Characterizes the Roots of a QuadraticEquation using the Discriminant.

QUAPRATIG EQUATIONS Mature of Reets

A Quadratic Equation is of the form ax + bx + c For equation ax2 + bx + c =

0,
expression b2 4ac is called
0, where x is an unknown variable a, b, and c are
constants and a # 0. Discriminant and denoted by D.

arrive at and we denote that it has

Based on the derivation of a quadratic formula, we x =

2a
two roots, That it has two roots, r1 andr2, such that
+Vb-4acandr-b-vb-4ac
2a 2a

We can conclude that all quadratic equations have two solutions called
roots of the quadratic equation.
numbers.
The roots of the quadratic equation can be rational, irrational, real, or imaginary

Value of DISCRIMINANT Nature of Roots

D<0 Unequal and imaginary
D0 Real and equal
D 0 and is a perfect square Real, unequal and rational
D>0 and not a perfect square Real, unequal and irational

Describe the roots of x2- 4x + 4 0.

Example 1:
The values of a, b, and c in the equation are the following.
a = 1 b = 4 c=4

Substitute these values of a, b, and c in the expression b? 4ac -

b-4ac (-4) - 4(1)4)

= 16-16

=0
that the roots of the quadratic equation x* -4x +4
Since the value of b2 -

4ac is zero, we can say

are real numbers and are equal.

 methods of solving
the roots of x 4x +4 0 using any ofthe
=

.s Can De checked
quadratic equation. f the by determining -

quadratic formula is used. the roots that can be obtained are the rollowing

2 Vb2 -4ac
-b + Vb2-4ac
2a
2a
-4)(-4)2-4(1)4)
4tE4)-4O4) 2- 2(1)
2(1)
F4-V1616
4+V16-16 I2=
2
2 4 - V o

1 Vo

1
2
27
2 -2
r 2

x2 - 4x +4 0 are real numbers

and are equal
The roots ofthe quadratic equation
+ 7x + 10 0.
nature of the roots of x2
=
evaluate
Example 2: Determine the and c are 1, 7, and 10, respectively. Use these
values to
In the equation, the values of a, b,
b2-4ac.
b2-4ac (7)2-4(1)(10)
49-440
= 9

roots of the quadratic

than zero and a perfect square, then the
Since the value of b2- 4ac is greater equal.
are rational numbers
but a r e not
equation x2 + 7x + 10 0
=

7x 10 0
To check, solve for the roots of x2 + +

2 -Vbz-4ac
- b +vb2- 4ac
2a
2a
ft7t/7)2-41)10
-7-V7)2-4(1)(10)
2(1)
2(1)
t y49-40 2 49-40
2
2
-7+ V
2
2 3
2
2

2
2
-10

r22
r2--5
-2

x2+ 7x + 10 0 are rational numbers but are notequal.

The roots of the quadratic equation
+3 0
Example 3: Describe the roots of x +6x the values a, b, and c.
Evaluate the expression b2-4ac using
and and c are 1, 6, 3, respectively.
In the equation, the values of a, b,
b2-4ac (6)2 -4(1)(3)
36-12
= 24

but not a perfect square,

then the roots of the quadratic
than zero
Since the value of b2-4ac is greater
irrational numbers and are not equal.
equation x2 + 6x + 3 0 are
 Tocheck, solve for the roots of x* +6x+3 0.
-b+vb2 - 4ac - b - vb2 - 4ac
2 2a
2a

-6+6)2 4(1)(3) 6V(6)2-4(1)(3)

r2- 2(1)
2(1)
tV36-12
-6-36-12
T2= 2
6t v24 -6V24
r2
2
-6-2V6
-6+2V6 2=
2 2

T1-3 + V6 2--3 vV6

0 are irrational numbers and are not equa.
The roots of the quadratic equation x* + 6x + 3 =

Determine the nature of t h e roots of x2 + 2 x + 5 = 0.

Example 4:
In the equation, the values of a, b, and c are 1, 2, and 5, respectively.
Use these values to evaluate b-4ac.
bR4ac= (2)-4(1)(5)
4-20
-16
quadratic equation x2 +2x +5 =
0 has no real
Since the value ofb2-4ac is less than zero, then the
roots.

