MODULE 1: DENTAL MATERIALS • 1976 – Glass-Ionomer cements are invented by

A. Wilson.
❖ is the study of the physical and chemical
properties of the metallic and non-metallic • 1978 – light activated composites appear on the
materials used in Dentistry. market.
SCOPE • 1983 – Horn introduces the resin – bonded
ceramic veneer.
❖ Restorative
• 1985 – development of dentine bonding agents.
❖ Operative DENTISTRY
• 1988 – introduction of resin – modified glass
❖ PROSTHODONTIC DENTISTRY
ionomer cements.
Milestones in the history of Dental Materials • 1994 – first compomer apears on market.
• 600 BC – Etruscan gold bridge work.
SPECIFICATION
• AD 148 – First authentic records of gold
❖ Specific requirements including the test method
• filling in human teeth by Johannes Arculanus, for controlling the quality of the various types of
University of Bologna. dental materials

• 1500s – Ivory dentures begin to be covered from IMPORTANCE:

wax models. ❖ help to ensure the health and safety of both the
• 1729 – Fauchard proposes the used of porcelain. dental patient and dental professional by setting
the requirements that will deliver consistent
• 744 - Duchateau makes the first recorded quality and effectiveness.
porcelain denture.
Specification centers:
• 1826 – Taveau of Paris suggest the use of silver
and mercury to make a paste of filling teeth. • NBS (Dr. wilmer Souder, 1927)

• 1839 – the first dental journal, called the • FDI (1st international, 1953)
American journal of dental science. • ADA
• 1840s – ‘ Amalgam War’ the used of silver • PDA
amalgam is forbidden.
• ISO (Int’l Organization for
• 1850 – Charles Goodyear invents vulcanite Standardization,1963)
(sulfur hardened rubber).
• JIS
• 1879 – the first cement to set in the BSS
mouth, zinc phosphate, is introduced. AS
• 1880’s – silicate cements are developed. Etc.....

• 1895 – G.V. Black publishes the first detailed Dr. wilmer Souder, 1935
study of the properties of amalgam. HARDNESS TEST
• 1907 – W.H. Taggart of Chicago invent a ❖ A number on a calibrated scale indicating the
practical method of casting gold alloys. relative hardness as determined by a particular
• 1950s – introduction of acrylic resin for fillings system of testing
and dentures. ❖ BHN – BRINELL’S HARDNESS NUMBER
• 1955 – Buonocore discovers the acid etch TEST
technique for bonding to enamel. VHN – VICKER’S HARDNESS NUMBER
TEST
• 1970 – composite begin top replace silicate
cements. ❖ KNOOP’S HARDNESS TEST
 ❖ MOH
❖ ROCKWELL
PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS

• PhysIcal
• Chemical
• Thermal
• BioloGIcal
• Optical
• Mechanical
• Electrical
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

• STRENGTH
• TOUGHNESS
• HARDNESS
• PLASTICITY
• ELASTICITY
MP– Behavior of a material under the action of external
forces called LOAD.
LOAD - The force applied that tends to produce an
effect, deformation or displacement of a structure.
STRESS - An internal force that resist the load.
STRAIN - A change in dimension. The ratio of a change
in dimension to its original body or size.
HARDNESS TEST

