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Basic Maths

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 Basic Maths

SECTION [A] : ALGEBRA Binomial Theorem

n  n  1
 a  b
n
QUADRATIC EQUATION  a n  na n 1b1  a n  2 b2  ....
2 1
An algebraic equation of second order (highest
power of the variable is equal to 2) is called a n  n  1
quadratic equation. The equation ax2 + bx + c = (1  x) n  1  nx  x 2  ...
2 1
0....(i) is the general form of quadratic equation where
a . The general solution of above equation is Binomial Approximation
If x is very small, then terms containing higher powers
b  b 2  4ac of x can be neglected so (1+x)n  1 + nx
x
2a
Ex. The mass m of a body moving with a velocity v is
b  b 2  4ac m0
If values of x be x1 and x2 then x1  given by m  where m0 = rest mass of body
2a
v2
b  b2  4ac 1 2
and x2  c
2a = 10 kg and c = speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s. Find the
Here x1 and x2 are called roots of equation (i). We value of m at v = 3 × 107 m/s.
can easily see that
Sol.
b
sum of roots = x1 + x2 = – and 1/2
a  v2 
1/2
  3 107 2   1 
 1/2

c m  m0 1  2   10 1   8 
  10 1  
product of roots = x1 x2   c    3 10    100 
a
Ex. Find roots of equation 2x2 – x – 3 = 0.   1  1   10
 10 1        10   10.05 kg
Sol. Compare this equation with standard quadratic   2  100   200
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0,
we have a = 2, b = –1, c = –3. LOGARITHM
b  b  4ac 2
Common formulae
Now from x = ;
2a
m
 1  (i) log mn = log m+log n (ii) log =logm-log n
 1  4  2   3
2
n
x
2  2 (iii) log mn = n log m (iv) loge m = 2.303 log10m

1  1  24 1  5 6 4 COMPONENDO AND DIVIDENDO RULE

x   x  , x 
4 4 4 4 p a pq ab
3 If  then 
 x or x = –1 q b p q a b
2

Ex. In quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c =0, if discriminant ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)

D = b2 – 4ac, then roots of quadratic equation are: General form : a, a + d, a +2d, ..., a + (n–1)d
(A) real and distinct, if D > 0 Here a = first term, d = common difference
(B) real and equal (repeated roots), if D = 0
Sum of n terms
(C) non-real (imaginary), if D < 0
(D) None of the above n n
Sn = [a+a+(n–1)d] = [Ist term + nth term]
Sol. (ABC) 2 2
BINOMIAL EXPRESSION Ex. Find sum of first n natural numbers.
An algebraic expression containing two terms is Sol. Let sum be Sn then Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 +....+n;
called a binomial expression.
n  n n  1  
 1
For example (a+b), (a+b) , (2x––3y) ,  x   etc.
3 –1 Sn 
2
1  n   
 y  2 
are binomial expressions.

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 Basic Maths

GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION (GP)

6cm
General form : a, ar, ar2,..., arn–1 cm
Here a = first term, r = common ratio
6cm

Sum of n terms S n 

a 1  rn 
1 r s  cm 
Sol.    rad=3 0 °
r 6 cm 6
a
Sum of  term S   Ex. When a clock shows 4 o'clock, how much angle do
1 r
its minute and hour needles make?
1 1 1
Ex. Find 1     ....upto  . 
2 4 8 (A) 120° (B) rad
3
1 a 1 2
Sol. Here, a = 1, r = So, S    2 (C) rad (D) 160°
2 1r 1 3
1
2 Sol. (AC)
12
SECTION [B] : TRIGONOMETRY 11 1

