Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Module in
CAREER GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
LESSON 2
VALUES
How do you normally make important decisions? Toss a coin? Take advice from trusted role-
models? Or let fate decide for you? It is important to be self-aware, especially when it comes to
making difficult and important life decisions. We will examine here the rational decision-
making model which includes a series of steps that decision makers should consider to make
the best choice.
Let’s imagine that your old, clunky car has broken down, and you have enough money saved for
a substantial down payment on a new car. It will be the first major purchase of your life, and you
want to make the right choice. The first step, therefore, has already been completed—we know
that you want to buy a new car.
Next, in step 2, you’ll need to decide which factors are important to you. How many passengers
do you want to accommodate? How important is fuel economy to you? Is safety a major
concern? You only have a certain amount of money saved, and you don’t want to take on too
much debt, so price range is an important factor as well. If you know you want to have room for
at least five adults, get at least twenty miles per gallon, drive a car with a strong safety rating,
not spend more than $22,000 on the purchase, and like how it looks, you have identified
the decision criteria which is a set of parameters against which all of the potential options in
decision making will be evaluated. All the potential options for purchasing your car will be
evaluated against these criteria.
Before we can move too much further, you need to decide how important each factor is to your
decision in step 3. If each is equally important, then there is no need to weigh them, but if you
know that price and mpg are key factors, you might weigh them heavily and keep the other
criteria with medium importance.
Step 4 requires you to generate all alternatives –all possible solutions to a problem in a
decision-making process. Then, in step 5, you need to use this information to evaluate each
alternative against the criteria you have established. You choose the best alternative (step 6),
and then you would go out and buy your new car (step 7).
Of course, the outcome of this decision will influence the next decision made. That is where step
8 comes in. For example, if you purchase a car and have nothing but problems with it, you will
be less likely to consider the same make and model when purchasing a car the next time.
The rational decision-making model has important lessons for decision makers.
First, when making a decision, you may want to make sure that you establish your
decision criteria before you search for alternatives. This would prevent you from liking one
option too much and setting your criteria accordingly. For example, let’s say you started
browsing cars online before you generated your decision criteria. You may come across a
car that you feel reflects your sense of style and you develop an emotional bond with the
car. Then, because of your love for the particular car, you may say to yourself that the fuel
economy of the car and the innovative braking system are the most important criteria.
After purchasing it, you may realize that the car is too small for your friends to ride in the
back seat, which was something you should have thought about. Setting criteria before
you search for alternatives may prevent you from making such mistakes. Another
advantage of the rational model is that it urges decision makers to generate all
alternatives instead of only a few. By generating a large number of alternatives that cover
a wide range of possibilities, you are unlikely to make a more effective decision that does
not require sacrificing one criterion for the sake of another.
Page 3 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Second, despite all its benefits, you may have noticed that this decision-making model
involves a number of unrealistic assumptions as well. It assumes that people completely
understand the decision to be made, that they know all their available choices, that they
have no perceptual biases, and that they want to make optimal decisions.
Additionally, while decision makers can get off track during any of these steps, research
shows that searching for alternatives in the fourth step can be the most challenging. Think
about how you make important decisions in your life. It is likely that you rarely sit down
and complete all eight of the steps in the rational decision-making model. For example,
this model proposed that we should search for all possible alternatives before making a
decision, but that process is time consuming, and individuals are often under time
pressure to make decisions. Moreover, even if we had access to all the information that
was available, it could be challenging to compare the pros and cons of each alternative
and rank them according to our preferences.
We are each significant, different, and special. We are a product of many intricate things -
learning styles, spiritual gifts, value systems, attitudes, vocational interests, and abilities.
