebody said something in the past, it´s common that we talk about it later. What the person said in that moment will
eventually be transformed. Let’s see the following example:

Daphne said: ‘I’m watching the latest “Proximity Battles” episode on Webflicks channel ’.

(DIRECT SPEECH)

Daphne’s words are considered as DIRECT SPEECH since they have the structure of a regular sentence.

If you want to refer to her words, you must generally consider them as something from the past. You must use the INDIRECT
SPEECH and the sentence changes of perspective.

She said she was watching the latest “Proximity Battles” episode on Webflicks Channel.

(INDIRECT SPEECH)

Easy steps for turning DIRECT SPEECH into INDIRECT SPEECH.

1-. Drop the colon and the single quotation marks. (DROP ’ : ’ AND ‘ ’)

2-. Transform the subject, object, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative pronouns and possessive adjectives that are
present in the sentence:

changes to

NEVER CHANGE
HE / HIS / HIS / HIMSELF / HIM
SHE / HER / HERS / HERSELF / HER
IT / ITS / ITS / ITSELF / IT
THEY / THEIR / THEIRS/THEMSELVES / THEM

THAT / THOSE
3-. Transform the verb tenses:

(no change)

GONE
4-. Change the adverbs of place:
HERE THERE

5-. Change the adverbs of time

CHANGE INTO
NOW THEN

TODAY THAT DAY

TONIGHT THAT NIGHT

TOMORROW THE NEXT DAY

NEXT WEEK / MONTH / YEAR THE FOLLOWING WEEK / MONTH/ YEAR

YESTERDAY THE DAY BEFORE

LAST NIGHT THE NIGHT BEFORE

LAST WEEK / MONTH / YEAR THE PREVIOUS WEEK/ MONTH/ YEAR

 EXAMPLES:

Charles said: ‘I have some soup for lunch every day.’ (SIMPLE PRESENT)

Charles
He said he had some soup for lunch every day. (TRANSFORMED INTO SIMPLE PAST)

Norah said: ‘I’m taking the 3pm train today’. (PRESENT CONTINUOUS)

Norah said she was taking the 3pm train that day. (TRANSFORMED INTO PAST CONTINUOUS)

My sister said: ‘our mother has brought some fruits (PRESENT PERFECT)

Her sister said their mother had brought some fruits (TRANSFORMED INTO PAST PERFECT)

The children said: ‘We were jumping the rope last night’. (PAST CONTINUOUS)

The They
children said they had been jumping the rope the night before.(TRANSFORMED INTO PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)

We said: ‘ She sent the e-mail last week’. (SIMPLE PAST)

They said she had sent the e-mail the previous week. (TRANSFORMED INTO PAST PERFECT)

Kelly said: ‘James had seen the movie thrice yesterday’. (PAST PERFECT)

Kelly
She said ‘James
he had been seeing the movie thrice the day before’. (TRANSFORMED INTO PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS)
seen

Harold said: ‘My paper will be ready tomorrow’ (SIMPLE FUTURE)

Harold
He said his paper would be ready the next day. (TRANSFORMED INTO SIMPLE CONDITIONAL)

Rick said: ‘I can’t sleep well lately. (CAN)

He said he couldn’t sleep well lately. (TRANSFORMED USING COULD)

Dad said: ‘throw the litter tonight’. (COMMAND)

He said to throw the litter that night. (TRANSFORMED INTO TO + BASE FORM VERB)
 Mom said: ‘Don’t let the door open’. (PROHIBITION)

She said not to let the door open. (TRANSFORMED INTO NOT TO + BASE FORM VERB)

We said: ‘we would have slept in the couch’. (PAST MODAL)

We said we would have been sleeping in the couch. (TRANSFORMED INTO WOULD HAVE BEEN+ING VERB)

Patrick said: ‘Did you like the veggies? (YES/NO QUESTION)

Patrick asked if she liked the veggies. (TRANSFORMED INTO IF+ SENTENCE MODEL)

Lorna said: ‘Why don’t they come home today? (WH-QUESTION)

Lorna Asked why they didn’t come home that day. (TRANSFORMED INTO WH + SUBJECT + AUXILIARY)

With the style of embedded questions.

