Name : Date : October 8, 2021

Course/Year/Sec: Teacher:

EXERCISE NO. 2
CELLULAR STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS

GIO: To learn the different parts of the cell and its functions SIO
1. Draw and label the important parts of a hypothetical cell.
2. Enumerate the 2 major classes of cells
➢ The two major classes of cells are Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells. A
prokaryotic cell is a simplest and smallest cell. They are unicellular
organisms that do not contain membrane-bound structures, such as the
nucleus, mitochondria, etc. The organisms with prokaryotic cells are
bacterias. Their lack of internal membrane became their distinguishable
asset to the eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, on the other hand, are
much larger and complex, as it is from a wide range of diversity and
differentiation. They are unicellular and contain membrane-bound
structures. These cells have a nucleus and other important organelles
surrounded by a plasma membrane. The organelles of the eukaryotic cells
are responsible for different functions, such as the production of ATP and
protein synthesis.

3. Discuss the structure of the cell membrane and Enumerate

its functions.
➢ The cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outermost component
of the cell. It is the gatekeeper of the cell, which manages who will and will
not enter the cell, and acts as a barrier that separates the intracellular and
extracellular structures. It is a trilaminar structure or consists of two layers
of a phospholipid, referred to as the lipid bilayer, where the fatty acid ends
hydrophobic is jammed between the two layers of hydrophilic.

The cell membrane functions as:

1. Giving shape to the cell.
2. Separating the cell from its internal and external environment.
3. Serving as recognition sites, acting as antigenic determinants,
which render the cell surface its immunological properties.
4. Serving as a barrier preventing harmful substances to enter
freely and allows substances to proceed/pass while excluding
others.
4. Classify the formed elements of the cytoplasm and give their
functions.
➢ The formed elements in the cytoplasm are:
1. Organelles - Organelles are the little organs found inside the
cytoplasm. They are active in cellular metabolism, and their
functions depend on their type. For example, mitochondria are the
site of aerobic respiration and ATP synthesis. Other organelles are
ribosome as the site of protein synthesis, endoplasmic reticulum,
which is responsible for the transportation of substances like
carbohydrates and protein, Golgi apparatus, which modifies and
packages protein, and lysosomes, which digest material is taken
into the cell, etc.

2. Inclusions - Inclusions are the chemical substances dispersed in

the cytoplasm. Inclusions are glycogen, which is the storage form
of carbohydrates in animal cells; lipids, which serve as an energy
source; and pigments for the colors.

3. Cytoskeleton - Cytoskeleton or cytosol is the one responsible for

the gel-like structure of the cytoplasm. It consists of water,
dissolved ions, and a variety of solutes. Cytoskeleton supports the
cell or provides its structural framework. It also suspends
organelles and inclusions.

5. Discuss the nucleus and explain its immense functions.

➢ The nucleus is a large organelle usually found in the center of the cell. It
functions ass the controller and regulator of the activities of the cell, such
as metabolism. It also transports genetic material, which contains
information about cell activities and division. It is the cell's command
center, containing DNA, nucleoli, and serving as the site for RNA
synthesis. The nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and chromatin are the three
main components of the nucleus. The nuclear envelope, which contains
nuclear pores that regulate the movement of substances entering and
exiting the cell, covers the outer part of the nucleus. The nucleolus is made
up of DNA, RNA, and proteins. It is also where ribosomes are formed.
Chromatin, on the other hand, is the genetic material found within the
nucleoplasm. Basically, it is the regulator for all of the activities of the cell.