Jem Revised 2.0

POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
ASSESSMENT OF THE SELECTED STREET VENDORS IN BLUMENTRITT

ROAD, MANILA PERCEIVING TO THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT
RULES AND REGULATION
An Undergraduate Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the College of Political Science and Public
Administration
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
Sta. Mesa, Manila
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Program Bachelor of Science in

Public Administration
Submitted by:
Caldejon, Jemimah
September 2022
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
This is to certify that the studies paintings supplied on this ASSESSMENT OF
THE SELECTED STREET VENDORS IN BLUMENTRITT ROAD, MANILA
PERCEIVING TO THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT RULES AND
REGULATION for the degree Bachelor of Science in Public Administration at the
Polytechnic University of the Philippines embodies theresult of original and
scholarly work carried out by undersigned. This dissertation does not contain
words or ideas taken from published sources or written works that havebeen
accepted as basis for the award of a degree from any other higher education,
institution, except where proper referencing and acknowledgement were made.
Caldejon, Jemimah
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher is very grateful to God Almighty for without his grace and
blessings, this study would not have been possible. Immeasurable appreciation
and deepest gratitude for the help and support are extended to the following
persons who in one way or another have contributed to the completion of the
study.
To the respondents, selected street vendors from blumentritt road in
Manila for their worthy support and actively participated in survey questionnaire
to gather data.
To the family, friends, and classmates, thanks for their moral, financial
support, understanding, endless guidance, and encouragement; And to all who
are not mentioned above but in one way or another helped in the completion of
this study, thank you very much.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1: The Problem and It’s Background
Introduction ……………………………………………………….…...…………
Background of the Study ……………………………………………………….
Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………
Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………...
Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………...
Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………………
Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………….
Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Synthesis ……………………………………………………………………….
Chapter 3: Methods and Procedure
Research Design ………………………………………………………………
Population and Sampling ……………………………………………………..
Respondents of the Study …………………………………………………….
Research Instrument and Validation ………………………………………...
Data Gathering Procedures …………………………………………………..
Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………….

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
This chapter includes the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of
the problem, hypothesis, scope and limitation, conceptual framework
significance of the study and the definition of terms used. In this chapter
includes the introduction of the whole study, the background why the
researchers made this study and the statement of the problem that the study
focused on. Also, in this chapter will discuss the scope and limitations of the
research study.
Introduction
Street vending is a type of indirect commerce in which commodities are
sold to the public without the need of a fixed facility (Bhowmik 2015). Street
vending, often known as hawking, is a practice of selling things to clients while
walking down the street. A street vendor that puts up a stall in a designated
spot and sells their items from there is another form of street seller. The
informal sector is a substantial source of revenue and employment in many
countries. According to a report published by the International Labor
Organization (ILO) in 2013, the informal economy, which includes vendors,
employs 72.5 percent of the Filipino workforce. Hawking, or street peddling, is
common in the Philippines, particularly in Manila, the capital. In the last ten
years, the number of college graduates generated by public and private

colleges and universities has climbed by 60%, reaching 703,327 in 2017,
however only a small percentage of these graduates obtain official work.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the country's unemployment
rate was 6.19 percent in 2019, down 0.41 percent from 2018. Unemployment
was highest in the 15- to 34-year-old age group, at 65.7 percent. Males account
for a bigger proportion of the unemployed, at 63.8 percent, than females, who
account for 36.2 percent. According to the highest grade finished, 28.6% of the
unemployed had completed junior high school, and 22.4 percent had
completed college. Some of these high school and college graduates, as well
as those who have received formal or informal education or have had no
education at all, may wind up participating in the informal sector by starting their
own microbusinesses. Furthermore, Mayor Isko Moreno fulfilled his promise to
his voters in October 2019 by implementing his "New Manila" plan. He began
his clean-up campaign by prohibiting hawkers from selling on the streets.
Congestion and crowded areas were alleviated by prohibiting vendors from
public and main routes. Without a doubt, Manila's open spaces have grown,
and the streets have become cleaner, but the lowest of the poor, whose
livelihoods and daily income are dependent on the streets, have been the
hardest hit. The Blumentritt Market is one of Manila's most attractive locations.
Despite their economic importance, street sellers are frequently harassed and
subjected to arbitrary limitations by authorities. Because of space for business,
cleanliness, congestion, and licensing, civic authorities frequently question their

existence and control their operations because of their presence. Vendors on
the street have been fighting for recognition and protection.
Individuals are frequently harassed, and they manage to function in hostile
situations that lack fundamental infrastructure and services. Due to a conflict of
interest between street vendors and regulators, their livelihood has become
increasingly reliant on the agreements and deals they make with their
customers and the authorities. Because street vending is practiced all over the
world, the poor will be the ones who suffer if the government continues to deny
street vendor’s respect. Stopping or limiting their activities will also put an end
to their ability to earn a living. They are a vital element of our economy; they
have provided accessible and low-cost goods and services to all those who
have been part of our society's marginalized sector. On the other hand, failing
to acknowledge hawkers as potential cash generators could result in a loss of
revenue from registration fees, licensing, and other sources. Although some
suppliers continue to operate without a license, recognizing them might be a
win-win situation.
Background of the Study
Street sellers have long been regarded as Manila's most serious problem,
and it is undeniable that there are many street merchants who happen to
occupy a position on public roads or parks. As a result, interactions with
authorities have occurred, resulting in a variety of approaches. Street vendor
customers, especially those near schools, hospitals, and workplaces, are quite
communal to the broader public, especially those who prefer purchasing from
street vendors. Selling and creating a business in a public location is another
informal way of doing so. This technique has the potential to affect many
people, particularly in today's generation. At a time when practically every
country is hit by the epidemic, it has a positive influence on the aggregate
numbers of people who are patronizing this type of business arrangement
because they are roofed with fear that is implanted in them. Nonetheless, this
pattern, or what is referred to as a "custom," is said to have both benefits and
drawbacks. It is favorable to the vendor because it may not necessitate the
payment of taxes, permits, or other connected services. However, without
sufficient government intervention, this could result in negative consequences
or major issues in both business and health. Product pricing errors, worsening
traffic conditions, the possibility of dependence and misuse, and unsafe activity
contacts are all risk factors. The use of unlicensed products, which is a major
aspect of purchasing, is a risk factor that may supplement this behavior. People
choose to buy from street vendors for a variety of reasons, including
convenience and the lower cost of goods supplied by these merchants.

Theoretical Framework
Social Cognitive Theory
Figure 1. Social-Cognitive Learning Theory
Human functioning is viewed as reciprocal interactions between
behaviors, environmental variables, cognitions, and other personal elements in
Bandura's (1986) social-cognitive learning theory. I'll use an important term in
Bandura's theory to demonstrate reciprocity: perceived self-efficacy, or beliefs
about one's ability to organize and conduct behaviors necessary to achieve

specified performance levels. Students' efficacy beliefs influence such
accomplishment behaviors as task selection, persistence, effort expenditure,
and skill learning, according to research in achievement settings
(Schunk, 1989). Students' actual acts, in turn, alter their efficacy views.
According to Social Cognitive Theory, street vendors' expectations of results
are based on their own ideas about the benefits and drawbacks of breaking the
regulations. The anticipations are likely to grow because of media, peers, and
family members who have used the technique before the current user. After
frequent practice of this standard, expectations tend to be stronger, more
precise, and more favorable following initiation.
New Public Management Theory
Figure 2. New Public Management Theory

