PRACTICAL

12 RESEARCH 2
Quarter 1

LEARNER’S MATERIAL
 Module

TLE Grade 11
1
PIVOT IV-A Learner’s Material
Quarter 1 Module 1 WEEK
First Edition, 2020
2

GRADE 12
Practical Research 2

Development Team of the Module

Author:
Editor:
Reviewer:
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team:

1
I What I need to know?

In this lesson, you will learn how to demonstrate understanding on the na-
ture of variables and to differentiates kinds of variable and their uses .

Activity #1 PRE-TEST QUESTIONS:

IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your
answer after the statement. Choose your answer from the box below.
VARIABLE DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT
CONTROL CONTINUOUS INTERVENING
CONFOUNDING INTERVAL NOMINAL
ORDINAL RATIO ABSTRACT

1. It refers to the characteristics that have two or more mutually exclusive

values or properties. _____________
2. Variables that represent categories that cannot be ordered in any partic-
ular way. ________________
3. Special kind of independent variables that are measured in a study be-
cause they potentially influence the dependent variable. _____________
4. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers when there is an absolute zero, as opposed to net worth, which
can have a negative debt-to-income ratio-level variable. ___________
5. Kind of variable that are not actually measured or observed in a study.
They exist but their influence cannot be directly detected in a study. ____

6. It “stands between” the independent and dependent variables, and they show
the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. _______
7. Variables that represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to
smallest.___________
8. Kind of variable that probably cause, influence, or effect outcomes. They are
variably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables. ___
9. Variables that depend on independent variables; they are the outcomes or re-
sults of the influence of the independent variable.
10. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers.
______

NOTE:
Ilagay ang kahon na may kulay kapag hinhayaan ang mag-
aaral na sumagot sa sagutang papel

2
 I What is new?

Activity 2: SORT IT!

Directions: Categorize the following words in the box. Write your answer in the
table
Male First teacher doctor
Small engineer Medium Second
third nurse Female Large

Write the catego-

ries here
Write the words
here

Discussion Questions:

How do you feel while doing the activity?

What are the categories you write on the table?
Do you think the words you write fit to the category?
Are the words under each category can be counted?
Are the words under each category can be the source of quantitative data?

3
D What I know?

Activity 3: Image Intensifier

Think about this title of the reading material that you will soon read: Variables.
What comes to your mind upon hearing this word? Ask questions to express your
curiosity about this word.
1. ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2._______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

3._______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

4._______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

5._______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________

4
 D What is in?

Activity 4: Take it off

Directions: Read the research report below. Identify the variables used in the
research and the corresponding quantitative data gathered under that variable
then answer the discussion questions.

Title: THE AWARENESS AND PARTICIPATION OF GRADE 11 AND 12

STUDENTS OF CAINTA SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL TO THE VERBAL BULLYING
Researchers: Bautista, Anne Nicole A., Bautista, Homer R., Belen, Mica
Dion H. Bueno, Jhonroe E., Campaña, Bea Zhannen M., Go, Jenny Phi.
S.Y. 2019-2020

This study identified the level of awareness and participation of the Grade 11
and 12 students of Cainta Senior High School to the verbal bullying. In terms of
profile, most of the respondents are 18 years old and above which is 46% of the
sample. I n terms of gender, most of the respondents are female which is 55% of
the total sample. This study also considered the tracks where the students belong
which are Academic and TVL. Students respondents came from different strands
selected randomly.

VARIABLE QUANTITATIVE DATA

Discussion Questions
What are the variables you found in the research report?
What are the quantitative data under each variable?
What kind of variables you found in the research report?
___________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

5
D What is it?

TYPES OF VARIABLES (ALLEN,TITSWORTH, HUNT, 2009)

nesses of Quantitative Research

1. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES – A variable that can take infinite number on

the value that can occur within the population. Its values can be divided into
fractions. Examples of this type of variable include age, height, and temperature.
Continuous variables can be further categorized as:

A. INTERVAL VARIABLES – It have values that lie along an evenly

dispersed range of numbers. It is a measurement where the differ-
ence between two values does have meaning. Examples of interval
data include temperature, a person’s net worth (how much money you
have when you subtract your debt from your assets), etc. In tempera-
ture, this may illustrate as the difference between a temperature of
60 degrees and 50 degrees is the same as difference between 30
degrees and 20 degrees. The interval between values makes sense
and can be interpreted.

