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UNIT I

❑ 0.125mm /year corrosion rate is acceptable

❑ In some cases 1.25 mm/year is acceptable when we are using
noble metals
❑ Protective coatings
❑ Some rules to be followed by designer to overcome
corrossion

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1. Hoop Stress/
Circumferential
Stress
2. Longitudinal Stress
3. Radial Stress

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Sufficient rigidity must be incorporated to restrict the deformation

Deformation can be restricted by maintaining the induced stresses
in an elastic region to avoid plastic deformation
Permissible stress or design stress
Controlling factors
- Accuracy of loads
- Reliability in calc of stress
- Uniformity of material
- Hazard if failure occurs
- Local stress concentrations
- fatigue..etc

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Factor of Safety
Choosing the exact safety factor is dependent on various
parameters like

● Material type Ductile vs Brittle

● Loading type Static vs dynamic
● Whether cyclical loads
● The intensity of stress concentration
● Unforeseen Misuse of the component
● Accuracy and stress complexity during a calculation
● Environment and design temperature and pressure.
● Impact of failure
● Cost of component or material
● Corrosion rate
● Maintenance frequency

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Pipe Pressure Rating

The preceding is designed to calculate the maximum allowable
stress for a piping material, not the actual pipe itself. To define
a pipe’s pressure rating, the pipe’s diameter and wall thickness
need to also be taken into account.
A piping material’s HDS is plugged into the following equation
to define a pipe’s pressure rating:
S = P (D-t) / (2t)
Or
S = P (d+t) / (2t)
Where:
● S = Stress
● P = Pressure
● D = Average outside diameter
● d = Average inside diameter
● t = Minimum wall thickness

SDR pipe : "Standard Dimensional Ratio"

The SDR pipe is the "Standard Dimensional Ratio" and refers to the geometry of
the pipe. SDR is defined as the ratio of the nominal outside diameter to the
nominal wall thickness.

SDR = dn/en

Where dn is the nominal outside diameter of the pipe and en is the nominal
(minimum) wall thickness of the pipe.

Therefore a higher SDR indicates a thinner-walled pipe at any given diameter.

The relationship between the SDR and the pressure rating is given by Lames formula
for the hoop stress in thick wall cylinders:

s = P(dn - en) / 2 en

This can be rearranged as;

s = P (SDR - 1) / 2

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The hoop stress is the design stress for the material, which is the (MRS) divided
by the overall service (design) coefficient C.

MRS/C = P (SDR - 1) / 2

or rearranging;

P = 2 MRS / C (SDR - 1)

This pressure ‘P' is then defined as the ‘Maximum Operating Pressure' MOP, or
the pressure rating of the pipe.

MOP = 2 MRS / C (SDR - 1)

Where MRS and MOP are in MPa

Or

MOP = 20 MRS / C (SDR - 1)

Where MRS is in MPa and MOP is in ba

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Problem
1. Calculate the design pressure of the pipe is having
inner dia. of 12mm with the thickness 6mm and
allowable compressive stress 300 N/mm2

S = P (D-t) / (2t)
Or
S = P (d+t) / (2t)

1. Calculate the diameter of the brittle pipe is having

thickness 7mm with the allowable pressure 60 kPa
and stress 200kN/mm2

Elastic instability

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FATIGUE

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Brittle Fatigue failure

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Brittle Fatigue failure

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Rolling

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