The term new public management was coined by scholars from UK and
Australia (Hood 1991 and Hood and Jackson 1991), who were working in the in
the areas of public administration. NPM has been inspired by theoretical
perspectives: public-choice theory, management theory, classical public
administration, neoclassical public administration, policy analysis, principal-
agent theory, property-rights theory, the neo-Austrian school, transaction-cost
economics, and NPA and its following approaches. By integrating flexibility,
openness, minimal government, de-bureaucratization, decentralization, the
marketization of public services, and privatization, the New Public Management
(NPM) method aims to create an administration. New Public Management
represents a paradigm shift from conventional public management. Christopher
Hood initially used the term "New Public Management" in his 1991 book "A
Public Management for all Seasons." The basic tenet of NPM is to minimize the
significance of regulation and instead place an emphasis on economy,
efficiency, and effectiveness. dividing the bureaucracy up into various
agencies. Introduce contract arrangements and quasi-market systems to boost
competitiveness. Expenses both slow down and aid income development. More
competition in the public sectors. NPM focuses mainly on management
philosophies used in the private sector. Managerialism refers to the process by
which an administrator becomes a manager. Increasing the organizational
structure's flexibility and mobility, as well as that of the workforce and working
conditions. a stronger focus on consumerism Citizens are viewed as
consumers by NPM. Ensure that everyone may participate in the
decentralization process. The following are characteristics of new public
management: managerial support services, goal-orientation, cost-cutting,
decentralization, restructuring of government organizations or sectors, and
finally, the empowerment of citizens. Ensure that the public receives better
service. In conclusion, the New Public Management included limiting state
power and enhancing the market system even though it was founded to
challenge the bureaucracy's overwhelming power. The emerging nations have
felt the effects of liberalization, a market economy, and globalization, and there
have been some changes in the welfare character of the state. (Avijit Biswas,
2022)
Conceptual Framework
Figure 3. Conceptual Framework
The framework depicts how can we assess the regulated and
unregulated street vendor using survey questionnaire about the rules and
regulation of Local Government Unit (LGU) in terms of selling a product in
a street in Blumentritt Road, Manila.
Statement of the Problem
This study aims to assess the the selected street vendors in Blumentritt
Road, Manila perceiving to the Local Government Unit rules and regulation.
The study seeks to answer the following questions:
1. What is the level of agreement that street vendors are knowledgeable in
terms of:
1.1. Familiarity of Law / Policies
1.2. Effectiveness of Policy Execution
1.3. Rules and Regulations
2. What are the challenges encountered by street vendors in terms of:
2.1. Privacy and Security
2.2. Workplace
2.3. Legal Recognition
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This study focuses on the selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road,
Manila perceiving to the Local Government Unit rules and regulation This
study will not cover the other problems that are not considered as one. By
their strategy the researchers will be able to assess if the street vendors in
Blumentritt Road, Manila are aware and knowledgeable in the rules and
regulation that Local Government Unit implemented.
Significance of the Study
This study might give a new perspective for normal people to look at
the condition of street vendors. The researcher might also show how these
people overcome difficulties in life despite their business. They might as
well get attention from some government bodies and non-government units
who deal with these people and take steps to improve the condition of
vendors.
To the Local Government Unit, researchers hope that the Local
Government Unit will find the evolving approaches that can help the street
vendors in understanding the laws implemented.
To the Street Vendors, this research study may somehow relate to
other vendors who are experiencing the same problem. That these might
help them to understand the underlying factors, and important factors that
need to be considered.
For Future Researchers, this study might clarify how street
vendors respond to laws being enforced even if they are being asked to go
away.
Definition of Terms
1. Blumentritt Road, Manila – a major road in Manila, Philippines. It runs
through the border of the City of Manila with Quezon City from Rizal Av-
enue in Santa Cruz district to G. Tuazon Street in Sampaloc district. The
road also forms the southern boundary of the Manila North Cemetery.
2. International Labor Organization (ILO) – is a United Nations agency
whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice through setting
international labour standards. Founded in October 1919 under the
League of Nations, it is the first and oldest specialised agency of the UN.
3. Law – the system of rules which a particular country or community recog-
nizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce
by the imposition of penalties.
4. Legal Recognition – is formal acknowledgement of it as being true,
valid, legal, or worthy of consideration, and may involve approval or the
granting of rights.
5. Local Government Unit (LGU) – is a political subdivision of the Repub-
lic of the Philippines at the provincial, city, municipal, or Barangay level,
and “LGUs” mean, collectively, the plural thereof.
6. Policy Execution – input values are evaluated against the logic in the
policy model. The input values for each execution are supplied by a spe-
cific policy instance.
7. Rules and Regulations – an official rule or the act of controlling some-
thing.
8. Street – a public road in a city or town, typically with houses and build-
ings on one or both sides.
9. Street Vendor – a person who sells something in the street, either from
a stall or van or with their goods laid out on the sidewalk.
10. Workplace – a place where people work, such as an office or factory

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This section includes both international and domestic literature pertinent
to the study. The proponents demonstrate this relation to provide additional
explanation and comprehension to assess the selected street vendors in
Blumentritt Road, Manila perceiving to the Local Government Unit rules and
regulation.
Location of the Study
Blumentritt Road, Manila. Named after Prof. Blumentritt – a professor
who has devoted his life concerning the investigation of our archipelago and a
good acquaintance of Rizal. (Brinton 1899). Blumentritt is a place in manila
where most of the people rely on their everyday living and sustain their
livelihood. Street vending are prevalent along this street. It is according to
Bhowmik in 2015 that street vending is classified as a type of indirect
commerce in which commodities are sold to the general public without the need
of a fixed facility. Hawking is another term for street vending, a practice of
convenience – selling products to public while walking down the street.
However, contrary to the study of Bhowmik in 2015, a street vendor who puts
up a stall in a designated area and sells their items in there is also considered
as another form of street seller. In a study conducted by the International Labor
Organization (ILO) last 2013, the informal economy which includes the vendors,
employs 72.5 percent of Filipino workforce, proving that informal sector,
specifically the street vending is a substantial source of revenue and
employment in many countries, especially, here in the Philippines where
hawking or street peddling is common, particularly in Manila, the capital.
The study presented above is a great way of introducing what street
vending is. Indulging in their lives and having a glimpse of what causes street
vending would surely help us building this scholarly study that focuses on the
said issue. The study of Brinton in 1899 showcasing the great history of
Blumentritt – a place in manila would give us an in depth understanding about
its geographical setting. In relevance to the Brinton’s study, Bhowmik’s
proposed dissertation in 2015 was able to elaborate what street vending really
is, however it failed to give us a clear vision about other types of street vendors.
The study conducted by the International Labor Organization, or the ILO is also
a great way to explain where street vending is rooted, clearly, due to
unemployment which will be discussed in our paper as the study progresses.
Respondents of the Study
Street Vendor. As time goes by, the unemployment rate in the country
seems to rise. It is according to the study of Hasan in 2020 that Philippines
unemployment rate reaches 8.76 percent, ranking at number 6 with the most
unemployment rate together with other ASEAN countries. Ages 15 – 35 years
old was said to be the highest unemployed citizen of the country and is
equivalent to 65.7 percent. Due to lack of jobs available in the country, factors
causing street vending started to manifest. The low investment, high profit, no
procedural steps either to start or exit, cross-border and rural urban migration
are what you can get in indulging to this field, truly, persuasive more than filing
various documents – to look for a job. Since these points contribute to the
growing population of street vending in the country." Who would turn down
such a good offer of low investment with high profit” (Njaya 2016). Street
vending is an enticing economic strategy and source of employment for non-
skilled migrants who are first timers in the city (Tshuma and Jari 2013). With the
expansion of provincial to urban movement and the shrinking formal area,
street vendors and other sorts of informal jobs become the most enticing
strategies of survival for the poor (Chirisa and Muchini (2011).
This backs up Bhowmick's assertion that "lack of gainful employment
combined with poverty in rural areas has pushed people out of their villages in
search of a better existence in the cities; these migrants do not possess the
skills or education to enable them to find better paid, secure employment in the
formal sector, and they must settle for work in the informal sector."
Furthermore, according to the study, street vending contributes to economic
development by creating jobs, providing alternative sources of income,
particularly for women, and providing low-cost products to the city's primarily
low-income groups. Street vending also benefits workers in a variety of
industries who work in enterprises that assemble or produce the products
offered by street vendors, according to Chen (2002). As a result, street vendors
support not only the labour of vendors, but also ranchers, small-scale
producers, and other locally based businesses that lack the resources to
promote their own products. The effect of poverty and street vending has been
a taboo in various researchers ever since. The relationships and ties binding
them together was proposed and discussed in a scholarly work of Al-Jundi et.
al in 2020. It is stated that poverty positively creates a huge impact and has
direct effect in street vending. In addition to this, it is also believed that lack of
education and unemployment has a mediate influence and proven to
administer the effect of poverty in street vending.
Who will not be familiar with the most common street foods in the Philippines
that has been part of everyone’s journey, childhood, and life? Fishball and
kikiam. Low-cost food that is delectable and would provide an instant meal in
an accessible location – along the street. Kikiam (fried ground pork and
vegetables placed in bean curd sheet) and fishball (ball-shaped patty made of
pulverized fish.) However, proper management and sanitation remains to
become an issue in these common street foods. (Castillo, 2018)
DOST in 2010 warns the public about the basic requirement of food quality
because contamination and food poisoning can happen at any stage form farm
to fork. They emphasized that hundreds of people in our local area fall ill every
year, and many suffer death because of consuming unsafe food. In accordance
with street food, according to Othman in 2005, this sector of food industry that
feeds thousands of people where semi-skilled and unskilled people generates
the run and supply of the business presents a unique challenge of food safety,
especially the problems concerning hygiene and sanitation.