• A number on a calibrated scale indicating the

relative hardness as determined by a particular
system of testing

• BHN – BRINELL’S HARDNESS NUMBER

TEST
VHN – VICKER’S HARDNESS NUMBER
TEST

• KNOOP’S HARDNESS TEST

• MOHs hardness test

• ROCKWELL hardness test

MODULE 2: GYPSUM PRODUCTS.
• A mineral mined found in various parts of the world,
the mineral used for dental purposes is pure calcium
sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O)
• Gypsum products used in dentistry are formed by
driving off part of the water of crystallization from
gypsum to form calcium sulfate hemihydrate.
• As the temp. further raised, it becomes anhydrite. The
process is known as calcination
DEFINITION OF TERMS: DENTAL GYPSUM
1. CAST- a reproduction of the shape of a structure
made in an impression of the surface
2. MODEL- a positive likeness of an object
3. DIE- A reproduction of a prepared tooth made
from a gypsum product, epoxy resin, a metal, or
refractory material.
4. DENTAL PLASTER - (Plaster of Paris)- the
beta form of calcium hemihydrate
5. DENTAL STONE- the alpha form of calcium
sulfate hemihydrate
6. SETTING EXPANSION- increase in volume
accompanying the hardening of a material.
7. CALCIUM SULFATE DIHYDRATE-
composition of a gypsum product such as
plaster, once it has been mixed with water.
8. CALCIUM SULFATE HEMIHYDRATE -
composition of unreacted particles of gypsum.
9. ACCELERATOR- the chemical that increases
the rate of a chemical reaction so that reaction
can occur within a particular period of time
10. RETARDER- the chemical that decreases the
rate of chemical reaction to allow for a longer
working time
11. SPATULATION- a term used to describe the by
hand or mechanically of a material.
12. WATER/RATIO - refers to the quotient
obtained when the volume of water is divided by
the weight of the powder.
13. WORKING TIME- the time available to use a
workable mix, one that maintains a uniform
consistency to perform one or more tasks. It is
measured from the start of mixing to the point
14. WORKING TIME- the time available to use a
workable mix, one that maintains a uniform
consistency to perform one or more tasks. It is
measured from the start of mixing to the point
where the consistency is no longer acceptable for
the product’s intended purpose.
CALCINATION
• It is the process of heating gypsum to remove
parts of the water of crystallization
Gypsum PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
• Color is usually white, colorless or gray,
can also be shades of red, brown and yellow
• Luster is vitreous to pearly
• Crystal System is monoclinic
• Crystal habits include the tabular, bladed
or blocky crystals with a slanted
parallelogram outline
• Fracture is uneven but rarely seen.
• Hardness - can be scratched by a fingernail.
• Specific Gravity is approximately 2.3+
 • Hardens by chemical reaction ❖ Type V – Die stone (high strength; high
expansion
• Associated Minerals: halite, calcite,
sulfur, pyrite, borax and many others.
- Densite or modified hemihydrate
• low thermal conductivity - Dehydrated in a boiling solution of 30%
calcium chloride in a kettle
• Notable Occurances include Naica, Mexico;
• Sicily; Utah and Colorado, USA; and many
other locallities throughout the world.
DENTAL PLASTER
• also called Beta Hemihydrate
• Obtained by heating it in a kettle in open air at a
temperature of 110 – 1200C.
• Irregular shaped crystals
• has a Bigger particle size
• Spongy or porous in character Setting Time
• Needs more water during mixing • The powder is mixed with the water, the time
elapsing from the beginning of mixing until the
• Weaker
material hardens.
DENTAL STONE
• the length of time it takes for the materials to
• Alpha hemihydrate harden from the beginning of mixing.

• Obtained by heating gypsum under a steam- • Initial setting time – “starts”

pressure in an autoclave at a temperature of 120
• Final setting – “completely”
- 1300C
Initial setting time:
• Prismatic shaped crystals
• It refers to the start of mixing until it starts to harden
• Compact or dense
• - 5 to 10mins. for plaster
• Smaller particle size
• - plaster loses its glossy appearance
• Needs less water
• and is hard enough to hold for carving.
• Stronger
• - 8-10 mins. for stone
GYPSUM PRODUCTS
Final setting time:
❖ Type I - Impression Plaster - Contain potato starch to
render them soluble • It refers to the time when the dental plaster has
❖ Type II - Dental plaster - (beta hemihydrate) completely hardened.
- 110-120C (230-250F) To drive off part of the
water of crystallization • - approximately 25-45 mins.
❖ Type III – Dental Stone
- Calcined under steam pressure in an autoclave at • - achieves a dry, hard condition.
a temp. of 120-130 C (250-265 F) 3 Methods of determining the Setting Time
- Dehydrated in an autoclave in the presence of
sodium succinate 1. Use of Vicat Needle
❖ Type IV – Die stone (high strength; low expansion)
2. Use of Gillmore Needle
3. Loss of Gloss Method
Factors Affecting Setting Time CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

• Fineness  A chemical property is a characteristic of a

particular substance that can be observed in a
• Impurities chemical reaction.
• Water-powder ratio E.g. Some major chemical properties include
• Mixing flammability, toxicity, heat of combustion, pH value,
rate of radioactive decay, and chemical stability.
• Temperature
Chemical Properties: Sorption
• Use of chemical modifiers
• Adsorption
• Accelerators
- process in which atoms, ions or molecules from
• Retarders a substance (it could be gas, liquid or dissolved solid)
SETTING EXPANSION
adhere to a surface of the adsorbent.