Because of our complexity, uncovering our interests, abilities, and skills is not always
clear or easy. We seek to understand the inheritance that we have received - those gifts,
abilities, and interests. We seek to learn in productive and conducive learning
environments. We strive to cultivate learning-readiness as well as perceptual and
intellectual competencies. We develop problem solving and goal setting skills. We strive
to understand the learning process so that we can adequately and successfully gain
knowledge. We use effective learning techniques to build and plan successful career
choices. We need strategies to achieve our goals. As career explorers, we use career
resources, for example, portfolios, videotapes, audio-tapes, games, workshops, training
materials, self-assessment inventories, career web-sites, computer-assisted career
guidance programs, community colleges, and resource centers.
What are our vocational interests, the motivational gifts, the attributes, the
endowments, and faculties?
What are the steps and resources that are necessary to develop our qualities and
talents?
In order to learn according to our abilities, interests, and motivational gifts, we should -
Discover experiences that meet career, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral goals
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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Career Planning
Career planning is so important. We are each significant, different, and special. We are a
product of many intricate things –
Page 5 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Vocational interests
Personality types or trait clusters
Skills/Abilities
Values
Career planning includes –
Educational and occupational exploration reveals the relationships between learning, work,
career information skills, job seeking, skill development, and the labor market.
Career planning includes self-assessment, career exploration, decision making, life role
formation, goal setting, and the implementation of career choices
1. Self Assessment
The preliminary assessment is the first step in the career planning process.
From the assessments, we will gain knowledge and understanding of –
Abilities
Callings
Destinies
Educational plans
Interests
Personality trait clusters/ types
Priorities
Skills
Talents
Visions/ Dreams
Vocational plans
2. Educational Exploration
Exploring educational options involves –
3. Occupational Exploration
Informational Interview
Internet Career Exploration Resources
Page 6 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Informational search
Knowledge required
Occupational research
Salary range
Training and skills needed
Working conditions
Economy or labor market
A typical working day in specific occupations
4. Problem Solving, Goal Setting, and
Decision Making
Interest inventory
Value assessment
Skill assessment
Personality type or trait cluster inventory
There are a variety of factors that influence your career decisions. Here is a model.
Page 7 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Assessments using Holland typology link vocational interests to job families using a
three-letter RIASEC or Holland code. The first letter of each personality or
environment formed the word “RIASEC”. The “RIASEC” was an acronym that stood
for Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Different
assessments provide information on the relationship between these job personalities
and –
Key characteristics
College majors
Hobbies
Abilities
Related careers
Page 8 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Reference: John Holland (1985) Making Vocational Choices (2nd ed.) Odessa, FL.: PAR,
Inc
MCP
Self Directed Search
Strong Interest Inventory
Other Holland Codes Resource Center career tests
Learning from these important lessons, you can use the work values you identified from Activity
3.1 as your criteria in your career exploration. This will help you focus on what is most important
to you so that you can choose a career that will help you feel fulfilled and satisfied. Once you
decide on a career, your decision will help guide the goals you set for yourself from your college
education to your future career.
ACTIVITY 2.
Now, complete the following table using the information provided in your test
results. –
1. Write the first, First Holland Code Second Holland Code Third Holland Code
secondary, and Letter Letter Letter
third highest ( ) ( ) ( )
Holland Code in
the ( ). ( ) ( ) ( )
2. Write the
corresponding
score for each
Holland Code.
3. Write careers
related to the
Holland Codes.