"A survey of hygiene practices among food vendors in rural areas of
Mauritius found that while most food vendors were aware of hygienic
conditions, the majority of them were not putting their knowledge into practice,
believing that their products posed a low risk to customers". This needs to be
closely monitored because multiple issues may arise, not only in terms of
health but also in terms of keeping this line of work active" (A.H.Subratty
P.Beeharry, M.Chan Sun, 2004).
"Hygiene and quality control are very important in food vending, especially in
sensitive areas such as near schools, parks, and other places where children
are exposed; yet, while quality control is vital, the concept of 'health inspector'
may not always be appropriate or productive." As previously said, this should
be properly enforced and followed by a street vendor; failing to do so has a
substantial impact on this line of business. Simple measures, such as properly
disposing of rubbish, would suffice.
People have been forced out of their communities in quest of a better living
in cities due to a lack of beneficial work in rural areas paired with destitution.
Because they lack the appropriate skills and education to acquire better-
paying, stable positions in the formal sector, they are forced to labor in low-
skilled jobs. Another group of people is forced to labor in the unorganized
sector. Workers who lost their jobs because of firm closures, downsizing, or
consolidations were compelled to look for low-wage work in the informal sector
to make ends meet. The first type consists of low-skilled migrants from
provinces; this group is more common in underdeveloped nations such as
India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Cambodia, and Vietnam.
These countries lacked a solid industrial basis, and the urban workforce was
primarily employed in the informal sector in the past. The second sort of street
seller is workers who formerly worked in the official sector, and they can be
found in nations such as the Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia,
Indonesia, and India. The closure of various enterprises for a variety of
reasons, including outsourcing of work to the informal sector, mergers of some
corporations, downsizing of manufacturing units, and so on, has resulted in
widespread unemployment in these countries. These folks have largely been
absorbed by the informal sector. In fact, even manufacturing units in the
informal sector have risen at a higher rate than those in the formal sector (S.K
Bhowmick Economic and Political Weekly May 28-June 4, 2005).
Street Vendors background knowledge
Familiarity of Law / Policies
A prospect is more likely to accept and return sales representatives' calls,
read their emails, and eventually do business with them if he or she is already
familiar with them and/or their company. The Law of Familiarity states as such.
Spending time and energy getting to know his or her prospects is in the best
interest of the salesperson. Prospecting is facilitated by familiarity since it
makes the prospect's decision to provide his or her time seem less risky. The
senior officials in any business who have worked in the same regions for years
make it seem so simple because of the familiarity threshold. Senior sales
professionals can develop familiarity over time by using the following five
familiarity levers: persistent and consistent prospecting, introductions and
recommendations, networking, brand and business familiarity, and personal
branding (Blount, 2015).
Street vending and urban space for micro companies are major
development policy themes. Urban space is a politically charged subject in
many countries. Modern infrastructure favoritism leads to the rejection of
sidewalk and shophouse livelihoods. Large retailers who worry informal traders
may campaign for their prohibition. Where street vendors are allowed to work,
they do so in hostile conditions, without basic facilities, and in dread of
harassment and property destruction. Even a quick look at cities with thriving
street vending demonstrates that this economic activity consumes substantial
amounts of spare labor, especially women. Their customers like the cheap
goods and services they offer. Studies reveal that when urban management
rules allow vendors to operate, poverty, employment, entrepreneurship, social
mobility, and peace and order improve. Women and men share economically
and socially. This study will stimulate policymakers, academe, and municipal
administrators to consider street vending as a legitimate commercial venture
and view urban space allocation as a vital policy tool for legitimizing this
industry and producing employment for their rising labor force (Klock, 2006).
Conformity with Law and Safety

The CONTRACTOR shall observe and abide by all applicable laws,
ordinances, codes, and regulations of governmental organizations, including
federal, state, municipal, and local governing bodies, having jurisdiction over
the scope of services, when providing services under this Agreement. This
includes all provisions of the California Occupational Safety and Health Act that
apply to the services. In the event that CONTRACTOR violates any of the
aforementioned laws, ordinances, rules, or regulations, CONTRACTOR shall
defend, indemnify, and hold COUNTY harmless from any liabilities, fines,
penalties, or other repercussions (Law Insider, 2022).
Compliance with Laws and Material Contracts
To the extent that failure to do so could not reasonably be expected to (a)
have a Material Adverse Effect or (b) result in any Lien upon either I a material
portion of the assets of any such Person in favor of any Governmental Authority
or (ii) any Collateral which is part of the Borrowing Base, each Borrower will
comply with, and cause each Subsidiary to comply with, the requirements of all
applicable Laws and Material Contracts (Law Insider, 2022).
Sub-Advisor Compliance Policies and Procedures
The Sub-Advisor must give the Trust CCO copies of I its policies and
practices for adhering to the Federal Securities Laws (collectively, the "Sub-
Advisor Compliance Procedures") as well as (ii) any significant updates to the

Sub-Advisor Compliance Procedures. In order to fulfill the Trust CCO's
obligations under Rule 38a-1 to review, assess, and report to the Trust's Board
of Trustees on the operation of the Sub-Advisor Compliance Procedures, the
Sub-Advisor shall work closely with the Trust CCO. The Sub-Advisor shall also
promptly report to the Trust CCO any Material Compliance Matter arising under
the Sub-Advisor Compliance Procedures involving the Sub-Advisor Assets. The
Sub-Advisor is required to provide the Trust CCO with the following information:
I quarterly reports attesting to the Sub-adherence Advisor's to the Sub-Advisor
Compliance Procedures in managing the Sub-Advisor Assets; and (ii)
certifications attesting to the absence of any Material Compliance Matters
involving the Sub-Advisor that have arisen under the Sub-Advisor Compliance
Procedures and have affected the Sub-Advisor Assets. The Sub-Advisor must
certify to the Trust CCO at least once a year that the Sub-Advisor has put in
place and followed policies and procedures that are reasonably intended to
ensure compliance with the Federal Securities Laws (Law Insider, 2022).
Compliance with Law and Policies
In the field of technology transfer, Company promises to abide by the laws
that are in force and the University's regulations. Company also commits to
quickly notify the University of any violations it knows about or has reason to
think have already happened or are about to happen. The Intellectual Property
Policy, the Policy on Conflicts of Interest Relating to Intellectual Property and
Commercial Ventures, and the Policy on Faculty Consulting and Outside

Activities are the University policies that are currently in force at the Worcester
campus (Law Insider, 2022).
Compliance with Law and Regulations
The grant and vesting of Restricted Stock Units and the obligation of the
Company to issue shares of Stock under this Agreement are subject to all
applicable federal and state laws, rules, and regulations, including those related to
disclosure of financial and other information to the Participant and to approvals by
any government or regulatory agency as may be required. The Company shall not
be required to issue or deliver any certificates for shares of Stock prior to (A) the
listing of such shares on any stock exchange on which the Stock may then be
listed and (B) the completion of any registration or qualification of such shares
under any federal or state law, or any rule or regulation of any government body
which the Company shall, in its sole discretion, determine to be necessary or
advisable (Law Insider, 2022).
Effectiveness of Policy Execution
By comprehending the goal for which policy implementation occurs, one may
gauge the overall efficacy of the process. Planning effectively produces good
practices, and their application produces improved performance that gives
policy and decision makers feedback. Numerous studies have concentrated
mostly on enhancing creative responses to disaster risks and implementing
policies. How to assess the success of local policy implementation is still a topic
of discussion. However, there is no clear-cut theory of how to implement
policies effectively, and only a few frameworks have been accepted as the
foundation for an analysis of how to implement policies effectively, particularly
in the case of droughts. This article proposes a modified framework to evaluate
the success of policy implementation by identifying policy, practice, and
performance, as well as a feedback loop to communicate the lessons learned,
based on the 2009–2010 great drought in Yunnan, China. Farmers'
perspectives on water conservation initiatives in Luliang County and the
agricultural diversification program in Longyang County in Yunnan Province
were examined. The effectiveness of programs was found to be judged by
short-term, immediate, and concrete advantages rather than long-term adaption
tactics. Farmers are shown to be extremely dependent on government policies
and projects. The findings underscore the urgent need to lower risks through
enhanced understanding of drought hazards, increased awareness of climate
change and its effects, and the application of suitable long-term adaptation
solutions (Pradhan et. Al, 2017).
The comparison of empirical observations with a control group in an
experimental design or with a counterfactual scenario is the gold standard for
evaluating and quantifying the effectiveness of policies. This comparison is
done using an experimental design (Jacob, 2020).
Organizations or programs that operate as intermediaries between
policymakers and service providers can help to ensure that evidence-based
policies, programs, and practices are implemented successfully. There are