Sue said: “I need to water the flowers” ( VERB + TO + BASE FORM VERB)

Sue said she needed to water the flowers ( Need/have/want/+ base

to +form verb)
base form verb )

verb + to + base form verb

 Exercises

Transform the following sentences into REPORTED SPEECH

Frank said: ‘My brother will apply for USB College next year’.

___________________________________________________________________________________

The children said: ’Our father is bringing the cookies tomorrow’.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Jackie said: ‘He has slept little since last week’.

___________________________________________________________________________________

They said: ‘The conference finished this morning’.

____________________________________________________________________________________

The ladies said: ‘we have to buy the tickets next Wednesday’.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Mom said: ’Don’t eat all the doughnuts’.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Willie said: ‘Come home early’.

____________________________________________________________________________________

Martin and Brian asked: ’Is Donna staying at the hotel?

____________________________________________________________________________________

She asked: ’have they gone to the movies?’

____________________________________________________________________________________

Francis said: ’I can’t have whole milk’.

_____________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON 6. PASSIVE VOICE
In normal writing, the elements of a sentence have the order of ACTIVE VOICE, where the subject and object have the common
position. If a sentence has one or some DIRECT objects, the verb used is a TRANSITIVE VERB.

Some transitive verbs are:

Read

Write

Eat

Drink

Swim

Take

Make

Visit

Jump

Help

See

Buy

Pay

Clean

Break

Sing

Love

Draw
 ACTIVE VOICE

Sarah buys the magazine

Subject + verb construction + object

If we have to convert the sentence into PASSIVE VOICE, there are some changes we have to make:

1) THE OBJECT GOES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE

THE MAGAZINE

2) Depending on the verb tense in the original sentence, the verb construction gets a new structure (PASSIVE VOICE)

The verb (BUYS) is in simple present. So, the verb TO BE must be put in the same conjugation of the original verb.

BUYS THE MAGAZINE ----------------------

IS

(SIMPLE PRESENT) SINGULAR OBJECT (THIRD PERSON FOR SIMPLE PRESENT)

2.1

In the particular case of SIMPLE PRESENT, the form of the verb (is/are) shall depend that the object be singular or plural.

In this example, the object (THE MAGAZINE) is singular, so the form of the verb TO BE is necessarily IS.

The original verb of the sentence must be transformed into the past participle.

BUY --------------------------------------------------------------- --------- BOUGHT

BASE FORM

PAST PARTICIPLE VERB

2.2

3) We place the word ‘BY’

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BY

4) The subject goes at the end of the sentence

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SARAH

In PASSIVE VOICE the original object occupies the position of subject and the original subject takes the place of the object:

THE MAGAZINE IS BOUGHT BY SARAH

1 2.1 2.2 3 4
 PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE TRANSFORMATIONS

Let’s see the different verb tense transformations

(SIMPLE PRESENT) BUY/BUYS + singular OBJECT ----------- IS BOUGHT

(SIMPLE PRESENT) BUY/BUYS + plural OBJECT ----------- ARE BOUGHT

PRESENT CONTINUOUS) IS/AM/ARE BUYING + singular OBJECT ---------- IS BEING BOUGHT

PRESENT CONTINUOUS) IS/AM/ARE BUYING + plural OBJECT ------------ ARE BEING BOUGHT

(PAST FORM) BOUGHT + singular OBJECT ---------- WAS BOUGHT

(PAST FORM) BOUGHT + plural OBJECT ---------- WERE BOUGHT

PAST CONTINUOUS) WAS/WERE BUYING + singular OBJECT ---------- WAS BEING BOUGHT

PAST CONTINUOUS) WAS/WERE BUYING + plural OBJECT ------------ WERE BEING BOUGHT

(PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE) HAS/HAVE BOUGHT + SINGULAR OBJECT ---- HAS BEEN BOUGHT

(PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE) HAS/HAVE BOUGHT + PLURAL OBJECT ---- HAVE BEEN BOUGHT

(PAST PERFECT SIMPLE) HAD BOUGHT ---- HAD BEEN BOUGHT

(FUTURE SIMPLE) WILL BUY ---- WILL BE BOUGHT

(MODAL VERB + BASE FORM VERB)