Page 9 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Manipulates
Works with Uses Interacts with
tools, Leads, Orders activities
Strengths abstract ideas imagination people,
Possesses manag paying attention
and intellectual and feelings concerned
mechanical, es, and to details
problems in creative with the
manual, or organi
expression welfare of
athletic ability zes
people
Prefers to
Things Ideas and Things Ideas and People Data and Data and Things
deal
People People
with:
Craftsman,
Artist, Teacher, Manager,
Fitness Biologist, Accountant, Banker,
Musician, Clergy, Producer,
Careers Trainer, Chemist, Editor, Office
Actor/ Coach, Lawyer,
Optician, Historian, Manager, Librarian,
Actress, Therapist, Business/
Policemen, Researcher, Reporter
Designer, Nurse, Marketing
Fire Fighter, Doctor,
Writer, Counselor Executive,
Physical Mathematician
Photogra , Entrepreneur,
Education
pher Sociologis Principal
Teacher
t
Justice Studies,
Nursing, Pre-Law,
Fire Science, Art, Theater,
Biology, Christian Business
Possible Athletic Graphic Business,
Chemistry, Education, Management
College Training, Design, Accounting,
Nursing, Pre- Counseling, and
Majors Martial Arts, Music, Management
Medicine, Biblical Administratio
Corporate Journalism,
Mathematics, Studies, n,
Fitness, Communicati
History Social International
Physical on
Science, Business,
Education
Education Political
Science
The High Enterprising and High Social students enjoyed working with people. These
Page 10 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
The High Realistic and High Enterprising clients or students adapted better to practical,
hands-on learning. Students who picked to learn in more practical settings expressed
interests in business activities, physical activities, and technical activities. These clients or
students entered careers in agriculture, business, law enforcement, machine trades, and
vocational technical majors.
Other clients or students made a choice to lead by example. They did not like to take
charge. They preferred to do the task themselves. As introverts, they lead by example. They
liked majors such as agriculture, biological sciences, machine trades, mathematics, and
physical sciences.
The fourth factor was Risk Taking/ Adventure Seeking. This factor indicated a willingness
to take physical and social risks, to act spontaneously and playfully, and to seek novel
sensation and thrills.
Clients or students who possessed risk taking/ adventure seeking qualities are extroverted,
independent, and social. They were prone to careers in:
Self-Discovery Sheet
After this activity, write down five (5) statements explain the following statement –
1)
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Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
2)
3)
4)
5)
After completing assessments, you will be listing your interests, transferable skills,
personality trait clusters, and values.
Work abilities
Job requirements
Educational level and preparation requirements
Job outlook
Wages
Working conditions
3) Rating your ability to make decisions. Place a check ( ) in the appropriate space.
For this activity, you will create a career decision matrix. The matrix will rank careers
according to your most important interests.
Choice 1 Choice 6
Choice 2 Choice 7
Choice 3 Choice 8
Choice 4 Choice 9
Choice 5 Choice 10
Page 12 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
V.
EVALUATION
Essay: Explain and elaborate the question listed below. (30 points)
1. Why do people make the original career decisions they do, change those decisions
throughout their life span, and express different interests at different stages of life?
2.How are career-related preferences acquired, and how are career decisions made?
3. What is the significance of Holland’s theory in career decision making or career planning?
VI. REFERENCES
Brewer, J. M. (1942). History of vocational guidance. New York: Harper & Brothers.
Johnston, W. B., & Packer, A. E. (1987). Workforce 2000: Work and workers for the twenty-first
century. Indianapolis, IN: Hudson Institute.
National Center on Education and the Economy. (1990). America’s choice: High skills or low
wages. Rochester, NY: Author.
Norris, W. (1954). Highlights in the history of the National Vocational Guidance Association.
Personnel and Guidance Journal, 33(4), 205-208.
Page 13 of 14
Republic of the Philippines
MAILA ROSARIO COLLEGE
San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Diversion Road, San Gabriel Village, Tuguegarao City, Cagayan North
Contact No. (078) 377 – 249
Pope, M. (2000). A brief history of career counselling in the United States. Career Development
Quarterly, 48, 194-211.
W. T. Grant Foundation Commission on Work, Family, and Citizenship. (Ed.). (1988). The
forgotten half: Pathways to success for America’s youth and young families (Final Report).
Washington, DC: Author.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/sac-counseling116/chapter/introduction-to-counseling-116/
https://www.onetcenter.org/dl_tools/WIL_zips/WIL-Cards-deskv.pdf
https://www.careeronestop.org/ExploreCareers/Assessments/work-values.aspx
https://www.ted.com/talks/michelle_obama_a_passionate_personal_case_for_education
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