10 2
ANGLE
it is measure of change in direction. 9 3

us 8 4
adi arc
R r s 7 5
6
r 2
O
Radius From diagram angle   4  30   1 2 0   rad
3
Arc  s 
Angle () = Radius r Ex. The moon’s distance from the earth is 360000 km
 and its diameter subtends an angle of 42' at the eye
Angels measured in anticlockwise and clockwise of the observer. The diameter of the moon in
direction are usually taken positive and negative kilometers is
respectively. (A) 4400 (B) 1000
System of measurement of an angle (C) 3600 (D) 8800
[A] Sexagesimal system : Sol. (A)
In this system, angle is measured in degrees. Here angle is very small so diameter  arc
In this system , 1 right angle = 90°, 1° = 60' (arc 0
minutes), 1' = 60'' (arc seconds)  1  1  7
  42   42    42    rad
[B] Circular system :  60  60 180 1800
In this system, angle is measured in radian. 7 22
if arc = radius then =1 rad Diameter = R  360000    4400 km
1800 7
Relation between degrees and radian
Trigonometric Ratios (T-ratios)
2 rad = 360°   rad = 180°
Following ratios of the sides of a right angled
180 triangle are known as trigonometrical ratios.
 1 rad = = 57.3°
 P B
sin   cos  
 H H
To convert from degree to radian multiply by
180 
Perpendicular (P)

180
To convert from radian to degree multiply by

Ex. A circular arc of length  cm. Find angle subtended
by it at the centre in radian and degree.
Base(B)

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 Basic Maths

P 1 H
Trigonometrical Ratios of General Angles
tan   cosec   (Reduction Formulae)
B sin  P
(i) Trigonometric function of an angle 2n + 
1 H 1 B where n=0, 1, 2, 3,.... will be remains same.
sec    cot    sin(2n +) = sin cos(2n+) = cos
cos  B tan  P
tan(2n+)=tan
Trigonometric Identities  n 
In figure , P2 + B2 = H2 Divide by (ii) Trigonometric function of an angle    
 2 
2 2 will remains same if n is even and sign of
H2,       1  sin 2   cos 2   1
P B
trigonometric function will be according to
   
H H
value of that function in quadrant.
2 2 sin(–) = + sin cos() = –cos
P H
Divide by B2,    1    tan()= –tan sin()= –sin
B B cos()= –cos tan()= +tan
 1  tan 2   sec2  sin()= –sin cos()= +cos
tan()= –tan
2 2
B H 
Divide by P ,  1      
2
 n 
P  P  (iii) Trigonometric function of an angle   
 2 
 1  cot 2   cosec2 will be changed into co-function if n is odd and
Commonly Used Values of Trigonometric sign of trigonometric function will be according
Functions to value of that function in quadrant.

Angle() 0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90°    

sin      cos  cos      sin 
2  2 
1 3 1 4 3
sin 0 1  
2 5 2 5 2 tan      cot 
2 
3 4 1 3 1
cos 1 0    
2 5 2 5 2 sin      cos  cos      sin 
2  2 
1 3 4
tan 0 1 3   
3 4 3 tan      cot 
2 
Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule (iv) Trigonometric function of an angle – (negative
90° angles)
sin(–) = – sin cos(–) = + cos
tan(–) = – tan
IInd quadrant st
I quadrant
Sin All Ex. The two shorter sides of right angled triangle are 5
0° cm and 12 cm. Let  denote the angle opposite to
180° 360° the 5 cm side. Find sin, cos and tan.
Tan Cos P 5cm 5
IIIrd quadrant IVth quadrant Sol. sin    
H 13cm 13

270°

In first quadrant, all trigonometric ratios are

positive. In second quadrant, only sin and cosec
are positive.
In third quadrant, only tan and cot are positive.
B 12cm 12
In fourth quadrant, only cos and sec are positive cos  
 
H 13cm 13
Remember as ‘Add Sugar To Coffee’ or ‘After
School To College’. P 5cm 5
 tan    
B 12cm 12