• Expansion occurs by the growth of crystals during the • Absorption

crystallization process
- substances enter the bulk phase of a liquid or
Types of setting expansion solid.
1. Thermal BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
2. Normal
3. Hygroscopic  The ability of a biomaterial to elicit or modulate
a favorable response (“activity”) from any part
Spatulating Gypsum of a biological organism.
• Hand Spatulation:  The degree to which a material may permanently
destroy or impair of any part of a biological
• One Direction at 90 revs/min.
organism.
• Mechanical spatulation
e.g. Toxicity
• Air bubbles may be eliminated by:
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
• Allowing the plaster to dissolve in water before
 physical properties that a material exhibits upon
mixing
the application of forces. Examples of
• Tapping or vibrating the mixture. mechanical properties are the modulus of
elasticity, tensile strength, elongation, hardness
• Using a mechanical vibrator or spatula. and fatigue limit.
PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS
e.g.
 PHYSICAL
Load
 CHEMICAL
• Force applied that tends to produce an effect,
 BIOLOGICAL deformation or displacement of a structure.
• Force tending to cause deformation of a material
 MECHANICAL by slippage along a plane or planes parallel to
 ELECTRICAL the imposed stress.

PHYSICAL Stress

 a characteristic of matter that is not associated • An internal force that resist the load
with a change in its chemical composition.
Strain
 Density, color, hardness, melting and boiling
• a change in dimension. The ratio of a change in
points, and electrical conductivity
dimension to its original body or size
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 2. Insulator- a substance or device which does not
readily conduct electricity
Stress:
3. Electrical conductivity- the degree to which a
• Tensile specified material conducts electricity.
• Compressive 4. Galvanism- effect of electric potentials in the
• Shear mouth as a result of the use of dissimilar metals
as restorative materials.
Strain: 5. Melting point- the temperature at which a given
• Tensile solid will melt
• Compressive 6. Freezing point- the temperature at which a liquid
• Shear turns into a solid when cooled.
7. Dew point- the temperature (varying according
Flexural Strength to pressure and humidity) below which water
droplets begin to condense and dew can form.
- the ability of the material to withstand bending
8. Heat of fusion- measures the amount of energy
forces applied perpendicular to its longitudinal
needed to melt a given mass of a solid at its
axis. E.g. composites Measured in MR (Modulus
melting point temperature.
of rupture) in MPa
9. Heat of vaporization-heat absorbed when a
Impact Strength liquid vaporizes.
10. Thermal conductivity- quantity of heat
- also called impact toughness – is the amount of transferred per second across a unit area (cm3)
energy that a material can withstand when the and a unit length (cm) when a temperature
said load is suddenly applied to it. difference along the length is 1◦ C/cm.
Hardness 11. Coefficient of thermal expansion- thermal
property of a material that quantifies how much
- surface property. a material will expand when it is heated and
- e.q. Scratches, abrasion, erosion contract when it cools.
12. Thermal diffusivity- a measure of the speed with
Toughness
which a temperature change will proceed
• bulkiness through an object when one surface is heated.
• e.q. Fracture, Elongation, Compression 13. Colour-sensation is induced by lights of varying
wavelengths reaching the eye.
Ductility 14. Value- the lightness of, or relative amount of
• a metal's ability to withstand stress without light reflected from, a colour
rupturing, but opposite in terms of the type of 15. Hue- the dominant colour of an object.
stress being applied 16. Chroma- relative intensity of the colour of an
• tensile stress object.
17. Rheology- the study of the deformation and flow
Malleability characteristics of matter.
18. Transparency- the extent to which light passes
• a metal's ability to withstand stress without
through a material and to which an undistorted
rupturing, but opposite in terms of the type of
image can be seen through it.
stress being applied
19. Translucency- relative amount of light
• Compressive stress
transmitted through an object.
CANVAS/CEU LEAPS 20. Creep – the gradual dimensional change of a
material under a load or stress. In some materials
M1 L2: PROPERTIES OF DENTAL MATERIALS (like amalgams) as a result of the occlusal load
• PHYSICAL PROPERTY: over a long period of time.
1. Conductor- is a substance in which electric 21. Flow- to describe the rheology of amorphous
charge carriers, usually electrons, move easily materials
from atom to atom with the application of 22. Dilatant- liquids show an increase in viscosity as
voltage. the shear rate goes up.
 23. Viscosity- the resistance of a liquid to flow
24. Viscoelasticity- materials show behaviour that is
