Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

UNDERSTANDING

VOLCANIC

HAZARDS
PRESENTED BY GROUP 6
Group Members
De Asis, Juzel
Gallardo, Uriel
Labiste, Jade <3
Mañus, Mary
Sardañas, Mary Lauren
A. Table 1: Volcanic
Hazards and its
Impacts

 Active
IMPACTS(most recent) Volcanic hazards
Volcanoes

June 15, 1991

The thick, valley-filling

Nearly 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were injected into
pyroclastic-flow deposits from
the stratosphere during Pinatubo's 1991 eruptions, and the
the eruption insulated
dispersal of this gas cloud around the world caused global
themselves and have kept
temperatures to drop by about 1°F (0.5°C) for a brief period
much of their heat.  Had
(1991–1993). Approximately 20,000 indigenous Aeta
temperatures as high as 900°F
highlanders who had lived on the volcano's slopes were
(500°C) in 1996 and may retain
Pinatubo completely displaced, and the majority are still waiting in
heat for decades.Since the
resettlement camps for the day when they can return home.
climactic 1991 eruption, ash
Approximately 200,000 people who were evacuated from
deposits have also been
the lowlands surrounding Mount Pinatubo before and
remobilized by monsoon and
during the eruptions have returned home, but they face
typhoon rains to form giant
ongoing threats from lahars, which have already buried
mudflows of volcanic materials
numerous towns and villages. Rice paddies and sugar cane
(lahars). 
fields that were not buried by lahars have recovered; those
that were buried by lahars will be out of use for many years.
 March 26, 2022
At Alert Level 2, abrupt
Because of the brief explosion, residents were steam- or gas-driven
warned that more eruptions were possible, which explosions, volcanic
could result in dangerous, fast-moving volcanic earthquakes, small ashfall,
flows of gas, ash, and debris, as well as a tsunami. and fatal accumulations or
Taal Residents in five fishing and farming settlements expulsions of volcanic gas
around the lake have been ordered to evacuate, can occur and threaten
marking the third mass evacuation in as many regions inside and outside
years around one of the country's most active of TVI, the DOST-
volcanoes. For several days, it belched sulphur PHIVOLCS reminded the
dioxide, creating a thick haze over the capital and public.
surrounding provinces.
 The seismic monitoring
network of Mayon
Early January 2018 recorded a total of two (2)
explosion-type
The total number of volcanic earthquakes and earthquakes that were
rockfall events was reported by the NDRRMC. The related to vertical column
DSWD-Disaster Response Operations Monitoring eruptions, fifteen (18)
Mayon and Information Center (DROMIC) reported that tremor events, some of
the Mayon Volcano's phreatomagmatic eruption which were related to
affected 23,786 families or 91,055 people in 61 lava fountaining episodes,
barangays in Albay. The volcano's alert level status thirty-five (35) rockfall
was reduced to Level II on March 29, allowing events, and two (2)
families to return home. pyroclastic density
currents, or PDCs, from
lava collapse.
 June 12, 2022
The main volcanic
Mount Bulusan has produced 136 hazards in the
volcanic earthquakes. Five more region are tephra
barangays in the towns of Casiguran eruptions and
Bulusan
and Juban were reported to have mudflows. Within
received ashfall from Bulusan's 4km of the top,
phreatic eruption, while only two there is a constant
barangays in Juban — Bacolod and risk zone.
Rangas — received heavy ashfall.
 December 20, 2017 During the last 24
hours, the seismic
Small volcanic earthquakes with moderate monitoring network for
emissions of white steam-laden plumes the Kanlaon Volcano
rising to 400 meters from the summit; and, reported forty-two
thirteen barangays in Canlaon City, La (402) minor volcanic
Kanlaon Castellana, La Carlota City, Bago City, and earthquakes. At 2:33
San Carlos City with a combined population AM, a low-energy
of 76,656 are within the four-kilometer explosion-type
permanent danger zones. A massive earthquake took place
eruption could directly affect 528,838 that was linked to
people across all barangays in the one summit crater
municipality and four cities. degassing.
 July 1953 In addition to
destructive pyroclastic
flows and lahars that
When the volcano erupted again, it released
swept down the NE
boiling lava, poisonous gases, and landslides
flank of the volcano,
large enough to destroy nearly 19 square
Hibok- the explosion
kilometers of land, especially in Mambajao.
hibok produced an eruption
Over 3,000 people were killed in total.
plume that resembled
Camiguin's population was 69,000 before
a cauliflower. 8 square
the 1951 eruption of Hibok-hibok. It fell by
kilometers of land
half after the eruption, to 34,000, due to were overrun and
massive out-migration. devastated.
Philippine hazard map
showing the 6 most
active volcanoes.
C. Agree-Disagree
Exercise

 Agree or Disagree(provide brief

Scenario
analysis if needed)

Agree, pyroclastic flows reach speeds

1. Pyroclastic flows and surges are
greater than 100 km/h and reach
potentially highly destructive owing to
temperatures between 200o to 700o
their mass, hightemperature, high
Celsius, and can kill people up to a
velocity and great mobility. distance of 10-15 km.
2. Lahars are rapidly flowing thick
mixture of volcanic sediments (from
the pyroclastic materials) andwater,
usually triggered by intense rainfall
during typhoons, monsoons and Agree, lahars are mudflows or
thunderstorms. Laharscan occur debris flows that start at the slope
immediately after an eruption or can of volcanoes.
become long-term problem for as
long as there areexcess sediments on
the volcano’s slope and water to
remobilize these.

3. Lava flows are considered the
most dangerous type of hazard from
a volcano and is always a bigthreat
to human lives.
Disagree, pyroclastic flows and lahars are
more dangerous than lava flows. Pyroclastic
flows reach speeds of hundreds of kilometers
per hour and reach temperatures way beyond
the boiling point and melting point of most
things, destroying and killing everything in its
path within 10-15 km its direction while lahars
are most dangerous on the sites near the
volcano, it can still bring damage to areas that
are tens f kilometers away from the volcano
since lahars are basically mudflow or debris
flow that starts from the slope of the volcano
and can travel along valleys or rivers,
damaging more properties and pose as a
threat to people living far away from the
volcano.
 Agree, excessive ashfall is
dangerous because it permits the
blockage of sunlight which can
sometimes cause complete
darkness in daylight and reduced
4. During eruption, excessive
visibility. Moreover, freshy fallen
ashfall is dangerous as it can
ash particles have acid coatings
cause poor or low visibility.
which may cause irritation to the
lungs and eyes. People will have
trouble navigating through paths,
evacuating and moving towards a
safer place with poor visibility. 

5. Ash from volcanoes are
also abrasive, because of this,
ash suspended in air is also
dangerous forairplanes as
this can cause the engines to
fail if the suspended ash is
encountered by the airplane.
Agree, it is dangerous for airplanes once
it hit ash particles suspended in the air
because the ash particles can wear
away forward-facing surfaces, including
windscreens, fuselage surfaces, and
compressor fan blades, overall causing
damage to the airplane which can lead
to failure of flight control systems and
engine fails. 

6. High concentrations of CO2
which is colorless and odorless
can be lethal to people, animals
andvegetation.
Agree, high concentration of volcanic
gases such as carbon dioxide are
hazardous and lethal to people, animals,
and vegetation. Breathing air with more
than 3% of carbon dioxide can quickly
lead to dizziness, headaches, increased
heart rate and difficulty breathing.
Taking in more than 15% can quickly
cause unconsciousness and death. High
concentrations of carbon dioxide gas in
soils can kill trees and damage
vegetation as well. 
Thank you for listening!