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 Basic Maths

Ex. Find x, y and perimeter of the triangle 1

y 4 (xii) sin (–30°)= –sin 30° = –
 sin 53  2
Sol.  y  4 cm and
5 5
1
x 3 (xiii) cos (–60°) = + cos 60° =
 cos 5 3    x  3 cm 2
5 5
(xiv) tan (–45°) = –tan45° = –1
5cm
(xv) sin (–150°) = –sin (150°)
53°
1
= – sin (180°–30°) = – sin 30° = –
2
y
x
Ex. The values of sin1, cos22 and tan3 are given as
½ , – ½ and 3 (not in order), for some angles 1,
Perimeter of the triangle = x + y + 5 =3 + 4 + 5 = 12 cm 2 and 3. Choose incorrect statement.
(A) The value of tan3 could be –½
Ex. Find the value of : (B) The value of sin1 can not be 3.
(i) sin30° + cos60° (ii) sin 0° – cos 0° (C) The value of cos22 can't be –½
(iii) tan 45°–tan 37° (iv) sin 390° (D) The value of cos22 could be 3.
(v) cos 405° (iv) tan 420° Sol. (D)
(viii) sin 150° (viii) cos 120°
1  sin 1  1 , 0  cos 2 2  1 ,
(ix) tan 135° (x) sin (330°)
(xi) cos 300° (xii) sin(–30°)   tan 3  
(xiii) cos(–60°) (xiv) tan(–45°)
(xvi) sin(–150°)
Addition/Subtraction Formulae for Trigonometrical
Ratios
1 1 (i) sin (A+B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
Sol. (i) sin 30°+cos 60° = + =1
2 2 (ii) sin(A – B) = sinA cosB–cosA sinB
(ii) sin 0°–cos0°=0–1 = –1 (iii) cos(A+B) = cosA cosB – sinA sinB
3 1 (iv) cos(A – B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB
(iii) tan 45°–tan 37° = 1  
4 4
Small Angle Approximation
1
(iv) sin 390°=sin(360°+30°) = sin 30°= If is small (say < 5°) then sin   , cos   1 and
2
tan  
1 Note : here  must be in radian.
(v) cos 405° = cos(360°+45°)=cos45° =
2
Ex. Find the approximate values of (i) sin 1° (ii) tan 2°
1 (iii) cos 1°.
(vi) tan 420° = tan (360°+60°) = tan 60°=
2    

Sol. (i) sin1  sin  1    sin 
1  180  180 180
(vii) sin 150° = sin (90°+60°) = cos 60° = or sin
2
    
1
(ii) tan 2  tan  2   tan 
 180  90 90
150°=sin(180°–30°)=sin30°=
2
   
1 (iii)  cos1  cos 1   cos 1
(viii) cos 120°=cos(180°–60°)= – cos60° = –  180  180
2
(ix) tan 135°=tan(180°–45°) = –tan 45°= –1 Maximum and Minimum Values of Some useful
1 Trigonometric Functions
(x) sin 330° = sin (360°–30°) = – sin 30° = – (xi)
2 (i) 1  sin   1 (ii) 1  cos   1
1 (iii)  a  b  a cos   b sin   a  b
2 2 2 2
cos 300° = cos (360°–60°) = cos 60° =
2

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 Basic Maths

Ex. Find maximum and minimum values of y : Axis or Axes

(i) y = 2 sinx (ii) y = 4–cosx Any fixed direction passing through origin and
(iii) y = 3sinx + 4 cosx convenient to you can be taken as an axis. If the
Sol. (i) ymax =2(1)=2 and ymin=2(–1)=–2 position of a point or position of all the points under
(ii) ymax = 4 – (–1)=4+1=5 and ymin = 4–(1)=3 consideration always happen to be in a particular
direction, then only one axis is required. This is
(iii) ymax = 3  42 =5 and ymin = – 3  42 = – 5 generally called the x-axis. If the positions of all the
Ex. A ball is projected with speed u at an angle to the points under consideration are always in a plane,
horizontal. The range R of the projectile is given by two perpendicular axes are required. These are
generally called x and y-axis. If the points are
u 2 sin 2 distributed in a space, three perpendicular axes are
R
g taken which are called x, y and z-axis.
for which value of  will the range be maximum for a Position of a point in xy plane
given speed of projection? (Here g = constant) The position of a point is specified by its distances
  from origin along (or parallel to) x and y-axis as shown
(A) rad (B) rad in figure.
2 4
y
  x (x,y)
(C) rad (D) rad
3 6
Sol. (B) As sin 2  1 so range will be maximum if
y
 