already many intermediaries in well-established mental health systems, but
there is a paucity of research on them and how they may be improved to
promote implementation. In the mental health systems of Scotland, New
Zealand, and Canada (Ontario), there is an enigmatic variance in the system
placement of intermediates supporting policy implementation. We contend
through the analysis that a comprehension of political structures, the policy
legacies influencing the current public/private mix of mental health service
delivery, and the various administrative capabilities of mental health systems
can explain the placement of intermediaries supporting policy implementation.
This study advances our knowledge of the policy-related intermediaries that
facilitate implementation at scale as well as our understanding of how to design
systems with the proper infrastructure to facilitate policy implementation and
produce better outcomes for citizens (Bullock and Lavis, 2019).
Numerous studies have concentrated mostly on enhancing creative
responses to disaster risks and implementing policies. How to assess the
success of local policy implementation is still a topic of discussion. However,
there is no clear-cut theory of how to implement policies effectively, and only a
few frameworks have been accepted as the foundation for an analysis of how
to implement policies effectively, particularly in the case of droughts. This article
proposes a modified framework to evaluate the success of policy
implementation by identifying policy, practice, and performance, as well as a
feedback loop to communicate the lessons learned, based on the 2009–2010
great drought in Yunnan, China. Farmers' perspectives on water conservation

initiatives in Luliang County and the agricultural diversification program in
Longyang County in Yunnan Province were examined. The effectiveness of
programs was found to be judged by short-term, immediate, and concrete
advantages rather than long-term adaption tactics. Farmers are shown to be
extremely dependent on government policies and projects. The findings
underscore the urgent need to lower risks through enhanced understanding of
drought hazards, increased awareness of climate change and its effects, and
the application of suitable long-term adaptation solutions (Pradhan, 2017).
Rules and Regulations
Metropolitan consumers can find a wide range of reasonably priced,
easily accessible goods and services from street vendors, who are an
essential component of the world's urban economies. Additionally, migrants
and internally displaced persons who have few other employment
opportunities can make a living by selling goods on the street (Wiego,
2022).
Local Government Unit (LGU) Rules and Regulations
The cycle of frustration, hope, disappointment, and contentment would
always resonate to their ears as the government continues to vanish their main
source of living – of life. With a constant state of unpredictability, street vendors

often faced discrimination in their society as they push to engage in a strict
governance regime in return of narrowing their avenues of life while
maintaining the hope of their possible relocation. According to the study of
Recio in 2020, the main cause why street vendors often experience prejudice in
the country is because (1) disjunctive urban governance, (2) strong kinship ties,
(3) clientelist political relations, and (4) grassroots democratic entanglements.
He also mentioned that the notion of street entanglements – or in other words,
how street vendor acts and the ties they forge should be in lined in the state
power and with a broader political concept. Roever and Skinner discovered that
one of the reasons that street vendors are being evicted is due of the change of
leaders who have various views about street vending, according to Tranberg
Hansen and Vaa's research of the Violent Eviction of Street Traders in Lusaka,
Zambia. In Delhi, India (Sally Roever and Caroline Skinner, Street vendors and
cities). Street vendors have been shown to be the most vulnerable to bullying,
whether from local gangsters or civic authorities. Acts of aggression and
unjustified use of force against street sellers are common and can occur here;
as a result, street vendors may be forced to abandon their established line of
work or services. Self-financing is used by the majority of street sellers. It is
much easier to start street selling than it is to start other lines of work because
there is no requirement to find an investor or business partner. Dabir-Alai
(Dabir-Alai, 2004). Municipal authorities frequently harass street vendors and
impose unreasonable restrictions. Vendors on the street operate in challenging
situations with limited infrastructure and services. The merchandise of street

sellers are confiscated by city authorities after they are harassed and in some
cases beaten (Mkhize, 2013). Periodic purges and 'clean-ups' assume that the
informal is (a) inferior or superfluous in comparison to the official enterprises in
the neighborhood; (b) destructive or inefficient in some way; or (c) chaotic or
out of its 'appropriate' place, which is often uncritically investigated. While it is
true that the more obstinate hucksters must be removed from the sidewalks to
allow pedestrians unimpeded passage, other assumptions fail to comprehend
how the informal activity can be viewed as a beneficial transition to the formal
rather than a barrier.
Policies and laws are existing even in the smallest informal markets in the
country. According to the study of Milgram in 2015, for instance - the Muslim
having dominance over pirated DVD’S, and CDs in the Philippines doesn’t
grant the legal conscience of street vending. Despite the possibility of having
permits, the analysis of illegal and illegal practices of street vending should also
be the top priorities of the government. In the said dissertation, it is stated that
the main reason why vendors tend to participate in that kind of illegal vending
due to lack of sustainable revenue to support their business and secure their
livelihood. Authorities assured that tolerating this kind of practice will never
happen and will surely penalize their trade.
In one part of the Philippines, Baguio, where illegal street vendors are
rampant, despite the protest for some vendors, the mayor is standing his
ground to finally eliminate these illegal street vending activities. However, there
are still vendors who persist in going back despite the repeated warnings. The
mayor of the city reassured them that they will not totally stopped them from
their source of income, but times to ply their trade would be applied. (Rillorta
2013, pp. 2, 11) Acts of aggression and unjustified use of force against street
sellers are common and can occur here; as a result, street vendors may be
forced to abandon their established line of work or services. Self-financing is
used by the majority of street sellers. It is much easier to start street selling
than it is to start other lines of work because there is no requirement to find an
investor or business partner. Dabir-Alai (Dabir-Alai, 2004). Municipal authorities
frequently harass street vendors and impose unreasonable restrictions.
Vendors on the street operate in challenging situations with limited
infrastructure and services. The merchandise of street sellers are confiscated
by city authorities after they are harassed and in some cases beaten (Mkhize,
2013). Street sellers are regulated and protected in Malaysia, the Philippines,
and India 28. Only Malaysia appears to be serious about implementing its
policy. This is the only country in which legal street vendors (the majority of
whom are licensed) are given with facilities for performing their business, as
well as credit from the government. Even though the Philippines has a national
policy, the government refuses to recognize the majority of street sellers and
takes drastic measures to remove them from the streets. (Bhowmik, 2005).
Danger or obstruction in a public way or a line of navigation" Whoever
causes danger, obstruction, or injury to any person in any public way or public
line of navigation by doing any act or failing to take order with any property in
his possession or under his charge shall be fined up to two hundred rupees.
The nuisance of causing obstruction is the offence punishable under this
provision. This demonstrates that every decision and action taken by a street
vendor must take into account these policies because they are susceptible to
the same punishment. (See IPC Section 283 for further information.) An open
spaces also known as public places reflect diversity and vibrancy of an urban
place holding the power to create memories. Among all the public spaces,
street remains as the most public – where street vendors linger and sow their
food to sustain their living. According to the study of Lathia in 2019, streets
being the primary engines of social activity, economic, and platforms for civic
engagement, the growing population of street vendors would hinder the main
purpose of public spaces. However, in another study proposed by Deore in
2018, the relationship with the surrounding land-use and street hierarchy
should be the objectives. According to him, street vendors make the street
more vibrant. It increases activities, provide safer surroundings through
ensuring inflow of people, and inclusive in its true sense by allowing people
from different backgrounds to participate in the exchange of goods and
services. It further argues that street vendors are vital elements of more
equitable and exciting streets and public space.
There are a number of reasons why the gap between policy formulation
and policy implementation, which is frequently stated as being particularly large
in developing countries, include ambiguous policy goals, decision-making
without taking the needs of those who will be affected into account, low
compliance rates, a lack of administrative capacity on the part of implementing

