University of San Jose - Recoletos

Senior High School Department

S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions

In the previous module, we tackled how an individual becomes part

of society. People become a member of a social group because of
their very nature, that is, not to feel lonely, to feel secure, and to
satisfy some needs such as social and self-esteem needs. A
society is composed of individuals who also need to be satisfied
by the society they belong to. The previous lesson examined how
people within a society are organized into many different types of
relationships, groups, organizations, structures and institutions
and how important the understanding of social groups is in order
to better understand human behavior.

Module Objectives:
Thus, at the end of this lesson, you are expected to:
examine the functions and importance of education in the society
examine the concept, characteristics and forms of stratification systems
using sociological perspective
explain government programs and initiatives in addressing inequalities

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Activity #1: RECAP Activity
Instructions:
Concepts from the previous module will be
presented to you then you will provide them
with definitions and examples based on how you
understood them.
1. Socialization
2. Cultural relativism
3. In groups
4. Society
5. Networks

Process Questions:
1. Which of the following concepts do you understand the most?
2. Which of the following concepts do you least understand?
3. How important are these concepts in understanding culture and society?

The previous module taught us on how we become members of

society and the significance of organizing it. The activity practices
us to look back and check on our understanding about the various
concepts of our lesson. In this module, you will be acquainted
cultural, social and political institutions and social and political
stratifications.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Activity #2: Picture-Word Association
Instructions:
Describe the pictures shown below. You are going to chat your answers in the chatbox.
The teacher will call random students to share and expound your answer on this activity.

Process Questions:
1. What is your idea about ''Cancel Culture''?
2. How relevant is ''cancel culture'' during the election period in the country?
3. How does elections affect the social and political stratifications in a country?
4. What are your thoughts on the political decision that will somehow ''cancel culture''?
5. How do the political and the leadership decisions in the Philippines affect the
cultural and societal aspects of the country? How do these aspects (political
decisions, cultural values, societal issues) affect the social stratification in the
country?

Society is composed of different institutions, may it be cultural,

social and political institutions. These institutions play a vital role in
what is going on in society as their decisions have impacts on
individuals either within the family, workplace, governments and in all
other aspects of society.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Unlocking of Terms
Family - the basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents
rearing their children
Institution - is a durable system of established and embedded social
rules that create a structure for social interactions.
Social institution - a social institution consists of a group of people
who have come together for a common purpose.
Unilineal system - a system of determining descent groups in which
one belongs to one’s father’s or mother’s line, whereby traced either
exclusively through male ancestors (patriline), female (matriline).
Social stratification - is a sociological term used to describe the
relative social position of individuals in a given social unit.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Family
Family is the basic unit in society traditionally consisting of two parents rearing
their children.
1. Unilineal Systems
a system of determining descent groups
in which one belongs to one’s father’s or
mother’s line, whereby traced either
exclusively through male ancestors
(patriline), female (matriline).
Types of Unilineal System
Patrilineal– relating to or based on relationship to the father or descent
through the male line.
Matrilineal– refers to familial relationships that can be traced through a
female.
To follow the matrilineal line in your family, start with your mom. Bilateral-
comes from Latin: bimeans “two” and lateralis means “belonging to the side.”
Debates about issues can be described as bilateral — as long as people on
both sides get to speak. However, bilateral can describe anything with two
sides, like some of the organs in the body: the brain, heart and lungs all have
two distinct sides.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Marriage
Societies rules of marriage- For the societies that practice marriage there are
rules about whom one can marry and cannot marry (note: not all groups marry;
traditionally the Na in Southwest China do not marry).
All societies have some form of an incest
taboo that forbids sexual relationships
with certain people. This is variable from
culture to culture. Several explanations
have been preferred to explain the origins
of incest taboos. One cites biological
reasons. Non-human primates seem to
have an instinctual aversion to having sex
with near relatives, so perhaps the same
happens for humans. Another biological
reason is that the incest taboo was
established to maintain biological
diversity. This suggests that people
understood the consequences of
breeding with relatives.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Types of Marriage
Endogamy- marriage within one’s own tribe or group as required by custom
or law.
Exogamy- marriage to a person belonging to a tribe or group other than your
own as required by custom or law.
Polygamy– having more than one wife at a time.
Polyandry- having more than one relationship husband at a time.
Types of Residency
Patrilocal residence-is structured by a rule that a man remains in his father’s
house after reaching maturity and brings his wife to live with his family after
marriage. Daughters, conversely, move out of their natal household when
they marry.
Matrilocal residence- is instituted by a rule that a woman remains in her
mother’s household after reaching maturity and brings her husband to live
with her family after marriage. Sons, conversely, move out of their natal
household after marriage to join their wife’s household. It can take on a
number of forms, some, but not all of which occur within matrilineal
societies. Non-standard cases include societies with bride service, in which
a man moves in with his wife’s family but sets up his own household after his
obligations are met.
Ambilocal residence- also called bilocal residence is the societal postmarital
residence in which couples, upon marriage, choose to live with or near either
spouse’s parents.
Neolocal residence- type of post-marital residence in which a newly married
couple resides separately from both the husband’s natal household and the
wife’s natal household.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Minute Reflection
Is there a significant relationship between the kind of family you belong and
your cultural, social and political perspective? If yes, how?