sin 2 =1. Therefore 2 =    rad.
2 4 origin x
x
Ex. The position of a particle moving along x-axis varies (0,0)
with time t according to equation x = 3 sint – Here x-coordinate and y-coordinate is called abscissa
cost where  is constants. Find the region in which and ordinate respectively.
the particle is confined. Distance Formula
Sol. Q x  3 sin t  cos t The distance between two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)

 xmax   
3

  1  2
2 is given by d  x 2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2

Ex. For point (2, 14) find abscissa and ordinates. Also
 

  1  2
2
and xmin  3 find distance from y and x-axis.
Thus, the particle is confined in the region
Sol. Abscissa = x-coordinate = 2 = distance from y-axis.
Ordinate = y-coordinate = 14 = distance from x-axis.
2  x  2
Ex. Find value of a if distance between the points
SECTION [C] : CO-ORDINATE (–9 cm, a cm) and (3 cm, 3cm) is 13 cm.
Sol. By using distance formula
GEOMETRY
 x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
d
To specify the position of a point in space, we use
 13  13   9    3  a 
2 2
right handed rectangular axes coordinate system.
This system consists of (i) origin (ii) axis or axes. If  132 = 122 + (3–a)2  (3–a)2 = 132 – 122 = 52
point is known to be on a given line or in a particular  (3–a) = ± 5  a = –2 cm or 8 cm
direction, only one coordinate is necessary to
Ex. A dog wants to catch a cat. The dog follows the
specify its position, if it is in a plane, two coordinates path whose equation is y–x = 0 while the cat follows
are required, if it is in space three coordinates are the path whose equation is x 2 + y2 = 8. The
needed. coordinates of possible points of catching the cat
are :
ORIGIN
(A) (2, –2) (B) (2, 2)
This is any fixed point which is convenient to you.
(C) (–2, 2) (D) (–2, –2)
All measurement are taken w.r.t. this fixed point.
Sol. (BD)

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 Basic Maths

Let catching point be (x1, y1) then, y1–x1=0 and

change in y y y2  y1
x12 + y12 = 8 =    slope of chord AB.
change in x x x2  x1
Therefore, 2x12 = 8  x12 =4  x1 = ± 2 ; So possible
points are (2, 2) and (–2, –2).
Instantaneous rate of change
Slope of a Line It is defined as the rate of change in y with x at a
The slope of a line joining two points A(x1, y1) and particular value of x. It is measured graphically by
B(x2, y2) is denoted by m and is given by the slope of the tangent drawn to the y-x graph at
the point (x,y) and algebraically by the first
y y2  y1 derivative of function y =f(x).
m   tan  [If both axes have
x x2  x1
identical scales

dy
Instantaneous rate of change = = slope of
dx
tangent = tan
Here  is the angle made by line with positive x-axis. First Derivatives of Commonly used
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure of inclination. Functions
Ex. Distance between two points ( 8, – 4) and (0, a) is dy dy
10. All the values are in the same unit of length. (i) y = constant  =0 (ii) y = xn  = nxn-1
dx dx
Find the positive value of a.
dy dy 1
Sol. From distance formula (8–0)2 + (–4–a)2 = 100 (iii) y=ex  = ex (iv) y = ln x  =
 (4+a)2 = 36  a =2
dx dx x
dy dy
SECTION [D] : CALCULUS (v) y = sinx  = cosx (vi) y = cosx  = –sinx
dx dx
Calculus is the study of how things change. In this dy
(vii) y = tan x  = sec2 x
we study the relationship between continuously dx
varying functions. dy
(viii) y = cotx  = –cosec2x
dx
(A) DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS
Method of Differentiation or Rules of
The purpose of differential calculus to study the
Differentiation
nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the amount of
variation in a quantity when another quantity (on (i) Function multiplied by a constant
which first quantity depends) varies independently. dy
i.e., y = kf(x)  = kf   x 
Average rate of change : dx
Let a function y = f(x) be plotted as shown in figure.
Average rate of change in y w.r.t. x in interval [x1, x2] Ex. Find derivatives of the following functions :
is
4
(i) y = 2x3 (ii) y = (iii) y = 3ex
x
(iv) y = 6 ln x (v) y = 5 sin x
dy
Sol. (i) y  2 x 
3
 2 3x 31   6 x 2
dx
4 dy 4
(ii) y   4 x   4  1 x    2
1 11