intermediate between that of a viscous liquid and
that of an elastic solid
25. Thixotropic- the property of a material that
results in low flow under low load but flows
readily when placed under load.
CHEMICAL PROPERTY
1. Sorption- is a physical and chemical process to
which one substance becomes attached.
2. Adsorption- concentration of molecules at a
surface of a solid or liquid
3. Absorption- the extent to which light is absorbed
by the material in an object.
4. 5. Diffusion- is the net movement of anything
from a region of higher concentration to
a region of lower concentration.
5. 6. Osmosis- a process by which molecules of a
solvent tend to pass through
a semipermeable membrane from a less
concentrated solution, into a more concentrated
one.
6. Solubility- the ability to be dissolved
7. Erosion- irreversible loss of dental hard tissue
from acids, without the involvement of bacteria.
8. Adhesion- A molecular or atomic attraction
between two contacting surfaces promoted by
interfacial force of attraction between the
molecules or atoms of different species.
9. Cohesion- the force of molecular attraction
between molecules or atoms of the same species.
10. Surface Energy is a term used to describe the
surface of a given substrate.
11. Wetting- spreading of a liquid over a solid
surface.
BIOLOGICAL PROPERTY
1. Biomaterials-any matter, surface or construct
that interacts with biological systems
2. Biomechanics- the study of the mechanical laws
relating to the movement or structure of living
organisms
3. Biocompatibility- the appropriate biologic
response of the body to a material used in a
specific application.
4. Toxicity- the quality of being toxic or poisonous
5. In vitro test- refers to the technique of
performing a given procedure in a controlled
environment outside of a living organism.
6. Mutagen- physical, chemical or biological agent
that causes mutation by altering the genetic
material possibly results in the disease condition.
MECHANICAL PROPERTY
1. Force- push or pull of an object
2. Stress- force per unit area
3. Strain- deformation per unit length
4. Tensile- capable of being drawn or stretched
5. Compressive- the act of compressing or being
compressed
6. Shear- the ratio of a shear force to the original
cross-sectional area parallel to the direction of
the applied force
7. Flexural- the act or an instance of bending or
flexing
8. Elastic deformation- the material returns to its
original shape when the force is removed.
9. Plastic deformation- the material does not return
to its original shape when the force is removed.
10. Young’s modulus- called elastic modulus or
modulus of elasticity, measures the elastic strain
or plastic strain behaviour of dental materials.
11. Dynamic Young’s modulus- determined by the
measurement of ultrasonic wave velocity
12. Shear modulus- also called as modulus of
rigidity
13. Flexibility- the quality of bending easily without
breaking
14. Resilience- the amount of elastic energy per unit
volume that is sustained on loading and released
upon uploading a test specimen.
15. Poisson’s ratio- describes the expansion or
contraction of material in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of loading
16. Flexural strength- also called bending strength or
modulus of rupture; force per unit area of a
material that is subjected to flexural loading
17. Impact strength-defined as its capability to resist
a sudden applied load or force.
18. Toughness- the ability of a material to absorb
elastic energy and deform plastically before
fracturing.
19. Resilience-associated with springiness
20. Fracture toughness- the critical stress intensity
factor at the point of rapid crack propagation in a
solid containing a crack of known shape and
size.
21. Ductility- relative ability of a material to
elongate plastically under tensile stress.
 22. Malleability- ability to be hammered or
compressed plastically into thin sheets without
fracture.
23. Brittleness- the relative inability of a material to
deform plastically before it fractures.
24. Proportional limit-magnitude of elastic stress
above which plastic deformation occurs
25. Elastic limit- the maximum extent to which a
solid may be stretched without permanent
alteration of size or shape.
III. Biological Property
26. Ultimate tensile strength- the maximum stress
that a material can withstand while being • The ability of a material to elicit an appropriate
stretched or pulled before breaking. biological response in a given application in the
body.
SCOPE OF THE COURSE
• The science of dental materials is generally
considered to comprise those materials which
are employed in the mechanical procedures
included in restorative dentistry, such as
prosthetics, crowns and bridges.
ADA SPECIFICATION
• It contains requirements for mechanical, IV. Mechanical Property
physical, biological and chemical properties of
the materials which will ensure their quality • A physical science that deals with energy and
and usefulness to the dentist. forces and their effects on bodies.