agencies, and more. The fact that interest aggregation typically takes place
only during the enforcement stage is likely what stands out the most. This
implies that laws and regulations can be subverted and twisted in accordance
with the power relationships between the participants. The case study
discussed here focuses on the legal elements of street hawking in the unique
cultural setting of Manila, the metropolis of South-East Asia. It is shown that
laws are more often influenced by Western notions of modernity, which are
very different from the severe socio-economic realities of the industry.
Additionally, cultural norms (conflict avoidance, respect for established power
structures) that guide the conduct of both hawkers and lower level
administrative agents serve to reduce compliance. Overall, rules are merely
symbolic and ineffective, which maintains a culture of intimidation and extortion
(Illy, 1986).
Compliance with Applicable Laws and Regulations
Vendors pledge to uphold all legal requirements, rules, and reporting
requirements that apply to their business. Vendors will make sure that their
employees abide by all applicable rules and regulations and will be in
charge of arranging for the required training (WEF, 2022).
Labour and Human Rights
Health and Safety of the endors are required to establish and maintain a
secure workplace and include reliable health and safety management

procedures into their daily business operations. Employees must have the
freedom to reject dangerous tasks and report harmful working conditions.
Vendors are expected to obtain, maintain, and follow all necessary health
and safety permits (WEF, 2022).
Prevention of Involuntary Labour and Human Trafficking
Transportation, harboring, recruiting, transferring, receiving, or employing
someone against their will using threats, coercion, force, kidnapping, fraud,
or compensation to anyone in a position of authority over another person is
considered forced labor. Vendors must make sure they don't rely on forced
labor. Vendors are prohibited from engaging in human trafficking or using
any type of coerced, indentured, bonded, or slave labor. Workers' original
government-issued identity and travel documents cannot be withheld by
vendors. Vendors must make sure that the contracts with employees
clearly state the terms of employment in a language that the employees
can understand. Vendors are not allowed to establish unreasonable limits
on how employees can move around the office or access or leave facilities
that the company provides. Workers shall not be asked to pay any
recruitment fees or other comparable payments to employers or their
agents in order to secure employment. Vendors must make sure that any
hiring firms they work with adhere to the rules set forth in this Code and the
law (WEF, 2022).

Anti-Discrimination
Vendors are prohibited from discriminating against any employees in hiring
or other employment practices on the basis of age, ethnicity, gender,
marital status, national origin, political affiliation, race, religion, sexual
orientation, gender identity, or any other status protected by any applicable
law (WEF, 2022).
Anti-Harassment and Abuse
Vendors are required to keep bullying and harassment out of the
workplace. Workers may not be threatened with harsh or inhumane
treatment or subjected to it, including but not limited to verbal abuse,
psychological or sexual harassment, as well as physical or mental coercion,
by vendors (WEF, 2022).
Staff behaviour when working for the Forum
When working with Forum staff, Forum Partners, and other stakeholders
both within and outside the Forum's premises, as well as, when applicable,
at any events hosted by the Forum, vendors' staff must always act
professionally and appropriately (WEF, 2022).

Challenges encountered by street vendors
Privacy and Security
Effective software and IT asset lifecycle management, comprehensive,
precise, perceptive, and futuristic vulnerability and configuration management,
and risk management and compliance due diligence in line with best practices
in the industry are three of the main obstacles posed by third-party vendors
(Siwicki, 2018).
Human mistake, according to many security professionals, poses the
biggest threat to data privacy and security. Employees who lack knowledge or
awareness may use weak passwords, accidentally destroy data, fall victim to
phishing schemes, have access to privileged accounts, or surf websites that
are not appropriate for their job (Cipher,2022).
The Street Vendors (Protection of Livelihood and Regulation of Street
Vending) Bill, 2009 must be passed by the government by June 30, 2011,
according to a Supreme Court order. However, the National Commission on
Enterprises in the Unorganized Sector's suggested National Policy for Urban
Street Vendors does not appear in the bill's key provisions. If passed in its
current form, it will make fun of the rights of street vendors. If the government is
sincere about defending the working-class residents of metropolitan areas, it
must take into account not only the provisions of the national policy but also the
forward-thinking measures taken in this regard by the governments of Andhra
Pradesh, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh (Bhowmik, 2010)

Workplace
They struggle with issues including eviction, paying bribes, difficulty
accessing various government institutions, a lack of amenities like toilets
and lighting, a lack of social security, and other issues of a similar nature.
They struggle to survive in a city like Delhi where street sellers make up
2.5% of the population (Kumari, 2015).
The majority of the issues at work are found here. inadequate
training. A lot of workplace challenges are brought on by a lack of training.
Schedule rigidity, a lack of motivation, a lack of communication, issues with
trust, little recognition, conflict and bullying (Hussen, 2020).
Legal Recognition
Lawful recognition, which may involve approval or the awarding of
rights, is the formal acknowledgement of a situation or fact in a jurisdiction
as being genuine, valid, legal, or deserving of consideration. It gains the
ability to establish diplomatic ties with other nations. It gains the ability to
sign treaties with other nations. The state can benefit from the perks and
rights that come with being an international state. State succession is a
possibility (Mukherjee, 2019).
Due to their participation in the domestic work sector, workers in
Western Asia do not receive the social or legal respect they deserve as
workers. The classification of domestic work as private household labor
results in the partial or complete exclusion of domestic employees from

labor laws. In addition, domestic labor is not recognized as "real work" due
to gendered cultural norms and society belief systems, which devalues the
economic contribution of domestic workers. This in turn strengthens the
inadequate legal frameworks that exempt domestic work from the
safeguards and rules that apply to other employment sectors. Due to the
lack of protective legislation in the destination country, migrant women
workers are structurally unable to organize and advocate for their rights
and entitlements. As a result, domestic employees frequently fail to
recognize themselves as workers with entitled rights (United Nations,
2022).
Nowadays, international law typically views recognition as a
declarative act. In circumstances where a new State arises consensually
and in the absence of territorial illegality, this is in fact the only feasible
explanation. However, territorial illegality and unilateral secession give rise
to diverse legal situations in which the relevant principles of international
law indicate and even assume that (collective) recognition can have
constitutive repercussions. As a result, this article contends that it is
incorrect to assume that recognition always only acknowledges the
creation of a new State when interpreting the legal character of recognition
and non-recognition. Not those states cannot exist without being
recognized—far from it. Instead, the mode of a (effort at) State construction
may determine the legal ramifications of recognition (Vidmar, 2012).

Under R.A 8792, According to the former President Joseph Estrada,
He approved tha article about legal recognition related in electronic writing
or documents. Here are the sections included.
Sec. 6. Legal Recognition of Data Messages. - Information shall not
be denied legal effect, validity or enforceability solely on the grounds that it
is in the data message purporting to give rise to such legal effect, or that it
is merely referred to in that electronic data message.
Sec. 7. Legal Recognition of Electronic Documents. – Electronic
documents shall have the legal effect, validity or enforceability as any other
document or legal writing, and -
(a) Where the law requires a document to be in writing, that
requirement is met by an electronic document if the said electronic
document maintains its integrity and reliability and can be authenticated to
be usable for subsequent reference, in that -
(i) The electronic document has remained complete and unaltered,
apart from the addition of any endorsement and any authorized change, or
any change which arises in the normal course of communication, storage,
and display; and
(ii) The electronic document is reliable in the light of the purpose for
which it was generated and in the light of all the relevant circumstances.
(b) Paragraph (a) applies whether the requirement therein is in the
form of an obligation or whether the law simply provides consequences for

the document not being presented or retained in its original form.
chanrobles law firm
(c) Where the law requires that a document be presented or retained
in its original form, that requirement is met by an electronic document if -
(i) There exists a reliable assurance as to the integrity of the
document from the time when it was first generated in its final form; and
(ii) That document is capable of being displayed to the person to
whom it is to be presented: Provided, That no provision of this Act shall
apply to vary any and all requirements of existing laws on formalities
required in the execution of documents for their validity.
For evidentiary purposes, an electronic document shall be the
functional equivalent of a written document under existing laws.
This Act does not modify any statutory rule relating to the
admissibility of electronic data messages or electronic documents, except
the rules relating to authentication and best evidence.
Sec. 8. Legal Recognition of Electronic Signatures. - An electronic
signature on the electronic document shall be equivalent to the signature of
a person on a written document if that signature is proved by showing that
a prescribed procedure, not alterable by the parties interested in the
electronic document, existed under which -
(a) A method is used to identify the party sought to be bound and to
indicate said party’s access to the electronic document necessary for his
consent or approval through the electronic signature;

