SUBJECT Practical Research 2 (PR2) 2.

esearch 2 (PR2) 2. An online seller would like to know whether the indication of price on Facebook posts will attract consumers
QUARTER/WEEK Quarter 1 Week 3 more. He posted 50 products for sale on Facebook market, 25 of which he indicated the price while the remaining 25
TOPIC The Variables in Research products, did not have prices. Buyers were just instructed to send him a personal message (pm) if they want to know
NAME OF the price. He then identified which products have greater sales.
STUDENT Independent variable: _______________________________________________________________________
STRAND & Dependent variable:_________________________________________________________________________
SECTION
3. A housewife wanted to know which soil is best for her pechay plants: the soil purchased from an online seller, soil
DISCUSSION from her backyard compost or the soil underneath the nearby bamboo tree. She planted 30 pechay seeds into each
soil source and then compared the growth of pechay after a month.
A variable specifically refers to characteristics, or attribute of an individual or an organization that can be measured Independent variable: _______________________________________________________________________
or observed and that varies among the people or organization being studied. Dependent variable:_________________________________________________________________________

Kinds of Variables B. Classify the variables listed inside the box as to the correct type of variables column.

1. Independent Variables- variables that cause, influence, or affect outcomes 2.

Dependent Variables- depend on the independent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of the Daily Allowance Position in Class Organization
independent variables Availability of Internet Connection Cellphone Brand Time
independent dependent Height Temperature Cellphone
Example: A number Test Score Class rank in the honor roll
study is on the relationship of tardiness and academic performance of senior high school HUMSS students.

Types of Variables
NUMERIC CATEGORICAL
I. Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables, are the type of variables used in quantitative research
because they are numeric and can be measured. Under this category are discrete and continuous variables.
A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative values or values between fixed points.
For example: number of students in a class, group size and frequency. B. Continuous variables take
fractional (non-whole number) values that can either be a positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature.

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely: A. Interval

are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between consecutive values are equal and meaningful but
the numbers are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 degrees and 37 degrees is the same as between
100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point does not suggest the absence of a property being measured.
Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the melting point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be
year and IQ score.
B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval. The only difference is the presence of a true zero value. The zero point in C. Explain briefly what is being asked for.
this scale indicates the absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are age, height, weight and distance. 1. How important is it for the researcher to identify the type of variables used in the study?
II. Qualitative Variables also referred to as Categorical Variables are not expressed in numbers but are descriptions _____________________________________________________________________________________________
or categories. It can be further divided into dichotomous, nominal or ordinal. A. Dichotomous _____________________________________________________________________________________________
variable consists of only two distinct categories or values, for example, a response to a question either be a yes or _____________________________________________________________________________________________
no. B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of 2. How does confounding variable affect the validity of the study?
subjects. In here, you may have more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball player’s _____________________________________________________________________________________________
number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better than player _____________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Other examples are blood type, hair color and mode of transportation. C. _____________________________________________________________________________________________
Ordinal variable, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is ranked in a certain order. This variable can have a
qualitative or quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as choices like
1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral,
disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify
Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors). SUBJECT Practical Research 2 (PR2)
QUARTER/WEEK Quarter 1 Week 4
LEARNING ACTIVITIES TOPIC Designing Research Topic
A. Identify the Independent and Dependent variable/s in each of the following situations. NAME OF
STUDENT
1. Three groups of students were placed in a classroom with controlled room temperatures of 18°C, 20°C, 25°C. The STRAND &
math exam scores of the students were then taken and compared to the other groups. SECTION
Independent variable: _______________________________________________________________________
Dependent variable:_________________________________________________________________________ DISCUSSION
Choosing a topic must undergo proper and thorough planning and designing. The four basic steps in designing a Current Issue/ Event in your field of interest or field of expertise.
research topic are the following: (1) choose a broad topic, (2) do preliminary research, (3) define the problem, and
(4) refine the question. Guided with these steps, a student researcher can certainly jumpstart a quantitative research ___________________________________________________________
project.

Basic Guidelines in Making a Research Title

1. Use an accurate description of the subject and scope of the study instead of using general terms. Independent Variable: Dependent Variable:
2. Do not use abbreviations except for commonly known ones like DNA and ICT. 3. Do
not include words like “The study of,” “Analysis of,” “An investigation of” or similar construction as these would
only lengthen the title. 4. Include the main dependent and
independent variables. 5. Be mindful of the proper use of grammar
and punctuation. 6. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives,
adverbs as well as the first letter of the first and last words.
7. State in a declarative form, although you may also see titles in question form from time to time. 8.
The year the study has been conducted should not be indicated unless it is a historical study. 9. Use current
terminology. 10. Depending on the
institutional requirements, 5 to15 words are sufficient to describe the research study. Research Design Type:
11. Use the common name instead of chemical formula (e.g., Ammonium instead of NH4) 12. Write
and italicize full scientific names. 13. Make sure
to reflect the tone of the paper. An academic research paper has title which is not casual, or informal, or does not
contain humor.

The following steps can guide you in writing your research title:

1. Determine what it is that you wish to accomplish or know from your study. Write one to two sentences to state the
main objectives of your research project. 2. Include important Research Tool:
keywords and variables. Revise the sentences into one complete sentence that includes important keywords and
variables of the study. 3. Shorten the title by eliminating
unnecessary words. You may also shrink a phrase into a simpler phrase or a single word. In doing this, make sure
that the main thought of the research study is retained.
4. Correct grammar and punctuation errors if there is any. 5.
Observe proper formatting. The format may vary according to the requirements of the course or school.

LEARNING ACTIVITIES

A. Take time to identify the things that matters most to you by filling out the following information: Working Research Title:
1. My chosen SHS track is: ____________________________________________.
2. The top three things that I excel doing are _________________________, ________________________ and
________________________________
3. The top five (5) things that make me happy are _____________________ , ______________________,
_____________________, __________________________, and __________________________.
4. The three things that I find interesting are _____________, ______________ and ________________.

B. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if it is incorrect.

_____________1. Inserting humor on the research title makes it more interesting to the reader. _____________2.
Abbreviations are a must to make the research title shorter. _____________3. Proper punctuation
and correct grammar must be observed in writing the title. _____________4. All types of quantitative research
design must include the independent and dependent variables in the title.
_____________5. Jargons make a research title more sophisticated. _____________6.
Only the first letters of nouns and pronouns are capitalized. _____________7. To
minimize the number of characters in the title, only use the chemical formula than generic names.
_____________8. Use declarative format in writing the research title. _____________9.
To make it more specific, the year must be included in the title. _____________10. Using obsolete
terms do not matter in writing the title.

C. Choose one topic/ issue you want to study. Identify the following concepts being asked on the graphic organizer
below to come up with a Research Title.