I. Physical Property

• Physical properties are based on the laws of

mechanics, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics,
elasticity, magnetism, radiation, atomic structure
or nuclear phenomena.

• Contents:

II. Chemical property

• A characteristic of a substance that may be
observed when it participates in a chemical
reaction.
MODULE 3 – WAXES
• Waxes are thermoplastic materials that are solids at
room temperature and soften or become low viscosity
liquid when subjected to moderate temperatures. In
dentistry, waxes are versatile materials that are used
both in clinics and laboratories. Certain procedures
cannot be completed without the use of wax in one of
its many forms. Dental waxes are used for specific
and well-defined applications.
• Dental wax is a mixture of two or more waxes with
other additives, used in dentistry for casts,
construction of nonmetallic denture bases, registering
of jaw relations, and laboratory work.
COMPOSITION:
• Dental waxes may be composed of natural and
synthetic waxes, gums, fats, fatty acids, oils, natural
and synthetic resins, and pigments.
• The particular working characteristics of each wax
are achieved by blending the appropriate natural and
synthetic waxes, resins, and other additives.
NATURAL WAXES:
• Natural waxes are distributed in nature, derived from
mineral, vegetable/plant, and animal (insect)
origins. Whereas synthetic waxes are produced by a
combination of various chemicals in
the laboratory, from natural wax molecules and are
typically composed of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and
chlorine.
• The additives may be natural mineral and synthe3c
products.
• A.) Natural - Mineral, Plant, Animal/Insect
• B.) Synthetic
Coloring agents are added for the contrast of wax patterns
against the tooth, die, and model surfaces.
Mineral origin
➢ Paraffin – obtained from high boiling point fractions
of petroleum; melting temperature generally increases
with increasing molecular weight;
➢ Microcrystalline - similar to paraffin, except they
are obtained from the heavier oil fractions in the
petroleum industry, as a result, have higher melting
points
➢ Ceresin – used to increase the melting range of
paraffin waxes; higher molecular weight
Plant origin
➢ Carnauba – occurs as a fine powder on the leaves of
certain tropical palms; this wax is very hard, and high
melting point; contributes greater glossiness to the
wax surface
➢ Candelilla – can be added partially or entirely to
replace carnauba wax; provides the same general
quali3es as carnauba but its melting point is lower
and not as hard
➢ Cocoa butter – not a true wax; chiefly fats; brittle at
room temperature; used to protect the soft tissues
against dehydration and to protect the glass ionomer
from moisture during setting or protect them from
dehydrating after setting
Animal origin- Spermaceti wax
➢ obtained from sperm whale, used as coa6ng in the
manufacture of dental floss
Insect origin – Beeswax
➢ brittle at room temperature but Becomes plastic at
body temperature; modifies properties of paraffin
wax; Main component of sticky wax
Synthetic Waxes
➢ Complex organic compounds of varied chemical
composition
➢ High degree of refinement in contrast to
contamination seen in natural waxes
➢ Include:
- Polyethylene waxes
- Polyoxyethylene glycol waxes
- Halogenated hydrocarbon
- Hydrogenated waxes
Other Substances Related to Wax
• Gums - Many plants produce a variety of gums
that are viscous, amorphous exudates that harden
on exposure to air
• Fats – used to increase the melting range and
hardness of compounded wax
• Resins – are obtained from trees and plants;
shellac, however, is from insects. Natural resins
are blended with waxes to develop waxes for
dental applications.
Properties of Dental Waxes
Melting range - Waxes consist of several types of molecules,
each having a range of molecular weight, hence they have
melting ranges rather than melting points
Flow
➢ Change of shape or dimension in response to the