B. RATIO VARIABLES – It have values that lie along an evenly dis-

persed range of numbers when there is absolute zero. It possesses
the properties of interval variable and has a clear definition of zero,
indication that there is none of that variable. Examples of which are
height, weight, and distance. Most scores stemming from response
to survey items are ratio-level values because they typically cannot
go below zero. Temperature measured in degrees Celsius and de-
grees Fahrenheit is not a ratio variable because 0 under these tem-
peratures scales does not mean no temperature at all.

2. DISCRETE VARIABLES – This is also known as categorical or classifica-

tory variable. This is any variable that has limited number of distinct values and
which cannot be divided into fractions like sex, blood group, and number of chil-
dren in family. Discrete variable may also categorized into:

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D What is it?

TYPES OF VARIABLES (ALLEN,TITSWORTH, HUNT, 2009)

A. NOMINAL VARIABLE – It represent categories that cannot be

ordered in any particular way. It is a variable with no quantitative val-
ue. It has two or more categories but does not imply ordering of cases.
Common examples of this variable include eye color, business type,
religion, biological sex, political affiliation, basketball fan affiliation, etc. A
sub-type of nominal scale with only two categories just like sex is
known as dichotomous.

B. ORDINAL VARIABLE – It represent categories that can be or-

dered from greatest to smallest. This variable has two or more cate-
gories which can be ranked. Examples of ordinal variable include edu-
cation level, income brackets, etc. An illustration of this is, if you asked
people if they liked listening to music while studying and they could
answer either “NOT VERY MUCH”, “MUCH”, “VERY MUCH” then
you have an ordinal variable. While you can rank them, we cannot
place a value to them. In this type, distances between attributes do not
have any meaning. For example, you used educational attainment as a
variable on survey, you might code elementary school graduates = 1,
high graduates = 2, college undergraduate = 3, and college graduate
= 4. In this measure, higher number means greater education. Even
though we can rank these from lowest to highest, the spacing between
the values may not be the same across the levels of the variables.
The distance between 3 and 4 is not the same with the distance be-
tween 1 and 2.

7
D What is it?

KINDS OF VARIABLES

Several experts have lumped together the following as the major kinds of
variables:

1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES – Those that probably cause, influ-

ence, or affect outcomes. They are invariably called treatment, manipu-
lated, antecedent or predictor variables. This is the cause variable or the
one responsible for the conditions that act on something else to bring
about changes.

EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship of study habits and academ-

ic performance of UTNHS senior high school students. STUDY
HABITS is the independent variable because it influenced the out-
come or the performance of the students.

2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independ-

ent variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of the
independent variable. That is why it is also called outcome variable.

EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship of study habits and academ-

ic performance of UTNHS senior high school students. ACADEM-
IC PERFORMANCE is the dependent variable because it is depend-
ing on the study habits of the students; if the students change their
study habit the academic performance also change.

3. INTERVENING OR MEDLING VARIABLES – Variables that

“stand between” the independent and dependent variables, and they
show the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

EXAMPLE: Consider the given below. Even if farm production is good, if

the attitude towards payment is negative, loan repayment would be low,
whereas, if the attitude towards repayment is positive or favorable, loan
repayment would be high.

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D What is it?

KINDS OF VARIABLES

4. CONTROL VARIABLES – A special types of independent variables that

are measured in the study because they potentially influence the dependent
variable. Researchers use statistical procedures (e.g. analysis of covariance) to
control these variables. They may be demographic or personal variables that
need to be “controlled” so that the true influence of the independent variable on
the dependent variable can be determined.

5. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES – Variables that are not actually meas-

ured or observed in a study. They exist but their influence cannot be directly de-
tected in a study. Researchers comment on the influence of confounding varia-
bles after the study has been completed, because these variables may have op-
erated to explain the relationship between the independent variables and de-
pendent variable, but they were not or could not be easily assessed.

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E What is more?

Activity # 5 “On the Grid “

Directions: Complete the grid by filling out each box with the definition, example,
and uses of each kind of variables.

VARIABLE DEFINITION EXAMPLE USES

1. Dependent

2.Independent

3.Intervening

4. Control

5. Confound-
ing

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 E What I can do?