x dx x
Average rate of change dy
(iii) y  3e   3e
x x

dx

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 Basic Maths

dy 1 6 (v) Function of Functions : Chain rule

(iv) y  6 ln x   6   Let f be a function of x, which in turn is a function of
dx x x
t. The first derivative of f w.r.t. t is equal to the
dy
(v) y  5sin x 
  5  cos x   5cos x df dx df df dx
dx product of and Therefore = ×
dx dt dt dx dt
(ii) Sum or Subtraction of Two functions
Ex. Find first derivative of y w.r.t. x.
dy
i.e., y = f(x) ±g(x)  = f   x  ± g  x  2
2 x
dx (i) y = e–x (ii) y = 4 sin 3x (iii) y  4e x
Ex. Find differentiation of y w.r.t x.
(i) y = x2 – 6x (ii) y = x5 + 2ex Sol. (i) y  e  x  e z where z = –x
(iii) y = 4 ln x + cos x
dy dy dz
dy So    
 e z  1    e z   e  x
Sol. (i)  2 x 21  6 1  2 x  6 dx dz dx
dx (ii) y = 4 sin 3x = 4 sinz where z = 3x
dy
 5 x 51  2e x  5 x 4  2e x dy dy dz
(ii)
dx So    4  cos z 3   12 cos 3x
dx dz dx
dy 1 4
 4      sin x    sin x
2
2 x
(iii) (iii) y  4e x  4 e z where z = x2 – 2x
dx  x x
(iii) Product of two functions : Product rule dy dy dz
 4  z  2 x  2    8 x  8  e x 2 x
2
So  
y = f(x) ·g(x) dx dz dx
dy
 = f  x  × g  x  + f   x  × g  x  Ex. The position of a particle moving along x-axis varies
dx with time t as x=4t –t2 +1. Find the time interval(s)
Ex. Find first derivative of y w.r.t. x. during which the particle is moving along positive
(i) y = x2 sin x (ii) y =4(ex)cos x x-direction.
Sol. Sol. If the particle moves along positive x-direction, its
x-coordinate must increase with time t.
dy
(i)  x2  cos x    2 x  sin x   x 2 cos x  2 x sin x
dx dx
x-coordinate will increase with time t if 0 .
dy dt
(ii)
dx
   
 4  e x  cos x  e x   sin x   4e x  cos x  sin x
dx dx
 4  2t   0  4  2 t  0  t  2
(iv) Division of two functions : Quotient rule dt dt
f x Hence, the particle moves in positive x-direction
dy f   x  g  x  - f  x  g   x 
y=  = during time-interval 0 < t < 2.
g  x dx g  x  
2

MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUE OF A

Ex. Find differentiation of y w.r.t. x.
FUNCTION
sin x 4 x3 Higher order derivatives are used to find the
(i) y  (ii) y 
x ex maximum and minimum values of a function. At the
Sol. (i) Here f(x) = sinx, g(x) = x points of maxima and minima, first derivative
becomes zero.
So f'(x) = cos x,, g'(x) = 1 y
B
dy  cos x  x    sin x 1 x cos x  sin x Maxima
Therefore  
dx x2 x2
(ii) Here f(x) = 4x , g(x) = e
3 x

So f   x   12 x 2 , g   x   e x minima
A
x
dy 12 x  e   4 x  e  12 x 2  4 x3
2 x 3 x
At point ‘A’ (minima) : As we see in figure, in the
Therefore,  
 ex  d2 y
2
dx ex
neighborhood of A, slope is increases so > 0.
dx2

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 Basic Maths

dy d2 y Ex. Water pours out at the rate of Q from a tap, into a

Condition for minima :  0 and 0 cylindrical vessel of radius r. The rate at which the
dx dx2
height of water level rises when the height is h, is
At point ‘B’ (maxima) : As we see in figure, in the
Q Q Q Q
d2 y (A) (B) (C) (D)
neighborhood of B, slope is decreases so 2 <0 rh r 2 2 r 2 r 2 h
dx
Sol. (B)
dy d2 y
Condition for maxima :  0 and 0
dx dx2