To check, solve for the roots of x +2x + 5 0.

T2= Vb2=;4ac
-btvb2 -4ac
2a 2a

r2tV(2)-4(1)5) 2 2@"-4(1)5)
1
2(1) 2(1)
2 v4-20
r-2tv4-20
=

2 2
2 t V - 1 6
2 T6
2

Lesson 2: Describes the Relationship Between the Coefficients and the Roots of a
Quadratic Equation.

We now discuss how the sum and the product of the roots of the quadratic equation
ax bx+ c = 0 can be determined using the coefficients a, b, and c.

Remember that the roots of a quadratic equation can quadratic formula,

be determined using the
x -bb-4ac From the quadratic formula, let -b+Vb2-4ac and 2= -b-Vb4ac
2a be the root. Let us nowfind
2a 2a
the sum and the product of these roots.
 SUM OF
ROOTs OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
1+2-b+vb4ac-b-vb-4ac
2a
2a

T1+T2b+vb24ac b- vb2- 4aac

2a

+220
+2
The sum of the roots of quadratic equation is

PRODUCTOF ROOTs OF QUADRATIC EQUATION

2=b+vb-4ac+ 2a 2a

r.2 C6)-(Vb2-4ac)?

(2a)
Tt 2
b2-b+4ac
4a

4ac
1 2 A

The product of the roots of quadratic equation is

Example 1: Find the sum and the product ofthe roots of 2x +8x -10 0.
The values of a, b, and c in the equation are 2, 8, and -10, respectively.

sum of the roots

4
product of the roots =
a

To check, find the roots of 2x+8x - 10 0 using any of the methods of solving quadratic equations.
Then determine the sum and the product of the roots that will be obtained.

The roots of the equation are 1 and -5. Find the sum and the product of these roots

Let ri= 1 and f2= -5.

sum of the roots: ri+2= 1+ (-5) = -4

product of the roots: r1.2= (1)(-5) =

-5

Therefore the sum and the product of the roots of 2x+ 8x 1 0 0 are4 and -5, respectively.
 - 18
/x* O.
Example 2:
Usethe values of a, b, and c in finding the roots ofthe quadratic equation x**
these values to fina tne
The values of a, b, and c in the equation are 1, 7 and -18. respectively. Use
sum and the product of the roots of the equation.

sum of the roots =

=-7
product of the roots = = = -18

of its
roots of the quadratic equation x2 + 7x- 18 =
0, then the sum and the product
fand ri are r2the
roots are as followS:

sum of the roots: fi+ l2-7

product of the roots: r1. r = -18

of -7 and product of -18 are -9 and 2.

By inspection, the two numbers that give a sum a

To check. let r= -9 and r2-2 then find their sum and product.

Sum: r+2= -7 Product:ri.2=-18

-9+2-7 (-9)(2)-18
-7 - 7 -18 -18

1+2-7 is true
+2-18 is true
for r= -9 and 2 =2 for r -9 and r2= 2

Therefore the roots of the quadratic edquation x2 + 7x- 18 =

0 are: x= -9 or x =2. These values of x
make the equation true.
 PRACTICE ACTIITIES 2 4x-4X +G O
-4 bz-4 C-G
X 2x +35 O b2-4ac (-4)*-4(4)()
1 b- - 12 C35
-90
b2-4ac(-12)*- 4()(35)
=144 -140 To check:
4 -bt b-4ac t -b-b-4oc
20
The quadratic equgton are ratienal 20

numbers but are not equial - (-4) + {(-4)-4(4X)

(4)
- -J9-44))
To che ck
- 4+ Io-q 2(4)
b+/b-4ac b b4ac 4 - I6-9
20 AT
2 -4t-80
-j2) 4R)-410(6) --12)- JFRY-4()65) 4--0
2 (1) 2 ()
124 44-140 12-V 144-140
2
2 The quadrcahc equqtien has no real
12+4 = 12 4
roots
2 2
1312 -2
2 2

2
10
2
7 5