HES 029 (Human Anatomy and Physiology

with Pathophysiology - Lecture)

STUDENT ACTIVITY SHEET BS MLS/ FIRST YEAR
Session # 3

LESSON TITLE:​ ​CELL STRUCTURES AND THEIR Materials:

FUNCTIONS (Part 1)
Book, pen and notebook
LEARNING OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this lesson, you can:

1. Describe the cells involving human body and its main
functions;
2. Identify the structure of cell membrane; and,
3. Describe the structure and functions of different
organelles.
Reference:
VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2019).
Seeley’s essentials of anatomy & physiology
(10th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.

LESSON REVIEW/PREVIEW ​(5 minutes)

Before we start the new chapter, let us take a review first from the previous chapter. Kindly answer the following items on
your own, without looking at your notes. Enjoy!

Identification
1. This is the study of the processes and functions of the body. Answer: ____________________
2. The study of the structures of the body. Answer: ____________________
3. The condition in which body functions, body fluids, and other factors of the internal environment are maintained
within a range of values suitable to support life. Answer: ____________________
4. Enumerate the 11 organ systems of the human body.
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MAIN LESSON ​(30 minutes)

You must read & study the concepts and refer to figures/tables in Chapter 3 of the book.

Cells ​– the basic living unit of all organisms; each cell is a highly organized unit.
Organelles​ – specialized structures in cells that perform specific functions.
Cytoplasm​ – jelly-like substance that holds organelles and is enclosed by ​cell membrane​ (aka ​plasma membrane​).

Functions of the Cell:

1. Cell metabolism and energy use
2. Synthesis of molecules
3. Communication
4. Reproduction and inheritance

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Cell Membrane / Plasma Membrane
▪ It is the outermost component of the cell that forms a selective barrier between ​intracellular (​ materials inside
the cell) and ​extracellular substances​ (materials outside the cells).

Molecular Structure:

Major Molecules Definition / Function(s)

Form a double layer that contains 2 regions:
Phospholipids 1. Polar Region​ – “heads”, exposed to H​2​O (​hydrophilic)​
2. Nonpolar Region​ – “tails”, away from H​2​O (​hydrophobic)​
▪ Float among the phospholipid molecules and in some, extend from inner to the
outer surface of cell membrane
Protein
▪ Function as ​membrane channels​, c​ arrier molecules​, ​receptor molecules​,
enzymes​, or ​structural supports​ in membrane

Other Components Definition / Function(s)

▪ Provide added strength & stability by limiting the amount of movement of
Cholesterol
phospholipids.
Carbohydrates ▪ May be bound to some CHON molecules, modifying their functions.

Organelles and Their Functions:

Organelles Function(s)
▪ Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli
Nucleus
▪ Site of RNA synthesis & ribosomal subunit assembly
Ribosomes ▪ Site of protein synthesis
Rough Endoplasmic ▪ Has may ribosomes attached
Reticulum ▪ Site of protein synthesis
Smooth Endoplasmic ▪ Site of lipid synthesis
Reticulum ▪ Participates in detoxification
Golgi Apparatus ▪ Modifies CHON structure & packages CHON in secretory vesicles
▪ Contains materials produced in cell
Secretory Vesicle ▪ Formed by the Golgi Apparatus
▪ Secreted by exocytosis
Lysosome ▪ Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell
Peroxisome ▪ Breaks down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
Mitochondria ▪ Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis
▪ Supports cytoplasm
Microtubule
▪ Assists in cell division and forms components of cilia & flagella
Centrioles ▪ Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division
▪ Located on cell surface that move substances over surfaces of certain
Cilia
cells
Flagella ▪ Proper sperm cells
Microvilli ▪ Increase surface area of certain cells

CHECK FOR UNDERSTANDING ​(20 minutes)

You will answer and rationalize this by yourself. This will be recorded as your quiz. One (1) point will be given to the
correct answer and another one (1) point for the correct ratio. Superimpositions or erasures in your answer/ratio is not
allowed. You are given 20 minutes for this activity.

Multiple Choice

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1. Which of the following organelles are incorrectly paired with their location within the cell?
a. nucleolus - within the nucleus d. microtubules - within the cytoplasm
b. cilia - on the cell surface e. smooth endoplasmic reticulum - within the
c. Golgi apparatus - on the cell surface cytoplasm of the cell
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. The nucleolus:
a. is located in the cytoplasm.
b. is the location for production of large and small ribosomal subunits.
c. has its own distinct membrane.
d. is important for the formation of Golgi apparatus.
e. has all of these characteristics
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. A cell that was producing large amounts of lipoproteins (proteins combined with lipids) for secretion from the cell
would have large numbers of:
a. lysosomes. d. membrane transporters.
b. Golgi apparatus. e. all of these structures.
c. centrioles.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. Which of these cells would most likely have the largest number of mitochondria?
a. bone cells d. blood cells
b. muscle cells e. skin cells
c. fat cells
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. Substances outside the cell membrane are called:

a. intracellular substances.
b. extracellular substances.
c. intercellular substances.
d. Both extracellular material and intercellular material are correct names.
e. All of these are correct names.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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6. According to the fluid-mosaic model of the cell membrane:

a. protein molecules that perform important cellular functions float in a lipid bilayer.
b. there is a double protein layer in the plasma membrane.
c. there are fats floating in the protein layer.
d. carbohydrates function as membrane channels.
e. nonpolar ends of phospholipids are exposed to water inside and outside the cell
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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7. _____________ is an example of a molecule that can directly pass through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma
membrane.
a. Carbon dioxide d. Glucose
b. Potassium e. Calcium
c. Sodium
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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8. Cell membranes are said to be selectively permeable because they:

a. allow the free passage of some materials and restrict the passage of others.
b. allow the passage of materials in one direction but not the other.
c. permit the passage of most materials but not of water.
d. Cell membranes are NOT normally selectively permeable
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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9. Which of the following statements is TRUE concerning the cell membrane? (​Select all that apply​)
a. Cholesterol within the membrane gives it added strength and flexibility.
b. Receptor molecules are embedded in the membrane for intercellular communication.
c. Carbohydrates bind to protein molecules thereby modifying the proteins function as a membrane channel.
d. Receptor molecules embedded in the membrane are involved in cellular recognition.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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10. Which of the following would occur if all cell membranes were no longer selectively permeable? (​Select all that apply​)
a. Action potentials would no longer be generated.
b. Cells would be hypertonic to their environment.
c. You would be subject to a higher rate of illness and disease.
d. Cells would not be able to get and keep enough glucose to function.
ANSWER: ________
RATIO:___________________________________________________________________________________________
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RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY ​(THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves. Write the
correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.

1. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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3. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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4. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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5. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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10. ANSWER: ________
RATIO:________________________________________________________________________________________
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LESSON WRAP-UP ​(5 minutes)

You will now mark ​(encircle)​ the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help you
track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.

AL Activity:​ ​CAT: 3-2-1

This strategy provides a structure for you to record your own comprehension and summarize your learning. Let us see
your progress in this chapter!

Three things you learned:

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________________________________________
Two things that you’d like to learn more about:
1. __________________________________________________________________________________________
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2. __________________________________________________________________________________________
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One question you still have:

1. __________________________________________________________________________________________
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(For the next session, review the remaining topics in Chapter 3 of the book.)

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