Ex. The minimum value of y = 5x2 – 2x + 1 is

1 2 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 5 5
Sol. (C)
dy
For maximum/minimum value 0 dV dh
dx Q Volume : V = r2h   r 2
dt dt
1
 5 2 x   2 1   0  0  x  dV dh Q
5 But  Q so 
dt dt r 2
1 d y 2
Now at x= , =10 which is positive so minima
5 dx 2 Ex. If surface area of a cube is changing at a rate of 5 m2/
1 s, find the rate of change of body diagonal at the
at x = .
5 moment when side length is 1 m.
1
2
1 4 (A) 5 m/s (B) 53 m/s
Therefore ymin  5    2    1 
5 5 5 5 5
(C) 3 m/s (D) m/s
Ex. The radius of a circular plate increase at the rate of 2 4 3
0.1 cm per second. At what rate does the area Sol. (D)
5 Surface area of cube S=6a2 (where a = side of cube)
increase when the radius of plate is cm ?

(A) 1 cm2/s (B) 0.1 cm2/s Body diagonal l  3 a . Therefore S=2l2
(C) 0.5 cm2/s (D) 2 cm2/s dS dl
Sol. (A) Differentiating it w.r.t. time  2  2l  
dt dt
Area of disk, A = r2 (where r = radius of disk)
dA  dr  dr
   2r   2r So dl 1 dS 5
dt  dt  dt    m/s
dA 5 
dt 4 3a dt 4 3
 2  0.1  1 cm2 / s
dt  (B) INTEGRAL CALCULUS
Ex. A particle moves along the curve 12y = x . Which 3 Integration is the reverse process of differentiation.
coordinate changes at faster rate at x=10 ? By help of integration we can find a function whose
derivative is known.
(A) x–coordinate
(B) y–coordinate Indefinite Integration
Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t.
(C) Both x and y–coordinate
x is equal to f(x) then
(D) Data insufficient
Sol. (B)  f  x  dx  F  x   c
2
dy  x   dx  here c is the constant of integration and this is called
12y = x3  12dy = 3x2dx  
dt  2   dt  indefinite integration.
Few basic formulae of integration are :
2
 x
Therefore for   >1 or x >2, y– coordinate x n 1
2 (i)  x n dx  c
n 1
changes at faster rate.

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 Basic Maths

1 and an upper limit, it is called a definite integral.

(ii)  dx  ln x  c
Consider a function F(x) whose differentiation w.r.t.
x
x is equal to f(x), in an interval a  x  b then
(iii)  sin xdx   cos x  c b

(iv)  cos xdx  sin x  c  f  x  dx  F  b   F  a 

a

(v)  sec 2 xdx  tan x  c Area under a curve and definite integration
y
(vi)  e x dx  e x  c y=F(x)

 ax  b 
n 1

(vii)   ax  b 
n
dx  c y
a n  1 

dx ln  ax  b  x
(viii)  ax  b  a
c
x
x=a x=b
dx
 cos  ax  b  Area of small shown element = ydx = f(x) dx
(ix)  sin  ax  b  dx  c If we sum up all areas between x=a and x= b then
a
b

(x)  cos  ax  b  dx 
sin  ax  b 
c
 f  x  dx = shaded area between curve and x-axis.
a
a
5