applied force
➢ Caused by slippage of chained wax molecules over
each other
Thermal expansion
➢ The coefficient thermal expansion of inlay waxes is
high. Waxes expand when subjected to a rise in
temperature and contract as the temperature is
decreased
Thermal conductivity
➢ The thermal conductivity of waxes is low, which
implies that these materials gain, and lose, heat very
slowly. Sufficient time must be allowed both to heat
them uniformly throughout and to cool them to body
or room temperature
(To know more about dental waxes, read the chapter on Dental
Waxes, from Phillip's Science of Dental Materials.12th ed. Kenneth J.
Anusavice,2013.)
➢ The wide variety of dental waxes is classified into
two groups, those used primarily in the clinic and
those used in commercial laboratories.
TYPES / CLASSIFICATION
➢ Pattern wax - used to form the general
predetermined size and contour of artifial dental
restoration, which is to be constructed of a durable
material.
- Inlay wax
- Casting wax
- Baseplate wax
➢ Processing wax - used primarily as auxillary aid in
the construction of variety of restorations and
appliances either clinically or in the laboratory
➢ Impression wax – used to obtain impressions of
oral structures
- Corrective impression wax
- Bite registration wax
Pattern Waxes- Inlay wax
 Inlay waxes are used to prepare patterns
 Classification:
✓ Type I (medium) - used for direct technique
✓ Type II (soft) - used for indirect technique
✓ Available as: blue, green, purple sticks
✓ 7.5 cm long, 6 mm diameter
Desirable properties
➢ should soften uniformly
➢ colour should contrast the die material
➢ no flakiness / rough surface
➢ melts completely without residue
➢ rigid, and dimensionally stable
 Inlay waxes may be softened over a flame or in water
54 to 60 degrees celsius to enable their flow in the
liquid state and their adaptation to the prepared tooth
or die.
 Type I inlay wax must soften at a temperature that is
not hazardous to the pulp tissue, and it must harden at
a temperature above mouth temperature
 Direct wax technique: A wax pattern made in the
mouth for producing wax inlay patterns within the
prepared teeth
 Indirect technique: The cavity is prepared in the
tooth and the wax pattern is carved directly on a die
that is a reproduction of the prepared tooth and dental
tissues
Wax Distortion
➢ Wax distortion is probably the most serious problem
that can occur during forming and removal of the
pattern from the mouth or die.
➢ Distortion results from thermal changes and the
relaxation of stresses that are caused by contraction
on cooling, molding, carving, removal and the time
and temperature of storage.
➢ Waxes tend to return partially to their original shape
after manipulation. The property responsible for this
phenomenon is known as “elastic memory”
Pattern Waxes – Casting wax
➢ The patterns for metalic framework of RPD’s asr
fabricated from casting waxes.
 ➢ Ready made shapes - round, halfround, half pear IMPRESSION WAXES
shaped rods and wires of various gauges.
➢ Highly ductile and posses a slight degree of tackiness
which helps to maintain the position on the cast as
well as on earther during assembling the patterns.

Pattern Waxes- Baseplate wax

➢ Baseplate wax is used to establish the vertical

dimension, plane of occlusion, and initial arch form
in the technique for complete denture
➢ Patterns for orthodontic appliances and prostheses
other than complete dentures, which are to be
constructed of acrylic resin also are made of
baseplate wax
➢ normally pink or red in color IMPRESSION WAXES – Corrective wax

PROCESSING WAXES ➢ wax in combination with resins of low melting point

can be used in corrective impression technique in
partial and complete denture prosthesis
➢ the peculiarity of impression wax is that they flow at
mouth temperature
➢ available in sheets or cakes
➢ uses: as a veneer over an original impression to
contact and register the details of the soft tissues