Activity 6: TO WRAP IT UP

Answer the following questions as you reflect on what you have learned from this
lesson
1. What is a variable?
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

2. What is the difference between discreet and continuous variable?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

3. What are the different kinds of variable?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

4. What is the importance of variables in choosing your research topic?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

5. Give at least 3 variables that can be used in research topic:

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

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 E What else can I do?

Activity 7: Groupie (Group Work)

Directions: With your research groupmates, write your propose research topics in
the table. Enumerate the possible variables that you will consider in your study
then identify its type and kind. Your output will be graded using the rubric below.
Example:
Topic
A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF STUDY HABITS AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF
ONE CAINTA COLLEGE STUDENTS.
Variables Type Kind
Study Habits Discrete Independent
Academic Performance Discrete Dependent

VARIABLES
Topic 1

Variables Type Kind

Topic 2

Variables Type Kind

Topic 3

Variables Type Kind

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E What else can I do?

CRITERIA Points
Identified the variables in the pro-
4
posed topics correctly
Identified the type/kind of variable
4
in the proposed topics correctly
Proposed 3 topics with identified
2
variables
TOTAL 10

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A What I have learned?

Activity #8 POST TEST QUESTIONS:

IDENTIFICATION. Identify what is being asked in each number. Write your
answer after the statement. Choose your answer from the box bel
VARIABLE DEPENDENT INDEPENDENT
CONTROL CONTINUOUS INTERVENING
CONFOUNDING INTERVAL NOMINAL
ORDINAL RATIO ABSTRACT

1. t refers to the characteristics that have two or more mutually exclusive

values or properties. _____________
2. Variables that represent categories that cannot be ordered in any partic-
ular way. ________________
3. Special kind of independent variables that are measured in a study be-
cause they potentially influence the dependent variable. _____________
4. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of
numbers when there is an absolute zero, as opposed to net worth, which
can have a negative debt-to-income ratio-level variable. ___________
5. Kind of variable that are not actually measured or observed in a study.
They exist but their influence cannot be directly detected in a study. ____

6. It “stands between” the independent and dependent variables, and they show
the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable. _______
7. Variables that represent categories that can be ordered from greatest to
smallest.___________
8. Kind of variable that probably cause, influence, or effect outcomes. They are
variably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent or predictor variables. ___
9. Variables that depend on independent variables; they are the outcomes or re-
sults of the influence of the independent variable.
10. Variables that have values that lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers.
______

14
A What I can achieve?

Activity # 9: Test your DETERMINATION

Directions: Determine if what type of variable are the following. Write I if the varia-
ble is Interval, N if Nominal, R if Ratio and O if Ordinal.

_________1. Military Title

_________2.Temperature in degree Celsius
_________3. Birthplace
_________4. Year Level
_________5. Favorite Type of Music
_________6. Clothing such as hat, shirt, shoes
_________7. A score in 5- item quiz in Math
_________8. Feeling for today
_________9. Means of Transportation
_________10. How internet is used at home
_________11. Freshman, Sophomore
_________12. Person’s net worth
_________13. Male or female
_________14 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
_________15. Political Affiliation

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 Answer

Activity# 1–

1. Variable 6. Intervening
2. Ordinal 7. Ordinal
3. Control 8. Independent
4. Ratio 9. Dependent
5.Confounding 10. Ratio

Activity# 2– Answers vary

Activity# 3– Answers vary
Activity# 4– Answers vary
Activity# 5– Answers vary
Activity# 6– Answers vary
Activity# 7– Answers vary
Activity# 8– Answers vary

1. Variable 6. Intervening
2. Ordinal 7. Ordinal
3. Control 8. Independent
4. Ratio 9. Dependent
5.Confounding 10. Ratio

Activity# 9

1. Ordinal 6. Nominal 11. Ordinal

2. Ratio 7. Interval 12. Interval
3. Nominal 8. Nominal 13. Nominal
4. Ordinal 9. Nominal 14. Ordinal
5. Nominal 10. Nominal 15.Nominal

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 Reference

Baraceros, Esther L. Practical Research 2, First Edition, Rex Book Store, Inc.
(RBSI) 856 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila , 2016.
Roy A. Discutido. IDEA Exemplar, Cainta Senior High School, Cainta, 2020. Un
published.

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