CELL

MOLECULAR
BIOLOGY
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
& DEDICATION

We are very happy for all the support that our families have

given up, we three all felt your love and the overwhelming

support. We give our heartfelt gratitude to God, for giving us

the energy and creativity to put this all up imto one

magnificent work of art. Also a special thanks to Ma’am

Czendra Compares, thank you so much for moderating and

imparting your knowledge to us in regards with the cell and

molecular biology, you truly made this course an
interesting one. May God bless you with more
graces and blessings.

This portfolio is dedicated to our loveones,

this is a manifestation of our hardwork and
determination to study, work harder and trying
to do our best to try to prove things. as we embark
on our journies as future educators, this portfolio
will be a foundation of friendship, determination
and hardwork, for all of this is from the effort that we
have put to collect and pile all of the contents into one.
Thank you so much!
Cedrick James,Elizabeth & Myka
 TABLE OF

Cover Page
CONTENTS __________________________x
Acknowledgement & Dedication __________________________i
Table of Contents __________________________ii

Drawing of a Typical Plant Cell __________________________1

Drawing of a Typical Animal Cell __________________________2
Drawing of a Prokaryotic Cell __________________________3
Labelled Diagrams of organelles
Plasma Membrane __________________________4
Nucleus __________________________5
Ribosomes __________________________6
Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum __________________________7
Golgi Body/Apparatus __________________________8
Transport & Secretory Vesicles __________________________9
Lysosome __________________________10
Peroxisome __________________________11
Vacuole __________________________12
Mitochondrion __________________________13
Centriole & Centrosome __________________________14
Cytoskeleton __________________________15
Cilia __________________________16
Flagella (Eukaryotic) __________________________17
Chloroplast __________________________18
Adhesion Junctions (Desmosomes) __________________________19
Tight Junction __________________________20
Gap Junction __________________________21
Plasmodesmata __________________________22
Photosynthesis (Light-Dependent Reaction) __________________________23
Photosynthesis (Dark-Dependent Rection) __________________________24
Cellular Respiration (Glycolysos) __________________________25
Cellular Respiration (Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs Cycle) __________________________26
Cellular Respiration (Electron Transport Chain) __________________________27
Cellular Respiration __________________________28
Tonicity and Osmosis __________________________29
Types of Transport Proteins __________________________30
Phases of Mitosis __________________________31
Phases of Meiosis I __________________________32
Phases of Meiosis II __________________________33
Central Dogma __________________________34
Curriculum Vitae (Aresta, Cedrick James B.) __________________________35
Curriculum Vitae (Belango, Myka G.) __________________________36
Curriculum Virae (Gaddao, Elizabeth B.) __________________________37
PLANT CELL

1
ANIMAL CELL

2
PROKARYOTIC

CELL

3
 Globular Protein Carbohydrate
Glycolipid Glycoprotein

Alpha-Helix Cholesterol
Channel Protein Protein Peripheral Protein
Integral Protein

PLASMA/CELL

MEMBRANE

4
 Nucleolus
Nuclear Pore
Nucleoplasm

Nuclear Envelope

NUCLEUS

5
Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum

Ribosomes

RIBOSOMES

6
 Nuclear Envelope Smooth Endoplasmic

Nuclear Pore
Reticulum

Cisternal Space

Rough Endoplasmic

Reticulum Ribosomes

SMOOTH & ROUGH

ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM

7
 Cis Face
Cisternae
Lumen

Newly Forming Vesicle Trans Face

GOLGI

BODY/APPARATUS

8
 Incoming Transport Vesicle

Lumen

Secretory Vesicle

TRANSPORT &

SECRETORY VESICLES

9
 Lipid Layer Membrane

Glycosylated

Membrane
Hydraulic Enzyme

Transport Proteins Mixture

LYSOSOME

10
 Membrane Transport

Protein (Glycosylated)
Plasma Membrane
Matrix

Hydrolytic
Lipid Layer
Enzyme Mixture

PEROXISOME

11
 Vacuole
Tonoplast

VACUOLE

12
 Mitochondria

Cristae
Outer Membrane
Inner Membrane

MITOCHONDRION

13
 Mother Centriole
Distal Appendages
Subdistal Appendages

Distal Ends
Proximal Ends

Microtubule Triplet Interconnecting Fibers

Daughter Centriole

CENTRIOLE &

CENTROSOME

14
 Intermmediate Filament

Microtubule

Actin Filament

CYTOSKELETON

15
 Back and Front Beating

Basal Body

CILIA

16
 Propeller like motion

Passive part in motion

Basal Body

FLAGELLA

17
 Inner Membrane Outer Membrane
Lumen
Stroma Lamellae
Thylakoid

Intermembrance

Space

Granum
Stoma

CHLOROPLAST

18
 Intercellular Space
Plaque

Intermediate Filament
Linker Glycoproteins
(Keratin)