(b) Said method is reliable and appropriate for the purpose for which
the electronic document was generated or communicated, in the light of all
the circumstances, including any relevant agreement;
(c) It is necessary for the party sought to be bound, in order to
proceed further with the transaction, to have executed or provided the
electronic signature; and
(d) The other party is authorized and enabled to verify the electronic
signature and to make the decision to proceed with the transaction
authenticated by the same.
Based on the article by WIEGO (2022) The establishment of a
strong informal sector where street sellers can meet consumer demand is
hindered rather than enabled by the legal and regulatory frameworks that
control street hawking in many cities.
Street vendors can operate from a fixed place (like a kiosk or a table
on the sidewalk) or they might be on the go. Some people mix stationary
and mobile vending. Different regulatory challenges apply to each sort of
activity. Laws governing local permits may limit market entrance. Zoning
regulations frequently limit street vendors to locations that are
uncomfortable for both the vendors and the clients they serve. The legal
frameworks dictating where, when, and how vendors can operate are
sometimes conflicting, applied unevenly, or both. In order to operate, street
vendors are frequently required to pay bribes or extortionate penalties or
fees. The requirements of street vendors and their clients are sometimes
disregarded in urban planning choices as unimportant to the expansion of a
contemporary metropolis. When their usual vending locations coincide with
sites for planned construction, street sellers are frequently forced to leave
their locations. Street vendors are frequently excluded from social
protection programs, just like members of many other sectors of the
informal economy. Resources on this website will assist policymakers,
lawyers, researchers, advocates, and street sellers in understanding the
legal issues surrounding street vending. You can also find some models for
overcoming those difficulties here.
The National Policy on Street Vendors (revised 2009) was adopted
by India's Parliament in the beginning of 2014 as a result of a decades-long
campaign by associations of street vendors, including the National
Association of Street Vendors of India (NASVI) and the Self-Employed
Women's Association (SEWA). (The country's Supreme Court had
commanded the government to adopt a law for the protection of street
sellers no later than 2011 after acknowledging the significance of street
vending to India's metropolitan economies and the particular vulnerabilities
of street vendors.) India is the first nation to enact centralized, progressive
legislation governing street hawking.
The Bill includes a number of provisions to safeguard social security,
livelihoods, and human rights. It is not flawless, though; for instance, it
delegated many of the responsibilities for enacting legislation to state or
municipal governments, and its provisions for street sellers' participation in

local decision-making bodies were weaker than those in the National
Policy. The recognition of street vendors as significant contributors to the
urban economy and a guarantee of their study and involvement in urban
planning procedures nonetheless mark a significant step in that direction.

CHAPTER 3
METHODS AND PROCEDURES
This chapter presents the methods to use in the study. It describes
research design, population and sampling/selection, respondents of the study,
research instrument and validation, data gathering procedures and data analysis
of Assessment of the selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila
perceiving to the Local Government Unit rules and regulation.
Research Design
The researcher assessed the selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road,
Manila perceiving to the Local Government Unit rules and regulation. To
accomplish the study's goals, a descriptive-mixed method is appropriately
selected to gain a deeper understanding of the significance of quantitative data
and a more dynamic view of experiences. The qualitative part measures the key
informants '(street vendors) perception of the Local Government Unit rules and
regulation. After this, the quantitative part aims to assess the level of agreement
between the knowledge on rules and regulations implemented by the Local
Government Unit (LGU).
Population and Sampling/Selection
Purposive sampling was used in this study so that we could make use of
all the data efficiently. The respondents are selected based on the location in
answering the specific questions of the research. Best qualifiers were
respondents who often experienced the demise of the said factors affecting
them in their study.
Respondents of the study
The respondents of the study are composed of 30 people of any gender
with the qualification of street vendor in Blumentritt Road, Manila. The
researchers will formulate questionnaires to gather data from the respondents
and will conduct a survey.
Research Instrument and Validation
In this study, the researchers used two data-gathering instruments
consisting of an interview guide and a survey questionnaire. The proponents
would employ a focus group discussion of purposely qualified and available key
informants to derive their assessment on how they perceived the rules and
regulation implemented by the Local Government Unit (LGU). Focus groups will
be conducted using semi-structured interviews. A semi-structured open-ended
interview would ensure the same questions would be asked to easily analyze
and compare responses. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews are utilized
extensively as interviewing formats, possibly with an individual or sometimes
even with a group (Corbin and Strauss, 2008). According to Oakley (1998), a
qualitative interview is a framework in which practices and standards are not
only documented but also accomplished, questioned, and reinforced. As to the

survey, the proponents would utilize Survey Questionnaire, considering that it is
one of the best free solutions. The survey questionnaire would assess the
knowledge of street vendors perceiving the implementations of the Local
Government Unit (LGU) of rules and regulations in Likert scale (Level of
Agreement) where the numerical value of five corresponds to the strongest
agreement, and one indicates disagreement. Both instruments would be based
on literature reviews and would undergo face and content validity before the
formal study.
Data Gathering Procedures
The researchers utilized primary and secondary data to support the
study. The primary data consisted of relevant literature reviews from journals
and other reliable sources, which serve as a foundation for the construction of
the instrument (survey and interview guide) and the establishment of the
conceptual frameworks derived from theoretical underpinnings. The conceptual
framework served as the variable maps that guided the researchers. Once the
instruments were drafted, they went into a validation process with academic
experts. Upon refinement, the researchers submitted the same for ethical
clearance in the University. Afterward, respondents were identified and secured
with permission, followed by the distribution of the instrument via survey
questionnaire. The primary data comprised of the responses from selected
street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila. All data are automatically recorded
and serve as the inputs for statistical treatment when the researchers obtain the
raw data. The researchers did not consider incomplete answers to minimize
bias and statistical discrepancies if any. The study employed a mixed-method,
descriptive statistics, and thematic analysis for statistical treatment of
quantitative and qualitative data, respectively.
Data Analysis
The proponents employed mixed-method analysis of qualitative and
quantitative data obtained from the interview of key informants and survey
questionnaires. For this process, the thematic analysis method was combined
with a semi-deductive approach (Miles, 1994) by using a preliminary coding
scheme based upon the categories (Damschroder et al., 2009) that could be
improved by adding codes emerging from data. Once the partial coding is
completed, the evaluators would apply a consensus-based approach to review
the codes associated with the verbatim segments to standardize their
understanding of each code and to improve the coding scheme. Afterward, the
codes would be combined into themes and sub-themes. On the other hand,
descriptive statistics would be used for the quantitative data from the survey
questionnaire. Descriptive statistics are specific methods basically used to
calculate, describe, and summarize collected research data in a logical,
meaningful, and efficient way (Vetter, 2017). The responses to the
questionnaire that the employees given to the researchers were analyzed as
the data required for the study. A statistician calculated it through the aid of
computer and formulas, overall mean, and rank of the tally's questions and by
determining the oral interpretation of every data issue that was collected.
Respondents were statistically analyzed with the data instruments of the study.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency count, mean, percent, and rank had
been measured.
Frequency is the number, proportion, or percentage of items in a
particular category in a set of data. This was used in quantifying the number of
respondents by age, sex, civil status, and employment status.
Percentage was utilized to quantify the data gathered to each
respondent for the problem. This was used in two or more magnitudes to
determine the relationship.
The formula for percentage is: % = ∑ f/N × 100
where: p = percentage f = frequency N = total number of respondents
Weighted Mean. This was used to denote the average of perception of
the respondents on qualitative response.
Formula: X= ∑ fx/n
Where: F= weighted mean F= frequency N= number of respondents ∑ =
summation
5 Point Likert Scale consists of 5 answer options which will contain two
extreme poles and a neutral option connected with intermediate answer
options. A commonly used 5-point Likert scale example to measure satisfaction
is: Strongly Agree, Agree, neither agree nor disagree, Disagree and Strongly
Disagree.
Where:
5 - Strongly Agree
4 - Agree
3 - Neither agree nor disagree
2 - Disagree
1 - Strongly Disagree
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the data gathered, the outcome of the statistical
analysis, and the interpretation of findings. The results are shown in tabular form
and acknowledgment of interview in the survey questionnaire. It will also identify
the development of the problem in the study based on the responses.
1. The Level of Agreement in Assessing the Selected Street Vendors in
Blumentritt Road, Manila Perceiving to the Local Government Unit
Rules and Regulation in terms of:
1.1 Familiarity of Law / Policies
Table 1 shows the respondent's level of agreement regarding the familiarity
of selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila in terms of law and
policies.
Weighted Verbal
Particulars
Mean Interpretation
Do you agree that the Barangay 369 comply
with the DILG Memorandum Circular No.
2.3 Disagree
2019 - 121 dated July 29, 2019 to clear roads
of illegal structions and construction?
Do you agree that the Barangay 369
implement the DILG Memorandum Circular 2.5 Disagree
No. 2019 - 167 dated October 4, 2019?
Overall Mean 2.4 Disagree
Legend: 3.26 - 4.00 Strongly Agree (SA) 2.51 - 3.25 Agree (A) 1.76 - 2.50 Disagree (D) 1.00 -
1.75 Strongly Disagree (SD)
Table 1. The Level of Agreement in Assessing the Selected Street Vendors in