Activity #3: ''Video Analysis''

Instructions
1. Your subject teacher will inform during the weekend to watch the video
ahead of time.
2. You will watch and analyze the video entitled '’Education in Society?’
3. Answer the following questions below.
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S294zRodS_4

This video will wrap up how education affects other societal

institutions namely , political, system of beliefs and economic
institutions ’ After watching the video, the students will answer
the following questions.
Process Questions
1. Which function of education is highlighted in the video?
2. What is the social impact of education in political, economic and cultural
aspects?

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

A. Education as Institution
As has been the tradition, education is getting the biggest slice of the
proposed 2020 national budget.
Sen. Juan Edgardo “Sonny” Angara said Thursday that in the reconciled
version of the P4.1-trillion budget that was approved by Congress, P17.1
billion was earmarked for the Department of Education (DepEd), the State
Universities and Colleges (SUC), and the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) to fund various programs.
Angara, who chairs the Senate finance committee, said P8.349 billion was
added to the budgets of the 114 state universities and colleges, including
P2.786 billion for the University of the Philippines System for its hospital
services program, building renovation and construction and the
improvement of its fiber optic network, among others.
(https://www.manilatimes.net/2019/12/26/news/latest-stories/education-
has-biggest-slice-of-2020-budget-pie/667885/)

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
The Five Functions of Education in the Society
1. SOCIALIZATION
Education is used to promote the norms
and values of a society from one
generation to the next. In some
countries, the transmission function of
education is taken on by families.
However, in more advanced countries,
social institutions such as schools
become important as the family can no
longer provide the tools and important
knowledge needed by the young
student. This is the reason why formal
education was developed.
From early childhood, students in formal education learn their native language,
as well as the mathematical skill they will need to function in society. Such
learning expands in secondary and tertiary education, as students are prepared
to adapt to his changing realities.
As can be seen in the example of Russia and the US, education can be used to
promote specific values which may be cultural or political in nature.In many
countries, students are oriented towards competition, as can be evidenced by
exams and the grading system adopted by formal educational institutions.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
The Five Functions of Education in the Society
2. SOCIAL INTEGRATION
Because education is used to transmit
norms and values, it can also be
regarded as a unifying force. It promotes
desired values and ensures conformity.
In cases of deviance, it provides widely
known approaches to convert. For
example, mandatory education laws in
the US ensured that all immigrants to
the country knew what was desirable
and undesirable in the US society
because they had to be educated in the
US schools.

3. SOCIAL PLACEMENT
Formal education helps students to discover approved statuses and roles that
will help the society’s longevity. Educational systems consider the various
talents and interests of students and attempt to provide opportunities that
provide a good fit for these talents and interests. Formal education, in a way, is
an equalizer.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
The Five Functions of Education in the Society
4. CULTURAL INNOVATION
Educational institutions are the center
of cultural innovation because they
stimulate intellectual inquiry and
promote critical thinking. It enables new
ideas to develop, as well as provide
bases for new knowledge to become
accepted in the mainstream. Through
schools, theories are proven;
technologies are improved; and cultures
can adapt to the changing society.
5. LATENT FUNCTION OF FORMAL
EDUCATION
As more families have both parents working at
the same time, schools tend to become an
institution of child care. As children have to be
in school, parents can have time to perform
their economic duties without being burdened
with childcare duties. Another latent function
of formal education is the establishment of
social relationships that would have a lasting
impact on the life of a child.
We have heard of students ascribing their success to their teachers or
successful business people who rely on their social networks to promote their
businesses. Many of the social ties a child forms in the course of their
schooling are lasting social networks and would impact various aspects of their
lives.
STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