DEMOSOME

19
 Cell A Cell B

Tight Junctions

Groups of

Tight Junction

Proteins

Extracellular Space
Plasma Membrane

TIGHT JUNCTIONS

20
 Connexon Close Open

Cell
Membrane

Extracellular Space
Gap Junction Channel

GAP JUNCTIONS

21
 Plasmodesma

Cell Wall
Cytoplasm

Vacuole

PLASMODESMATA

22
 H2 O CO 2
Light

NADP +
ADP+P
Light
Calvin

Dependent

Reaction Cycle
ATP

NADPH
Chloroplast
Sugars
O2

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(LIGHT-DEPENDENT REACTION)

BASIC STEPS:
(1st Time) Energy is absorbed from the sun.
Water is broken down.
Hydrogen ions are transported across the thylakoid membrane.
(2nd Time) Energy is absorbed from the sun.
NADPH is produced from NADP+.
Hydrogen ions diffuse through the protein channel.
ADP becomes ATP.

23
 H2 O CO 2
Light

NADP +
ADP+P
Light
Calvin

Dependent

Reaction Cycle
ATP

NADPH

Chloroplast
O2 Sugars

PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(DARK-DEPENDENT REACTION)

The Calvin cycle, which is another name for the dark

reactions of photosynthesis, consists of three steps: carbon

fixation, reduction, and regeneration. The Calvin cycle is used

to convert atmospheric CO2 into glucose, which is a sugar

that plants use to store energy. It also uses ATP and

NADPH to produce energy molecules.

24
 Molecules Involved
one molecule of

glucose and ends with

two pyruvate (pyruvic

acid) molecules, a

total of four ATP

molecules, and two

molecules of NADH.

GLYCOLYSIS
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycolysis Phases
Step 1- Phosphorylation of glucose
Step 2-Isomerization of Glucose-6-phosphate
Step 3- Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate
Step 4- Cleavage of fructose 1, 6-diphosphate
Step 5- Isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Step 6- Oxidative Phosphorylation of Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate
Step 7- Transfer of phosphate from 1, 3-diphosphoglycerate to ADP
Step 8-Isomerization of 3-phosphoglycerate
Step 9- Dehydration 2-phosphoglycerate
Step 10- Transfer of phosphate from phosphoenolpyruvate
Result of Glycolysis

25
 Molecules Involved
The citric acid cycle is

a series of reactions

Citric Acid /
that produces two

carbon dioxide

Krebs Cycle
molecules, one

GTP/ATP, and

reduced forms of
NADH and FADH2.

CITRIC ACID CYCLE /

KREBS CYCLE
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
The Citric Acid or Krebs Cycle Phases
Step 1- Acetyl CoA (two carbon molecule) joins with oxaloacetate (4 carbon molecule) to form citrate (6
carbon molecule).
Step 2- Citrate is converted to isocitrate (an isomer of citrate)
Step 3- Isocitrate is oxidised to alpha-ketoglutarate (a five carbon molecule) which results in the release

of carbon dioxide. One NADH molecule is formed.

The enzyme responsible for catalysing this step is isocitrate dehydrogenase. This is a rate limiting step, as

isocitrate dehydrogenase is an allosterically controlled enzyme.

Step 4- Alpha-ketoglutarate is oxidised to form a 4 carbon molecule. This binds to coenzyme A, forming
succinyl CoA. A second molecule of NADH is produced, alongside a second molecule of carbon dioxide.
Step 5- Succinyl CoA is then converted to succinate (4 carbon molecule) and one GTP molecule is

produced.
Step 6- Succinate is converted into fumarate (4 carbon molecule) and a molecule of FADH₂ is produced.
Step 7- Fumarate is converted to malate (another 4 carbon molecule).
Step 8- Malate is then converted into oxaloacetate. The third molecule of NADH is also produced.

26
 Molecules Involved
All of the electrons that

enter the transport chain

come from NADH and

FADH 2​start subscript, 2,

end subscript molecules

produced during earlier

stages of cellular

respiration: glycolysis,

pyruvate oxidation, and the

citric acid cycle.

ELECTRIC TRANSPORT

CHAIN
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Electric transport Chain Phases
Step 1- Generating a Proton Motive Force. High energy electrons released by hydrogen carriers

are shuttled through the electron transport chain. The released energy is used to translocate H*

ions from the matrix, creating an electrochemical gradient.

Step Two- ATP Synthesis via Chemiosmosis. H* ions are transported down their electrochemical

gradient by ATP synthase (chemiosmosis). ATP synthase uses this flow of protons back into the

matrix to catalyse the synthesis of ATP.

Step Three- Reduction of Oxygen. Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor, removing the de-

energised electrons from the chain. Oxygen also maintains the electrochemical gradient by binding

to H* ions in the matrix to form water.

Summary- Oxidative Phosphorylation.

27
 CELLULAR RESPIRATION

SUMMARY
In glycolysis, glucose—a six-carbon sugar—undergoes a series of chemical transformations. In the end, it

gets converted into two molecules of pyruvate, a three-carbon organic molecule. In these reactions, ATP is

made, and NAD+NAD+start text, N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end superscript is converted to

NADHNADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text.