Blumentritt Road, Manila Perceiving to the Local Government Unit Rules and
Regulation in terms of Familiarity of Law / Policies
The table depicts that most of the selected street vendors in Blumentritt
Road, Manila rated 2.3 in terms of level of agreement about the DILG
Memorandum Circular No. 2019-121 with a verbal interpretation of disagree
while the level of agreement in DILG Memorandum Circular No. 2019-167 rated
2.5 with verbal interpretation of disagree also. Overall, the level of agreement in
term of familiarity of laws and policy has a weighted mean of 2.4 with verbal
interpretation of disagree. This data only proves that most of the street vendors
are lacking in terms of familiarization of law and policy that our national and local
government unit implement.
1.2 Effectiveness of Policy Execution
Table 2 shows the respondent's level of agreement of selected street
vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila regarding the effectiveness of policy
execution.
Weighted Verbal
Particulars
Mean Interpretation
Do you agree that the Barangay 369
implement law and policy such as road 3 Agree
clearing?
The Barangay 369 conducting weekly clean-
up drive to maintain the cleanliness of the 3.1 Agree
road.
The Barangay 369 providing a certain place
2.6 Agree
or area where you can sell your product.
Overall Mean 2.90 Agree

Regulation in terms of Effectiveness of Policy Execution
According to the table above, the level of agreement in implementing law
such as road clearing in Blumentritt Road, Manila has a weighted mean of 3 and
the verbal interpretation of agree. In terms of maintaining the cleanliness of the
road has weighted mean of 3.1 with verbal interpretation of agree. Lastly, in
terms of providing a place or an area where they can sell their product has a
weighted mean of 2.6 with a verbal interpretation of Agree. The total average of
overall mean is 2.90 with verbal interpretation of Agree.
1.3 Rules and Regulations
Table 3 shows the respondent's level of agreement of selected street
vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila regarding the rules and regulation.
Weighted Verbal
Particulars
Mean Interpretation
The Barangay 369 regulary check and
inspect the 1 meter away of street vendors 1 Strongly Diasgree
in the gutter of the road.
The Barangay 369 regulary inspect if the
street vendors along the Blumentritt Road 1.8 Strongly Diasgree
practice "clean as you go"?
The Barangay 369 providing seminar or
meeting about the rules and regulation for 1 Strongly Diasgree
street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila
Overall Mean 1.27 Strongly Diasgree

Regulation in terms of Rules and Regulations
The table above depicts that the selected street vendors in Blumentritt
Road, Manila rate the checking of 1 meter away from the gutter with weighted
mean of 1 and verbal interpretation of strongly disagree. In terms of inspecting
the street vendors with “clean as you go” has a weighted mean of 1.8 and verbal
interpretation of strongly disagree. Lastly, if the local government unit especially
the Barangay 369 is conducting a seminar or meeting about the rules and
regulations for street vendor has a weighted mean of 1 with verbal interpretation.
Overall, the weighted mean of level of agreement in terms of rules and
regulations rate by selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila is 1.27
with verbal interpretation of strongly disagree.
2. The Challenges of Selected Street Vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila
Perceiving to the Local Government Unit Rules and Regulation in terms of:
2.1 Privacy and Security
Table 4 shows the challeges of selected street vendors in Blumentritt
Road, Manila in terms of privacy and security.
Theme Category Significant Statement

"Madalas ako masalisihan ng
mga batang pulubi dito kaya lagi
ko sila pinapaalis pag nalapit
sila"
"Pati paninda ko dinadaya at
"Nananakawan" ninanakaw ng mga badjaw dito
na bata kakainis kasi
pinaghihirapan namin yon"
"Malingat ka lang nawawalan
Privacy and nako minsan ng benta dahil sa
Security mga badjaw dito"
"Aalis naman kami pag may mga
trapik pero yung ibang tanod
minsan namimisikal pa talaga"
"Sinasaktan pag "Meron pa yung sinisipa kami
pinapaalis ng para lang paalisin"
Table 4. The Challenges of Selected Street Vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila

Perceiving to the Local Government Unit Rules and Regulation in terms of
Privacy and Security
Based on the data that gathered from the selected street vendors in
Blumentritt Road, Manila, the street vendors are not safe and secured as they
sell their product along the road. Most of them answered that they are
“ninanakawan” and “sinasaktan” as they sell their product on the road. It is
important to hear their voices on the challenges and how people interact with our
street vendors.
2.2 Workplace
Table 5 shows the challeges of selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road,
Manila in terms of workplace.

"Mahirap talaga ang buhay ng
street vendor kasi palipat-lipat
kami ng pwesto kung san
walang sita dun kami"
"Kung san mataong lugar dun
"Palipat-lipat" kami minsan kasi nasisita kami"
"Hirap ng gantong trabaho sa
totoo lang di ko alam kung bukas
eh may benta tapos yung
pwesto ngayon pwede, pero
bukas pwedeng hindi din"
Workplace "Madaming problema pag sa
kalsada ka nagbebenta syempre
daanan ng sasakyan kaya
mausok tas pagkain pa
binebenta ko"
"Daanan ng "Syempre kalsada kaya usok
sasakyan" talaga problema namin dito kasi
daanan nga ng sasakyan"

Perceiving to the Local Government Unit Rules and Regulation in terms of
Workplace
According to the data collected from the selected street vendors in
Blumentritt Road, Manila, most of the challenges they are struggling in terms of
workplace are not having a permanent area or space where they can sell their
products. “Palipat-lipat” that is one of the categories that we perceived with their
answers. Another is “Daanan ng sasakyan”. Since they are street vendors, they
most likely selling products along the street or road. The smoke of the vechicles
is one of the factors that affect the products that they sell.
2.3 Legal Recognition
Table 6 shows the challeges of selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road,
Manila in terms of legal recognition.

"Lagi kaming hinahanapan ng
permit dito sa pwesto namin
sabi bawal daw"
"Madaling paalisin "Pag Monday madalas kaming
sa pwesto" paalisin dito"
"Tuwing traffic pag may mga
naninitang barangay lagi kaming
pinapaalis
Legal Recognition "Eh wala naman kaming permit
permit dito kasi street vendor
lang kami dito"
"Yung ibang pulis pulisan lagi
"Hinahanapan ng
kaming tinitira dito sa permit
permit"
permit"
"Di nga namin alam kung san
kami kukuha ng permit tas
hahanapan kami"

Perceiving to the Local Government Unit Rules and Regulation in terms of Legal
Recognition
Based on the results, in terms of legal recognition, most of their challenges
is not having a permanent area that they can easily be push away from their
area. Also, not having a barangay or municipality permit is their challenges in
terms of legal recognition. Most of them is not inquiring about the permit since
some of them taking it as non necessary to sell their product in the street.
“Madaling paalisin sa pwesto” and “Hinahanapan ng permit” these two are the
most challenges that they are facing up until now. Having a proper orientation
what are the legal process of proceeding to sell at the street is important for
them to know their respective rights in terms of being a street vendor.