B. Political Organization
involves issues like allocation of political roles, levels of political integration,
concentrations of power and authority, mechanism of social control and
resolving conflicts
a. Bands - are essentially an association of families living together. They are
loosely allied by marriage, descent, friendship, and common interest.
b. Tribe - is a combination of smaller kin or non-kin groups linked by a common
culture that usually act as one and is larger than bands.
c. Chiefdoms - is a form of sociopolitical organization in which political and
economic power is exercised by a single person (or group of persons) over many
communities.
d. States and nations - A state is an independent political entity with clear
geographical boundaries while a nation refers to a large population that share
the same culture, language, traditions and history.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS
C. Economic Institution
are the formal and informal rules that organize the economic flow and activity of
a society. Economic institutions are tasked to answer the following questions:
1. What goods and services should be produced?
2. How should these goods and services be produced?
3. For whom should these goods and services be produced?
Other functions and aspects of economics:
a. Reciprocity- is a form of gift exchange between two parties wherein return is
expected after product or gift giving
Two things occur during the exchanging products:
1. economic gain
2. social gain
b. Transfers- are payments that are made without any good or service being
received in return (example: pensions and welfare benefits).
c. Redistribution- is the process of transferring income and wealth be it in the
form money or physical property from one individual to another individual
(examples: taxation, land reforms, and charity).
d. Market transactions- is basically the system of exchange in the market.
Examples of market transactions: 1. Purchases 2. Loans 3. Mortgage 4. Bank
accounts
e. Markets and state- system of private ownership and enterprise that acts
based on their own private and self-interest.
STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

D. Religion and Belief systems

a. Animism - is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a
distinct spiritual essence.
b. Polytheism - the belief or worship of more than one god.
c. Monotheism - the doctrine or belief that there is only one God.
d. Institutionalized religion - is a religion in which belief systems and rituals are
systematically arranged and formally established.
e. Separation of church and state - is a concept defining the political distance in
relationship between religious organizations and the state.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS

E. Health
An organization of which the primary purpose is the care or treatment of
patients or the promotion of public health
a. Culture-specific syndromes and illnesses (e.g., “bughat”/ ”usog”/”buyag”)
b. Systems of diagnosis, prevention and healing (e.g., traditional, western,
alternative healing systems)
c. Health as a human right

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Minute Reflection
1. What are the roles of each institution in shaping equality in the
society?
2. How do these institutions contribute to social and political
stratification? (Bridging question leading to Lecture 2)
3. What might be the possible factors leading to inequalities?

SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATIONS

is a sociological term used to describe the relative social position of individuals
in a given social unit. It is any given society’s classification of its people into
rankings of socioeconomic layers based on factors such as wealth, income,
occupation, power, social status and social class.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Basis for Social and Political Stratification
1. Social status – refers to a person’s prestige, social honor, or popularity in
society. It denotes an individual’s ranking, position, or standing in hierarchy in
which people are classified on the basis of esteem, prestige, economic
success, and accumulation of wealth.
2. Social class – refers to an individual’s economic position in a society based
on birth and personal achievements. is a set of concepts in the social sciences
and political theory centered on models of social stratification in which people
are grouped into a set of hierarchical social categories,[1] the most common
being the upper, middle and lower classes.
3. Social Desirables (wealth, power, prestige) – Societies stratification
system is basically based on factors such as the so-called social desirables.
These are the things that are wanted or sought after by most, if not all, people
in the society.
This equates to three stratification factors: wealth, power, and prestige. Note
that power is mostly gained through education, and prestige refers to
occupational prestige. This type of prestige is a higher social standing based
on holding a position that requires an advanced educational degree
1. Wealth – refers to a large amount of money, possessions, or properties. In
economics, it refers to an accumulation of goods having economic value.
2. Power – refers to the ability to direct someone else’s behavior. It also
denotes influence and control over other people and their actions. Power
also means the authority to act or do something according to the law or
rule.
3. Prestige – It means honor, awe or high opinion inspired by or derived from a
high- ranking, influential or successful person. It also implies respect
associated with high reputation, notability and distinction.
STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
SOCIAL MOBILITY SYSTEMS
Is commonly used to categorize different
systems of social stratification. Also refers
to the movement of persons or social
groups among the social stratification.
1. Open (Class) - Movement of individuals
or groups from one social class to
another.
2. Closed (Caste) - Social mobility is
impossible. People are born, live, and die
with the same caste.