tan  ax  b   x dx is equal to
2
Ex. The integral
(xi)  sec  ax  b  dx 
2
c 1
a
125 124 1
ax  b (A) (B) (C) (D) 45
e 3 3 3
(xii)  e
ax  b
dx  c Sol. (B)
a
5
Ex.
5
 x3   53 13  125 1 124
Integrate the following w.r.t. x.
1        
2
x dx
1 1  3 1  3 3  3 3 3
(i) 4x3 (ii) x  (iii) Ex. The following curve represent rate of change of a
x 2x  3
(iv) cos (4x + 3) (v) cos2x variable y w.r.t x. The change in the value of y when
x changes from 0 to 11 is:
 x 31  4 x4
(i)  4 x dx  4     c   c  x4  c
3
Sol. dy/dx
 3 1 4 20
 1 1 x2
(ii)   x  dx   xdx   dx   ln x  c
 x x 2
dx ln  2 x  3 
(iii)  2x  3  2
c 9 11
x
0
sin  4 x  3 
3 6
(iv)  cos  4 x  3  dx  c
4
2 cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x  (A) 60 (B) 25 (C) 35 (D) 85
(v)  cos 2 xdx   dx   dx
2 2  dy  y
Sol. As dy =   dx
1 1  dx  20
  dx   cos 2 xdx
2 2
11
x 1 sin 2 x x 1  dy 
=   c   sin 2 x  c So y   dy    dx  dx A1
2 2 2 2 4 0 9 11
x
Area under the curve 0 3 6
Definite Integration A2

When a function is integrated between a lower limit -10

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 Basic Maths

the phenomena. These mathematical formulae are

1
A1   6  20  60 expressed in form of equations and known as
2 function.
1 Thus, a function describing a physical process
 A2    11  6 10   25 expresses an unknown physical quantity in terms
2
of one or more known physical quantities. We call
 y  A1  A 2  60  25  35 the unknown physical quantity as dependent
Average value of a continuous function in an interval variable and the known physical quantities as
Average value of a function y = f(x), over an interval independent variables. For the sake of simplicity,
a  x  b is given by we consider a function that involves a dependant
b b variable y and only one independent variable x. It is
 ydx  ydx denoted y=f(x) and is read as y equals to f of x.
yav  a
 a Here f(x) is the value of y for a given x. Following
b
ba are some examples of functions.
 dx
a y = 2x+1, y = 2x2 + 3x + 1, y = sinx, y = ln (2x + 1)
Ex. Determine the average value of y = 2x +3 in the Knowledge of the dependant variable for different
interval 0  x  1. values of the independent variable, and how it
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 3 (D) 4 changes when the independent variable varies in
Sol. (D) an interval is collectively known as behavior of the
1
function.
 ydx 1
  x2  
1
Ex. In the given figure, each box represents a function
yav     2 x  3  dx   2    3x 
0
machine. A function machine illustrates what it does
1 0 0   2  0 with the input.
1
 12  3 1  02  3  0   1  3  4 Double the Square root Output (z)
0
Input (x)
Ex. The average value of alternating current I=I0sint input and of
add three the input
 
in time interval  0,  is Which of the following statements are correct ?
 
(A) y=2x+3 (B) y=2(x+3)
2I 0
(A) (B) 2I0 (C) z  2 x  3 (D) z  2  x  3 

Sol. (C)
4I 0 I0
(C) (D)
  GRAPH OF A FUNCTION
Sol. (A) Graph is diagrammatic representation of a function
/ and allows us to visualize it.To plot a graph the
 Idt

/
  I 0   cos t  
/  dependant variable (here y) is usually taken on the
ordinate and the independent variable (here x) on
I av    I 0 sin tdt  
0

    0 the abscissa.
0 0
 Ex. Consider a body moving with constant speed of 2
 I0 I 2I m/s in a straight line. When you start your
  cos   cos 0   0  1  1  0 stopwatch, you observe the body 1 m away from a
   
fixed point on the line. Suggest suitable physical
quantities, write a function and draw its graph
SECTION [E] describing motion of the body.
FUNCTION AND GRAPH Sol. Distance x of the body from the given fixed point
and time t measured by the stopwatch are the
FUNCTION suitable variables. If we consider the fixed point as
Physics involves study of natural phenomena and the origin, distance x is known as the position
describes them in terms of several physical coordinate of the body.
quantities. A mathematical formulation of In the following figure it is shown that the body is
interdependence of these physical quantities is on point A at the instant t = 0 and after a time t it
necessary for a concise and precise description of

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 Basic Maths

reaches another point B covering a distance, which

equals to product of speed and time interval. Thus,
distance s covered by the body in time t is given by
the following equation.
s = 2t