CHAPTER 5
Conclusions and Recommendations
The chapter includes the conclusions and recommendations of the
research for the proposals of the self-enhancement program based on the data
gathered. It presents the result of the research and makes suggestions for the
beneficiaries of the research study.
Summary of Findings
The Level of Agreement in Assessing the Selected Street
Vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila Perceiving to the Local
Government Unit Rules and Regulation
Most of the selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila rated
2.3 in terms of level of agreement about the DILG Memorandum Circular
No. 2019-121 with a verbal interpretation of disagree while the level of
agreement in DILG Memorandum Circular No. 2019-167 rated 2.5 with
verbal interpretation of disagree also. Overall, the level of agreement in
term of familiarity of laws and policy has a weighted mean of 2.4 with
verbal interpretation of disagree. This data only proves that most of the
street vendors are lacking in terms of familiarization of law and policy that
our national and local government unit implement. In the level of
agreement in implementing law such as road clearing in Blumentritt Road,
Manila has a weighted mean of 3 and the verbal interpretation of agree. In

terms of maintaining the cleanliness of the road has weighted mean of 3.1
with verbal interpretation of agree. Lastly, in terms of providing a place or
an area where they can sell their product has a weighted mean of 2.6 with
a verbal interpretation of Agree. The total average of overall mean is 2.90
with verbal interpretation of Agree. While the selected street vendors in
Blumentritt Road, Manila rate the checking of 1 meter away from the gutter
with weighted mean of 1 and verbal interpretation of strongly disagree. In
terms of inspecting the street vendors with “clean as you go” has a
weighted mean of 1.8 and verbal interpretation of strongly disagree. Lastly,
if the local government unit especially the Barangay 369 is conducting a
seminar or meeting about the rules and regulations for street vendor has a
weighted mean of 1 with verbal interpretation. Overall, the weighted mean
of level of agreement in terms of rules and regulations rate by selected
street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila is 1.27 with verbal interpretation
of strongly disagree.
The Challenges of Selected Street Vendors in Blumentritt Road,
Manila Perceiving to the Local Government Unit Rules and Regulation
In terms of the Challenges of Selected Street Vendors in Blumentritt
Road, Manila Perceiving to the Local Government Unit Rules and
Regulation the selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila, the
street vendors are not safe and secured as they sell their product along the
road. Most of them answered that they are “ninanakawan” and “sinasaktan”
as they sell their product on the road. It is important to hear their voices on
the challenges and how people interact with our street vendors. Most of the
challenges they are struggling in terms of workplace are not having a
permanent area or space where they can sell their products. “Palipat-lipat”
that is one of the categories that we perceived with their answers. Another
is “Daanan ng sasakyan”. Since they are street vendors, they most likely
selling products along the street or road. The smoke of the vechicles is one
of the factors that affect the products that they sell. In terms of legal
recognition, most of their challenges is not having a permanent area that
they can easily be push away from their area. Also, not having a barangay
or municipality permit is their challenges in terms of legal recognition. Most
of them is not inquiring about the permit since some of them taking it as
non necessary to sell their product in the street. “Madaling paalisin sa
pwesto” and “Hinahanapan ng permit” these two are the most challenges
that they are facing up until now. Having a proper orientation what are the
legal process of proceeding to sell at the street is important for them to
know their respective rights in terms of being a street vendor.
Conclusion
According to the results and data that has been gathered, in terms of
familiarity of law / politics, most of the street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila
is disagree and they are not familiar with it. However, the level of agreement in
terms of effectiveness of policy execution by the Local Government Unit is agree

according to the respondents. And lastly, the respondents are strongly
disagreeing on how the Local Government Unit implemented and regulates the
rules and regulations at Blumentritt Road, Manila.
A lot of challenges that the street vendors are facing. Most of it is
“nananakawan” and “sinasaktan pag pinapaalis ng puwesto” in terms of privacy
and security. In terms of workplace, “palipat-lipat” and “daanan ng sasakyan” are
most of the challenges they encounter since most of them does not have permit
and a lot of public officials are dismissing the street vendors especially when it is
road cleaning. Lastly, in terms of legal recognition, the most frequent challenges
that they encounter are “madaling paalisin sa pwesto” and “hinahanapan ng
permit” since there is no legal law that authorizing street vendors to work
permanently on the road, it is still upon the govern of the local government unit
to facilitate and implement such rules and regulations about the street vendors.
Recommendation
The following recommendations are identified based on the findings and
conclusion of the study. With the given data and conclusion that says most of the
selected street vendors in Blumentritt Road, Manila is not familiar with law and
policies that was implemented and govern by the local government unit. In the
stated data, we recommend that the Local Government Unit (LGU) should
conduct a monthly meeting and proper registration and have an official list of
street vendors who are selling their products along the Blumentritt Road, Manila.
It is a good recommendation for them to have an official record for them to
organize the street vendors properly. Another is having a quarterly seminar
about the law and policies provided by the help of Local Government Unit (LGU)
with the help of Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) for them to
avoid unnecessary circumstances. The enhancement and improvement of the
principles will help the street vendors to work and know the boundaries along the
Blumentritt Road, Manila.

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POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

ASSESSMENT OF THE SELECTED STREET VENDORS IN BLUMENTRITT

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Program Bachelor of Science in

This is to certify that the studies paintings supplied on this ASSESSMENT OF

THE SELECTED STREET VENDORS IN BLUMENTRITT ROAD, MANILA

PERCEIVING TO THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT RULES AND

REGULATION for the degree Bachelor of Science in Public Administration at the

Polytechnic University of the Philippines embodies theresult of original and

institution, except where proper referencing and acknowledgement were made.

To the respondents, selected street vendors from blumentritt road in

support, understanding, endless guidance, and encouragement; And to all who

this study, thank you very much.

Chapter 1: The Problem and It’s Background

Background of the Study ……………………………………………………….

Theoretical Framework …………………………………………………………

Conceptual Framework ………………………………………………………...

Statement of the Problem ……………………………………………………...

Scope and Limitation ……………………………………………………………

Significance of the Study ……………………………………………………….

Definition of Terms …………………………………………………………….

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 3: Methods and Procedure

Research Design ………………………………………………………………

Population and Sampling ……………………………………………………..

Respondents of the Study …………………………………………………….

Research Instrument and Validation ………………………………………...

Data Gathering Procedures …………………………………………………..

Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………….

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the introduction, theoretical framework, statement of

the problem, hypothesis, scope and limitation, conceptual framework

Street vending is a type of indirect commerce in which commodities are

vending, often known as hawking, is a practice of selling things to clients while

informal sector is a substantial source of revenue and employment in many

countries. According to a report published by the International Labor

Organization (ILO) in 2013, the informal economy, which includes vendors,

employs 72.5 percent of the Filipino workforce. Hawking, or street peddling, is

years, the number of college graduates generated by public and private

colleges and universities has climbed by 60%, reaching 703,327 in 2017,

however only a small percentage of these graduates obtain official work.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the country's unemployment

as those who have received formal or informal education or have had no

own microbusinesses. Furthermore, Mayor Isko Moreno fulfilled his promise to

his clean-up campaign by prohibiting hawkers from selling on the streets.

Congestion and crowded areas were alleviated by prohibiting vendors from

subjected to arbitrary limitations by authorities. Because of space for business,

cleanliness, congestion, and licensing, civic authorities frequently question their

existence and control their operations because of their presence. Vendors on

the street have been fighting for recognition and protection.

Individuals are frequently harassed, and they manage to function in hostile

situations that lack fundamental infrastructure and services. Due to a conflict of

to acknowledge hawkers as potential cash generators could result in a loss of

suppliers continue to operate without a license, recognizing them might be a

Background of the Study

occupy a position on public roads or parks. As a result, interactions with

authorities have occurred, resulting in a variety of approaches. Street vendor

street vendors. Selling and creating a business in a public location is another

people, particularly in today's generation. At a time when practically every

country is hit by the epidemic, it has a positive influence on the aggregate

numbers of people who are patronizing this type of business arrangement

pattern, or what is referred to as a "custom," is said to have both benefits and

drawbacks. It is favorable to the vendor because it may not necessitate the