CAN/ COULD/MAY/MIGHT/MUST/SHALL /SHOULD BUYCAN/ COULD/MAY/MIGHT/MUST/SHALL/SHOULD BE BOUGHT

(VERB + TO + BASE FORM VERB)

NEED/NEEDS/WANT/WANTS /HAVE/HAS TO BUY + SINGULAR OBJECT  NEEDS/WANTS/HAS TO BE BOUGHT

NEED/NEEDS/WANT/WANTS/ HAVE/HAS TO BUY + PLURAL OBJECT  NEED/WANT/HAVE TO BE BOUGHT

PAST MODALS

(PAST PACTIVE) (PAST PASSIVE)

WOULD/COULD/MIGHT/SHOULD/ WOULD/COULD/MIGHT/SHOULD/

OUGHT TO/MUST/MAY/CAN HAVE BOUGHT -> OUGHT TO/MUST/MAY/CAN HAVE BEEN BOUGHT

EXAMPLES

(SIMPLE PRESENT) THE COMPUTER ANALIZES THE TEXT. THE TEXT IS ANALYZED BY THE COMPUTER.

THE BUS PICKS UP THE PEOPLE. THE PEOPLE ARE PICKED UP BY THE BUS.

(PRESENT CONTINUOUS) JAMES IS TESTING THE RACKET. THE RACKET IS BEING TESTED BY JAMES.

HANK IS WASHING THE SHOES. THE SHOES ARE BEING WASHED BY HANK.

(SIMPLE PAST) PATRICIA BROUGHT THE BRACELET. THE BRACELET WAS BROUGHT BY PATRICIA.

THE CHILDREN SOLD THE LOLLIPOPS. THE LOLLIPOPS WERE SOLD BY THE CHILDREN.

(PAST CONTINOUS)

THE SUN LIGHTED THE FIELD THE FIELD WAS LIGHTED BY THE SUN.

THE BIRDS SANG THE SONG. THE SONGS WERE SUNG BY THE CHILDREN.
BIRDS.

(PRESENT PERFECT)

THE WATER HAS CLEARED THE WINDOW. THE WINDOW HAS BEEN CLEARED BY THE WATER.

THE NEWS HAVE IMPRESSED THE LADIES. THE LADIES HAVE BEEN IMPRESSED BY THE NEWS.

(PAST PERFECT)

THE TRUCKS HAD CARRIED THE FURNITURE. THE FURNITURE HAD BEEN CARRIED BY THE TRUCKS.

(FUTURE SIMPLE)

THE COMPANY WILL HIRE SOME TEACHERS. SOME TEACHERS WILL BE HIRED BY THE COMPANY.

(MODAL VERBS + BASE FORM VERB)

THIS LAPTOP MUST BRING A MANUAL. A MANUAL MUST BE BROUGHT BY THIS LAPTOP.

THE RAINS SHOULD BRING FRESHNESS. FRESHNESS SHOULD BE BROUGHT BY THE RAINS.

TIM COULD THROW THE BALL VERY FAR. THE BALL COULD BE THROWN VERY FAR BY TIM.
VERB + TO + BASE FORM VERB

YOU NEED TO CLEAN THE BATHROOM. THE BATHROOM NEEDS TO BE CLEANED BY YOU.

THE EDITOR NEEDS TO CHECK THE BOOKS. THE BOOKS NEED TO BE CHECKED BY THE EDITOR.