A s=2t B
O
x=0 x0=1 x=1+2s
t=0 t
y2  y1 y
Slope of a line m   = slope of tangent
x2  x1 x
Position coordinate x(m)

When the x and the y axes are scaled identically,

slope equals to tangent of the angle, which line
makes with the positive x-axis.
m = tan
Sometimes the slope is also called gradient and
expressed by the term “y in l’” where l is the

Time(s)
With the help of the above figure, position coordinate
x of the body at any time t is given by the following
equation, which is the required function describing
motion of the body.
x = 2t + 1
Graph of this equation is also shown in the adjoining
figure.
GRAPHS OF SOME COMMONLY USED
FUNCTIONS
Linear, parabolic, trigonometric and exponential
functions are the most common in use.
(i) Straight line Equation and its Graph
When the dependant variable y varies linearly with
the independent variable x, the relationship between
them is represented by a linear equation of the type INTERCEPT
given below. The equation is also shown in graph
by an arbitrary line.
Ex.
y= mx + c
Here m & c are known as slope of the line and Sol.
intercept on the y-axis, respectively.
Slope
Slope of a line is a quantitative measure to express
the inclination of the line. It is expressed by ratio of
change in ordinate to change in abscissa.
 x    y  .
2 2
length along the line l 
It is positive if y increases with increase in x,
negative if y decreases with increase in x, zero if y
remains unchanged with change in x and infinite if
y changes but x remains unchanged. For these cases
the line is inclined up, inclined down, parallel to x-
axis and parallel to y-axis respectively as shown in
the adjoining figure by lines A, B, C and D
respectively.
y
D
B A
C
-x x
-y
It equals to the value of ordinate y, where the line
cuts the y-axis. It may be positive, negative or zero
for lines crossing the positive y-axis, negative y-
axis and passing through the origin respectively.
A variable y increases from y1 = 2 to y2 = 8 linearly
with another variable x in the interval x1 = 0 to x2 =
10. Express y as function of x and draw its graph.
Linear variation is represented by a linear equation
of the form y=mx+c. To represent the function on
graph we have to join two points whose coordinates
are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) i.e. (0, 2) and (10, 8).
y2  y1 8  2 3
Slope of the line is m   
x2  x1 10  0 5

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 Basic Maths

y Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the

maximum magnitude of y.
y
a

-a
/2
x
In the adjoining figure graph of a sine function is
shown, which has amplitude a units.
From the graph, intercept is c=2. Now the required Cosine Function y = a cos x
Here, a is known as the amplitude and equals to the
3
equation is y  x2 maximum magnitude of y. In the adjoining figure
5 graph of a cosine function is shown, which has
Ex. Frequency f of a simple pendulum depends on its amplitude a units.
length l and acceleration g due to gravity according (iii) Exponential function and its graph
1 g Behavior of several physical phenomena is
to the following equation f  described by exponential function to the base
2 l
e. Here e is known as Euler’s Number. e =
Graph between which of the following quantities is 2.718218
a straight line? y
(A) f on the ordinate and l on the abscissa a
(B) f on the ordinate and  on the abscissa
(C) f2 on the ordinate and l on the abscissa
(D) f2 on the ordinate and 1/ on the abscissa y=ae—x
Ans. (D)
(ii) Parabola equation and its graph x
A function of the form y=ax +bx+c is known as
2 Most commonly used exponential function has
parabola. the form y=ae–x. In the adjoining figure graph
The simplest parabola has the form y=ax2. of this function is shown.
Ex.
y y
3

-1

-x x (A) y = 3 – e–x (B) y = 1 – 4e–x

(C) y = 1 – 3e–x (D) y = 3 – 4e–x
Its graph is shown in the following figure. Sol. (D)
GRAPH OF SOME TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS Shift the curve (–4e–x) in positive y-direction by 3
units.
Among all the trigonometric functions, sinusoidal (iv) Circle and Ellipse
function, x2 y2
Circle : x2 + y2 = a2 Ellipse :  1
y
a 2 b2
a
y
y
x

-a a
/2 b
which includes sine and cosine both is most x
(0,0) a x
common in use. (0,0) a

Sine Function y = a sin x

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