IMPRESSION WAXES – Bite (occlusal) wax

➢ It is used to record the relationship of the upper and

lower teeth in dentulous patients
➢ wax is softened under hot water

Manipulation of Waxes

Processing Waxes – Boxing wax

➢ Usually consists of, narrow stick or strip of wax

around the impression below its peripheral height,
followed by a wide strip of wax, producing a form
aroung the entire impression
➢ Slightly tacky and have sufficient strength and
toughness for convenient manipulation

Processing Waxes – Utility wax

➢ Supplied as stick and sheet form in dark red or

orange.
➢ It’s is pliable which makes it workable and adaptable
at room temperature
➢ It used for extending borders of impression trays

Processing Waxes – Sticky wax

➢ This material is sticky when melted and adheres

closely to the surfaces on which it is applied. At room
temperature, the wax is firm, free from tackiness, and
brittle
➢ It is used to assemble metallic or resin pieces in a
fixed temporary position, used primarily on dental
stones and plaster
➢ used to join pieces in case of repair of dentures
MODULE 4: Six IMPRESSION MATERIALS ❖ Stearin and Kauri resin

1. Impression Plaster ❖ French Chalk

2. Impression Compound
❖ Coloring ingredient
3. Reversible Hydrocolloid
4. Irreversible Hydrocolloid Properties
5. Zinc Oxide Eugenol Impression paste
6. Elastomeric Rubber Impression Flow

CLASSIFICATION: - Flows easily

❖ According to the manner in which they harden Thermal Conductivity

✓ Physical
- Low
✓ Chemical
✓ Thermoplastic Distortion

❖ According to their use in Dentistry - relaxation occurs

✓ For Edentulous mouth Viscosity:
✓ For non-edentulous mouth
- most viscous of impression material
❖ According to the state and condition
✓ Rigid Requisites of Impression Compound
✓ Flexible ➢ It should be free of poisonous or irritating
IMPRESSION PLASTER ingredients.

COMPOSITION: ➢ Harden completely at, or slightly above, mouth

temperature
❖ Plaster of Paris
❖ Chemical Modifiers ➢ It should be plastic at a temperature which will not
- regulates setting time cause undue discomfort to the patient
- controls setting expansion ➢ Should harden uniformly when it is cooled without
Potato starch warpage or distortion

❖ renders the impression plaster soluble in warm water ➢ When it is soft, the material should have a
❖ facilitates easy removal of cast from the impression consistency which will allow it to reproduce all
details of crevices and other small markings, and to
Flavoring retain such detail after solidification.

❖ makes the impression plaster palatable ➢ It will not be deformed or fractured and reproduce all
undercuts completely when impression is withdrawn
Coloring from the mouth
❖ for easy identification of the impression from the cast ➢ Should exhibit a smooth, glossy appearance surface
❖ color: pink after being passed through a flame
Scent ➢ After solidification, must withstand trimming with a
Properties: sharp knife without flaking or chipping

❖ W/P ratio: 0.6 - 0.7 ➢ It should not change dimension during or after
❖ Setting time: 3-5 minutes removal from the mouth.
❖ Setting expansion: Lowest – 0.06% Types
IMPRESSSION COMPOUND • Type I - True Compound
❖ A thermoplastic material usually composed of gum Lower fusing
dammar and prepared chalk
• Type II - Tray Compound
Composition
Higher fusing
❖ Beeswax

❖ Burgundy Pitch, Shellac, Gutta Percha

Type 1

➢ Available as sheets, sticks, cylinders, cones.

➢ Sheets: for recording of edentulous ridge.

➢ Flow readily above mouth temperature

➢ Should be capable of recording sharp grooves

➢ Most viscous (mucocompressive)

TYPE 1: STICK

❖ Soften with flame; tempered in a water bath before

placing in the pt.’s mouth

❖ Used to refine or modify peripheral extent of special

tray for CD or edentulous region of RPD.

❖ For securing rubber dam retainer and occlusal

registration plate.

❖ Recording single crown preparation

TYPE II: TRAY COMPOUND

❖ For making impression tray

❖ Not distorted at mouth temperature
❖ Lacks dimensional stability and strength
❖ Thus, replaced by acrylics and plastics

Manipulation

1. Direct Flame - sticks

2. Use of Dry Heat – sheets, sticks

3. Use of Warm water bath – sheets, sticks