Each pyruvate from glycolysis goes into the mitochondrial matrix—the innermost compartment of

mitochondria. There, it’s converted into a two-carbon molecule bound to Coenzyme A, known as acetyl CoA.

Carbon dioxide is released and NADHNADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text is generated.

The acetyl CoA made in the last step combines with a four-carbon molecule and goes through a cycle of

reactions, ultimately regenerating the four-carbon starting molecule. ATP, NADHNADHstart text, N, A, D,

H, end text, and FADH2FADH2​start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start subscript, 2, end subscriptare produced,
and carbon dioxide is released.

The NADHNADHstart text, N, A, D, H, end text and FADH2FADH2​start text, F, A, D, H, end text, start

subscript, 2, end subscript made in other steps deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain, turning

back into their "empty" forms (NAD+NAD+start text,

N, A, D, end text, start superscript, plus, end
superscript and FADFADstart text, F, A, D, end text).
As electrons move down the chain, energy is released
and used to pump protons out of the matrix, forming
a gradient. Protons flow back into the matrix through
an enzyme called ATP synthase, making ATP.
At the end of the electron transport chain, oxygen
accepts electrons and takes up protons to form water.

Glycolysis can take place without oxygen in a process

called fermentation. The other three stages of cellular

respiration—pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle,

and oxidative phosphorylation—require oxygen in order

to occur. Only oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen

directly, but the other two stages can't run without

oxidative phosphorylation.

28
 TONICITY AND OSMOSIS

OSMOSIS
Osmosis is a passive

transport process during

which water moves from

areas where solutes are less

concentrated to areas where

they are more concentrated. Semipermeable Membrane

TONICITY AND CELLS

TONICITY OF

SOLUTE CONCENTRATION WATER MOVES…

SOLUTION

HYPERTONIC Higher solute in solution than in cell. Out of the cell.

Equal amounts of solute in cell and
Into and out of the

ISOTONIC
solution. cell at the same time

Lower solute in solution than in

HYPOTONIC Into the cell.

cell.
HYPERTONIC
ISOTONIC HYPOTONIC
SOLUTION SOLUTION SOLUTION

Tonicity describes how an extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by

affecting osmosis. A solution’s tonicity often directly correlates with the osmolarity

of the solution.
29
 TYPES OF TRANPORT

PROTEINS

Active Transport Passive Transport

active transport is the movement of
Passive transport is a naturally

molecules across a cell membrane

occurring phenomenon and does not

from a region of lower concentration

require the cell to expend energy to

to a region of higher concentration

accomplish the movement. In passive

—against the concentration gradient.

transport, substances move from an

Active transport requires cellular

area of higher concentration to an

energy to achieve this movement. area of lower concentration in a

process called diffusion.

30
PHASES OF MITOSIS

31
PHASES OF MEIOSIS I

32
PHASES OF
MEIOSIS II

33
CENTRAL DOGMA

34
 Personal Information
Cedrick James B. Aresta
20
April 10, 2002
Tondo, Manila
Andarayan North, Solana, Cagayan
Single
Roman Catholic
Edgardo L. Aresta
Alicia B. Aresta
Read, watch movies, draw, make scrapbooks
Can sing, dance, speak in public.

Educational Background
Elementary: Andarayan Elementary School
Secondary: University of Saint Louis-Tuguegarao
College: Cagayan State University

Organizations
Society Of English Enthusiasts Club (SEE) USL SHS AMBASSADORS
Grade 7 Representative (2014 Vice President (2018)
Secretary (2015 President (2019)
Vice President (2016) Philippine Consortium of Science, Math and Technology
President (2017) Treasurer (2022)

Awards Received
With honors awards
Leadership Award

35
Journalism Award
 Personal Information
Myka G. Belango
20
March 25, 2002
Iraga, Solana, Cagayan
Iraga, Solana, Cagayan
Single
Christian
Aniceto C. Belango
Stella G. Belango
Watching and reading
Interpersonal skill, creative and flexible

Educational Background
Elementary: Iraga Elementary School
Secondary: Solana Fresh Water Fishery School
College: Cagayan State University

Organizations
SPG-O SPG-O
Auditor (2009) Secretary (2013)
Yes-O
Vice President (2013)

Awards Received
With honors awards
MTAP Qualifier
Best In Qualitative Research
Best In Work Immersion 36
Personal Information
Elizabeth C. Gaddao
24
July 15, 1997
Macutay, Rizal, Kalinga
Macutay, Rizal, Kalinga
Single
Christian
Victorino Gaddao Jr.
Wilma C. Gaddao
Reading books, watching movies and eating
Playing Badminton

Educational Background

Elementary: Macutay Elementary School

Secondary: Macutay-Palao National High School
College: Cagayan State University

Organizations
SPEAR CLUB
President (2012)

Awards Received
With honors awards

37