SHEILA HAS TO DECORATE THE ROOM THE ROOMS HAS TO BE DECORATED BY SHEILA.

CLARK HAS TO VISIT HIS PARENTS. CLARK’S PARENTS HAVE TO BE VISITED BY HIM.

THE CLIENTS WANT TO SEE THE PRESENTATION THE PRESENTATION WANTS TO BE SEEN BY THE CLIENTS

PAST MODALS (PAST ACTIVE)

I WOULD HAVE CALLED THE MANAGER. THE MANAGER WOULD HAVE BEEN CALLED BY ME.

SHARON SHOULD HAVE WORN AN EVENING DRESS AN EVENING DRESS SHOULD HAVE BEEN WORN BY SHARON.

THE PIZZA MUST HAVE BROUGHT CHEESE CHEESE MUST HAVE BBEEN BROUGHT BY THE PIZZA.
 LESSON 7. Past Modals
When situations happen in the past, we may make opinions about the way things happened.

If we weren´t present in the place where things happened, it’s possible we make speculations by using PAST MODALS.

We certainly can’t change the past situations, but we may express judgment, possibility, regret or conclusion HYPOTHESES

ON PAST ACTIONS

Let’s imagine about Patrick. He plays on a basketball team. His team had a game last night and they lost 86-87.

Obviously we didn’t see that game, so we can only suppose what happened.

PAST MODALS: ACTIVE VOICE (PAST ACTIVE)

The team must have played with a very good opponent.

Subject + can + have + past + complement

could (only) participle may

might verb

should

ought to

had to

may

(modal verb)

The game should have been very exciting since the result was very tight.

Patrick’s partners may have played very well.

Patrick’s team opponents could have played much better.

Patrick could have missed the last shot.

Exercises

Transform the following sentences from ACTIVE VOICE with modal verbs TO PAST MODAL CONSTRUCTION.

Example:

We must spend money on important and critical expenses  We must have spent money on important and critical expenses

(ACTIVE VOICE WITH MODAL VERB) (PAST MODAL CONSTRUCTION)

They must study harder for the presentation. (regret) _______________________________________________

Linda may have a headache (speculation) ______________________________________________

The runner must practice harder for that competition (hypothesis) _______________________________________________

People should treat each other with respect (judgment) ________________________________________________

Hayley could get home early yesterday (possibility) ________________________________________________

A bus might pass in fifteen minutes (conclusion) _______________________________________________

The show may start at 3.30 possibility___________________________________________________

 PASSIVE VOICE FOR PAST MODALS (PAST PASSIVE)

Remember that in PASSIVE VOICE:

1) The object does the action (THE OBJECT GOES TO THE BEGINNING OF THE SENTENCE)

2) The verb construction is transformed using the form of PASSIVE VOICE (VERB TO BE CONSTRUCTION + PAST PARTICIPLE VERB)

But in the case of PAST MODALS, the verb construction is formed by:

MODAL VERB + HAVE BEEN + PAST PARTICIPLE VERB

(Verb TO BE construction)

3) The action is received by the object. (THE SUBJECT GOES TO THE END OF THE SENTENCE)

The two teams must have played the game very well ->The game MUST HAVE BEEN PLAYED very well by the two teams

SUBJECT +modal +have+ past + OBJECT + comple- OBJECT +modal+ HAVE BEEN + Past +comple+ by + SUBJECT

verb participle ment verb (ONLY) participle ment

verb verb

ACTIVE VOICE FOR PAST MODALS (Past Active) PASSIVE VOICE FOR PAST MODALS (Past Passive)
 Lesson 8 Causative verbs

There are things in our everyday life we ask somebody else to do it for us. Some of these things are:

Getting a haircut.

Having our house painted.

Making our kids learn mathematics (or English).

Helping clean the house.

For this reason we generally:

Get a hairstyler cut our hair;

Have a mason paint our house;

Get a teacher make the kids learn those difficult subjects;

Get a maid help us clean the house.

