Hydrology Phase 4

HYDROLOGY - 4654 | Home Objectives Lessons Reporters Login Get Started
PHASE 4
IMPORTANT PHASES OF
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Get Started
HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

School of Engineering and Architecture
Department of Civil Engineering
Today's Objectives:
1 To solve the Evaporation
from Free Water Surface
2 To define Transpiration and

Evapotranspiration
3 To identify Depression Storage

IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Evaporation from Free Water Surface
1. Water Balance Method
2. Energy Balance Method
3. Mass Transfer Method
4. Penman Equation
5. Empirical Methods & Direct Measurement
Transpiration and Evapotranspiration
Depression Storage
IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
Evaporation from
Free Water Surface
NOTE:
POTENTIAL EVAPORATION (mm/day)
quantity of water evaporated per unit area, per unit time from an idealized
extensive free water surface under existing atmospheric conditions.
FREE WATER SURFACES

are wetland systems where the water surface is exposed to the atmosphere.
BOGS SWAMP MARSH

Water Balance Method
Water is almost always moving, and under the right circumstances,

where it can shift from a liquid to a solid or a vapor.
𝑃 = 𝑄 + 𝐸 ± ∆𝑆 Water Balance Analysis

- often useful to divide water
flows into ‘green’ and ‘blue’ water.
A Water Balance Analysis Can Be

Precipitation
Used to:
Runoff Assess the current status and trends in water
Evaporation resource availability
Strengthen water management decision-making
storage in the soil,
aquifers or reserviors 1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method
Water Balance Some common problems that occur when

- often presented as water balance estimations are made:
- Temporal and spatial boundaries are not defined.
being precise
- The quality of input data is poor.
- Double counting of water flows when water flows

Uncertainly Analysis in
within an area added to water flow exiting area.
Water Balance - Inappropriate extrapolation of field level
Estimation information to a larger scale. Many hydrological
relationships are scale dependent
arising from inadequate data - Intuition is used rather than good quality
capture networks, information.
measurement errors and the - The storage term(s) of the water balance is
complex spatial and temporal omitted.
heterogeneity that characterizes - Political or other pressures result in unreliable
hydrological processes estimates that have been manipulated.
1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method


MATERIALS AND RESOURCES
How to fully understand and interpret Water Balance Estimations?
We use different Materials and Resources to fully be aware of

them.
u es ra n g e d f ro m b a c k -
the techniq
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of-the WHAT ARE THESE?
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d B a c k g ro u n d k n o w led g e
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2. Speciali
o n t ro lle d In f or m a t io n
3. Quality-C

MATERIALS AND RESOURCES
WATER
WATER CYCLE
CYCLE REPORT
REPORT
Australia National
Water Balance

Energy Balance Method

-application of Law of Conservation of Energy.
Given by:
NET
RADIATION
Rn
LATENT Er
HEAT
DENSITY
Pw Lv
OF WATER
where L = pwlv, Latent Heat Factor
1.2 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Energy Balance Method

Energy Balance Method
Table 1.0: Latent Heat Factor

Energy Balance Method FORMULA:
EXAMPLE 1:
GIVEN: From table 1.0 @17°c: From the problem:
On 24 January 2013, in the Upper
Brushy Creek watershed, the net
radiation averaged over the day
from the National Land Data
Assimilation System, is 52 W/m^2. SOLUTION:
The average air temperature By substituting,
through the day is 17°C. Compute

;
the corresponding potential
evaporation rate using the
energy balance method.

Mass Transfer Method

Given by Formulas:
Evaporation driven by:
Vapor Pressure Gradient
Wind Speed
Herbeck and Meyers Equation:
1.3 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Mass Transfer Method


SAMPLE PROBLEM :
At a weather station near a lake the following
measurements have been reported to you: Calculate
the evaporation using Mass Transfer Method
Formula:


SOLUTION:
2 2

Penman Equation
FORMULA: ENERGY
BUDGET
H is calculated as H = (1-r)Rin – Ro where Rin (incoming
MASS radiation) in given by:
TRANSFER
For potential evaporation
∆
Where /𝛾 is an empirical parameter
depending on temperature.
1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation

Penman Equation
where ed is the actual vapor pressure, and σTa4 is the

theoretical black body radiation
The term n/N can also be estimated using the
cloudiness, e.g., a cloudiness of 60 %
gives an n/N of 40 % (= 100 - 60). Ro is calculated by:

Penman Equation
Where,
FORMULA: Ha = incident solar radiation outside the atmosphere on a horizontal surface,
Slope of expressed in mm of evaporable water per day (it is a function of the latitude
saturation and period of the year as indicated in Table 7)
a = a constant depending upon the latitude Θ and is given by a = 0.29 cos Θ
b = a constant with an average value of 0.52
n = actual duration or bright sunshine in hours
N = maximum possible hours of bright sunshine ( it is a function of latitude as
net radiationindicated in Table 8)
r = reflection coefficient (albeldo). Usual ranges of values of r are given below.
For potential evapotranspiration in mm
Where,
PET = daily potential evapotranspiration in mm per day
A = slope of the saturation vapor pressure vs temperature curve at
the mean air temperature, in mm of mercury per Celcius (Table 6)
Hn = net radiation in mm of evaporate water per day
Ea = parameter including wind velocity and saturation deficit
y = psychrometric constant = 0.49 mm of mercury/ Celcius