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
It usually occurs when resources in a
certain society are allocated unevenly
along lines of socially defined
classifications of individuals. It involves
regulated and recurring patterns of
uneven distribution of goods, wealth,
opportunities, rewards, and
punishment.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Types of Social Inequality
1.) Access to social, political, and symbolic capital - (Example: Stereotype
based on one’s educational attainment
Social Capital - refers to a positive product of human interaction. The
positive outcome may be tangible or intangible and may include useful
information, innovative ideas, and future opportunities
Symbolic Capital - refers to the resources available to a group or
individual on the basis of honor, prestige or recognition, and serves as
the value that one holds within a culture
Political Capital - refers to the goodwill, trust and influence that
politicians earn or build up with the public through the pursuit of policies
that people like or respect
2.) Gender inequality - Example: Discrimination against LGBTQ+ community
refers to the unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on
their gender
3.) Ethnic minorities - Example: less access to health care, employment,
education
is a group of people who differ in race or color or in national, religious, or
cultural origin from the dominant group
4.) Other minorities (e.g., persons with disabilities) - Example: less political
participation.
People with disability constitute a minority group. They face
discrimination and have their lives limited by socially constructed
barriers to full participation.
5.) Global Inequality - Example: Superiority of race
refers to the idea of inequality between countries.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS
Government programs that aims to address
inequalities in the Philippines
1. Gender Inequalities-Section 3 of Republic Act 9710 otherwise known
as the Magna Carta of Women (MCW) provides that “All individuals are
equal as human beings by virtue of the inherent dignity of each human
person. No one should therefore suffer discrimination on the basis of
ethnicity, gender, age, language, sexual orientation, race, color, religion,
political or other opinion, national, social or geographical origin,
disability, property, birth, or other status as established by human
rights standards’’.
2. Ethnic minorities-The Philippine Constitution provides that “The State
values the dignity of every person and guarantees full respect for
human rights” (Article II, Section 11).
3. Gender inequalities- Civil Service Commission Memorandum Circular
No. 29-2010 prohibits discrimination against LGBT people applying for
civil service examinations. In addition, the CSC’s Revised Policies on
Merit and Promotion plan include a provision that inhibits
discrimination in the selection of employees based on various criteria
including gender.
4. Poverty and Inequality Reducing Programs
4.1 4Ps Conditional Cash Transfer to reduce inequalities in
opportunities in education and reduce intergenerational poverty
4.2. Community Based Monitoring System (CBMS) as a tool to reduce
poverty and inequality at the local level

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Minute Reflection
How effective is the implementation of government in addressing different
types of inequalities?

IN CONCLUSION
As you recall from earlier modules, culture describes a group’s
shared norms (or acceptable behaviors) and values, whereas
society describes a group of people who live in a defined
geographical area, and who interact with one another and share
a common culture. Social institutions are mechanisms or
patterns of social order focused on meeting social needs, such
as government, economy, education, family, healthcare, and
religion. Social stratification is dividing people based on their
respect, what they have over others in a given society, nation or
group. The different social classes we have in society are
examples of social stratification. The term social classes
connotes inequality in general or division ranks higher than
others. Social stratification systems can be inheritable or it can
be based on different social class interaction.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Activity #4: Practive Activity

INSTRUCTIONS
Choose one among the following social inequalities listed below.
Provide an example as well as a solution to that specific social inequality.
Afterwhich, identify social institutions or organizations to coordinate
with in providing solutions to that social issue.
1. Gender inequality
2. Global Inequality
3. Ethnic minorities
4. Access to social, political, and symbolic capital
5. Your chosen social issue in your Third Quarter Performance Task
Criteria:
Identification of inequality - 5
Solution to the problem- 10
Coordination to various institutions - 10

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions
 University of San Jose - Recoletos
Senior High School Department
S.Y. 2021 - 2022
UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS

Activity #5: Summative Test

A 20-item test will be given to your by your subject teacher.
Please study in advance.

Activity #6: Quipper Essay

This activity will be given to you right after the activity #5 in the
summative exam for this module.

STUDY GUIDE
Module 3: Understanding cultural, social, political dynamics,
processes,and change through structures and institutions