For speaking about those people (or the actions that others make for us) we express by means of ‘Causative verbs’ which are:
HAVE, GET, MAKE, LET AND HELP.

Sentences made with causative verbs may follow two different formulas to make sentences.

FIRST FORMULA

This formula may use any of the four causative verbs.

Julia has a mechanic fix her car (Julia can’t fix the car, so the mechanic fixes it for her)
Causer +causative + Actor + base form + object

Verb verb

(Action verb)

Mr. Lee is having an accountant pay his bills (Energy, water, cable TV or telephone bills for instance)

Probably Mr. Lee is a very busy man as to do these payments, so he has an accountant to do them for him.

Susie has Alan change her porch broken light bulb (Maybe she doesn’t know much about it, so she has a kind neighbor to do it for
her. It’s probable she will serve him some iced tea or a lemonade for the favor =)

Mr. Richardson has his assistants manage the company (It’s his company, and he doesn’t have time to do it!)
 If we use the verb HAVE, we speak about:

*People who do something for us. __ __ (The assistants)

*People we hire to work for us. __ __ (Alan)

*People under our authority or __ __ (The accountant)

position who perform tasks for us.

Sometimes people make (force) others DO things for them

Young Albert makes his little brother clean the garden (If his mother knew! = )

Tricky Lily makes his boyfriend do her homework (Let’s say he does it for love! =)

Also, something or someone causes something to happen:

*Johnny Depp makes girls sigh when he acts in a new movie (and feel other things too! =) *A

A beautiful girl can make the traffic stop (and crash some cars too =)

In other cases, People let others do some things:

*Mrs. Bradley let the kids play with her dog Atom (It must be such a sweet dog =)

*Dan’s parents don’t let him get home at 10pm.

*Fanny doesn’t let anybody enter her room (It’s girls stuff –private! =)

It’s possible we need someone help us (to) do some other thing:

*Charlie helped John turn on the car.

*Ron helped Harry win the magical chess game =)

*Jack helped Rose survive the tragedy (Her boyfriend only cared about the gem! =)

*Pinky always helps Brain conquer the world. (And they do it so for some moments! =)

*Scooby Doo always helps Shaggy eat the food. (Shaggy can’t make it alone- it’s always too much food =)

(Particle TO is optional)
 SECOND FORMULA

Lim Gervasian has her hair styled every week.

causer + causative verb + object + past participle verb + complement

When we say we HAVE SOMETHING DONE means that we arrange that something be done by somebody else.

The people who did it is not important but the action itself.

For this special construction the only causative verb used is HAVE.

The Johnsons have their lawn mowed every two weeks.

Mrs. Thomson is having her dog walked every Sunday (She must be too busy for doing it herself)

Abraham had her garage door repaired last month.

Exercises

Analyze the situation and develop a sentence by using CAUSATIVE VERBS:

Sarah has a home theater system in her living room. She’s 87 years old and lives alone.

(WHAT’S OBVIOUS IS THAT SHE’S A MOVIE FAN!)

__________________________________________________________________(FORMULA TWO)

Sharon has a new hairstyle. She doesn’t know how to cut her hair at all. She knows the best hairstyler in town.

(I FIND IT DIFFICULT SHE CUT HER HAIR BY WATCHING A YOUTUBE VIDEO!)

__________________________________________________________________(FORMULA ONE)

Michael invited us for lunch today. He served baked beans, minced meat, rice and fried plantains. He’s never known how to cook
anything in life and he’s single. (IT’S OBVIOUS HE DIDN’T COOK THAT)

_____________________________________________________________(FORMULA TWO)

Nathan left his house keys inside the house, so he wasn’t able to watch his favorite show at 2pm.

BUT HE NEEDS A LOCKSMITH (AN EXPERT IN LOCKS) TO OPEN HIS HOUSE DOOR!

_____________________________________________________________(FORMULA ONE)