Penman Equation
Sample Problem
Where,
u2 = mean wind speed at 2 m above ground in km/day
ew = saturation vapor pressure at mean air temperature in mm of
mercury ( Table 6)
ea = actual vapor pressure, defined earlier

Penman Equation Sample Problem

Table 6. Saturation Vapour Pressure of Water
Table 7. Mean Monthly Solar Radiation at Top of Atmosphere Ha in mm of Evaporable Water/ Day
Table 8. Mean Monthly Values of Possible Sunshine Hours, N

Penman Equation
Solution

Empirical Methods & Direct Mesurement

Most of the available empirical equations for estimating lake evaporation are a Dalton
type equation of the general form
FORMULA:
Wind speed correction Actual vapour pressure of
Lake Evaporation
function the overlying air at a
(mm/day)
specified height (mm of
mercury)
Coefficient
Saturation vapour pressure
at the water surface
temperature (mm of
mercury)
1.5 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Empirical Methods & Direct Measurement
Meyer's formula
FORMULA:
Actual vapour pressure of

the overlying air at a Monthly mean wind
Lake Evaporation specified height (mm of velocity (kmph) at a
(mm/day) mercury) height of 9m above
the ground
Coefficient accounting for other

factors
Saturation vapour
(0.36 for large deep waters and
pressure at the water
0.50 for small shallow lakes)
surface temperature (mm
of mercury)
Rohwer's formula
Accounts for the effect of pressure in addition to the wind speed effect
FORMULA:
Actual vapour pressure of
the overlying air at a
Mean wind velocity in specified height (mm of
Lake Evaporation kmph at the ground level mercury)
(mm/day) (taken as the wind velocity
at 0.
Mean barometric pressure Saturation vapour

(mm of mercury) pressure at the water
surface temperature (mm
of mercury)
Sample Problem
Solution:
Transpiration &
Evapotranspiration
Transpiration & Evapotranspiration
Transpiration is the evaporation of

water from plants. It occurs chiefly at
the leaves while their stomata are
open for the passage of CO2 and O2
during photosynthesis.
2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPIRATION
Transpiration is not simply a hazard of plant life. It is the "engine" that pulls
water up from the roots to:
supply photosynthesis;
bring minerals from the roots for biosynthesis within the leaf;
cool the leaf.

Environmental factors that

affect the rate of transpiration:

1. Light
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Wind
5. Soil Water

Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration (ET) is the
combination of evaporation and
transpiration. Evaporation
is water movement from wet soil
and leaf surfaces. Transpiration is
water movement through the
plant. This water movement helps
move vital nutrients through the
plant.
Depression Storage
Depression Storage
refers to small low points in undulating

terrain that can store precipitation that
otherwise would become runoff. The
precipitation stored in these depressions is
then either removed through infiltration into
the ground or by evaporation.

It exists on pervious and impervious surfaces

alike; however, depression storage is much
greater on undisturbed, pervious surfaces.
Standard design and construction practices

remove these natural depressions in order to
promote drainage, which reduces depression
storage. 3.1 Depression Storage
THANK YOU!
ALMARIO, Allyssa Marie
ALIDO, Jose Enrique
CAM, Marvin
JIMENEZ, Carlo
KAWAMURA, Christian
LIM, Lanz Joshua
OCAMPO, Christian
SERRANO, Alyza Kate
VILLAVICENCIO, Allen

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HYDROLOGY - 4654 | Home Objectives Lessons Reporters Login Get Started

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

2 To define Transpiration and

3 To identify Depression Storage

IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Transpiration and Evapotranspiration

IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

FREE WATER SURFACES

BOGS SWAMP MARSH

Water Balance Method

Water is almost always moving, and under the right circumstances,

𝑃 = 𝑄 + 𝐸 ± ∆𝑆 Water Balance Analysis

A Water Balance Analysis Can Be

Water Balance Method

Water Balance Some common problems that occur when

- Double counting of water flows when water flows

1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method

Water Balance Method

We use different Materials and Resources to fully be aware of

Water Balance Method

1.1 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Water Balance Method

Energy Balance Method

where L = pwlv, Latent Heat Factor

1.2 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Energy Balance Method

Energy Balance Method

Table 1.0: Latent Heat Factor

1.2 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Energy Balance Method

Energy Balance Method FORMULA:

through the day is 17°C. Compute

1.2 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Energy Balance Method

Mass Transfer Method

1.3 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Mass Transfer Method

Mass Transfer Method

1.3 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Mass Transfer Method

Mass Transfer Method

1.3 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Mass Transfer Method

For potential evaporation

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation

where ed is the actual vapor pressure, and σTa4 is the

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation

Penman Equation Sample Problem

Table 8. Mean Monthly Values of Possible Sunshine Hours, N

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation

1.4 Evaporation from Free Water Surface: Penman Equation

Empirical Methods & Direct Mesurement

Actual vapour pressure of

Coefficient accounting for other

Mean barometric pressure Saturation vapour

IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Transpiration is the evaporation of

2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

cool the leaf.

2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Environmental factors that

2.1 Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

Transpiration & Evapotranspiration

IMPORTANT PHASE OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:

refers to small low points in undulating

It exists on pervious and impervious surfaces