SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
Quarter 1—Week 2
Illustrates the Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-2)
Differentiates Kinds of Variables and Their Uses
(CS_RS12-Ia-c-3)
 Ready to Launch!
In this module you will know the different kinds of variables and importance
of qualitative research in everyday life. People do research to provide solutions to
problems, improve the current situation or test new hypothesis. These research find-
ings or results could be used to improve people’s daily lives.

Quantitative utilizes mathematical methods in investigation of phenomena. It

uses variables as units of analysis. These variables refers to attributes or characteristics
that can be observed and measured that varies from sample of population being stud-
ied.

Aim at the Target!

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Understand the importance of quantitative research
across fields.
 The nature of variables
Know the different kinds of variables and their usage

Try This!

Task 1. Think of a thing (invention/product/food/etc) from your home that

you think is a very useful product of research. Draw in you answer sheet and
provide an explanation of why do you think it’s an amazing research prod-
uct.
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________

_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
 Keep This in Mind!
The person/subject we collect data on is called an OBSERVATION. If a CHARAC-
TERISTIC of an OBSERVATION ( subject) is the same for every member of the group or does
not vary, it is called a CONSTANT. If a CHARACTERISTIC of an OBSERVATION differs for
group members, it is called a VARIABLE. In research, you should be interested in VARIABLES
than the CONSTANTS.
QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES are the ones that exist along a continuum that runs
from low to high. Examples of these are:

 Ordinal—A scale that “measures” in terms of such values as “more” or “less,” “larger” or
“smaller,” but without specifying the size of the intervals (i.e., 78%ior fifth place). Can be
used for determining the mode, percentage, chi-square, median, percentile rank, or rank
correlation.
 Interval—A scale that measures in terms of equal intervals or degrees of difference, but
whose zero points, or point of beginning is arbitrarily established (i.e., 32 degrees Fahren-
heit). Can be used for determining the mode, the mean, the standard deviation, the t-test,
the F test, and the product-moment correlation.
 Ratio- A scale that measures in terms of equal intervals and has an absolute zero point of
origin (i.e., 72 inches tall). Can be used for determining the geometric mean, the harmonic
mean, the percent variation, and all other statistical determinations.

QUALITATIVE VARIABLES do not express differences in the amount, only differ-

ences. They are sometimes referred to as CATEGORICAL variables because they classify by
categories.
 Nominal—A scale in which the numbers serve as labels rather than have numeric value
(i.e., 1=male; 2=female). Can be used for determining the mode, the percentage values, or
the chi-square.

Variables have different purposes or roles….

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (Experimental, Manipulated, Treatment, Grouping) is the

factor that is manipulated or selected by the researcher to determine its relationship to an ob-
served phenomenon. It can also be a classification where subjects are assigned to groups. In
research where one factor causes the other, the independent variable is the cause. In a study
where the groups are being compared, the independent variable is the group classification.
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (Outcome) is the factor that is observed and measured to
determine the effect of the independent variable. It is the outcome of the study. In an experi-
ment, it may be what was caused or what changed as a result of an intervention.
MODERATE VARIABLE is the factor that is measured, manipulated, or selected by the
researcher to discover whether it modifies the relationship of the independent variable to an
observed phenomenon. It is a special type of independent variable.
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE– The factors which cannot be controlled.
Task 2. In your answer sheet, identify the INDEPENDENT and DEPENDENT VARIABLE in
each scenario.

SCENARIO INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT

VARIABLE VARIABLE
1. JR sleeps 10 hours the night before Hours of sleep Scores
his exam. His twin sister has the
same exam and sleeps 4 hours the
night before the exam. Afterwards,
they compare their scores.
2. Nadine planted monggo seeds in 2
pots. She places one pot in a shaded
area, then the other one in a sunny
area. After 2 weeks she measured the
growth in length of the monggo
seeds.
3. TVL and ACADEMIC learners’ ac-
ademic performance were compared
last semester.
4. Level of Satisfaction of ONHS
learners to Canteen Services when
grouped according to sex.
5. Grade 11 and 12 Learners’ Level of
Satisfaction in Online Shopping.
 Research is important because it PROVIDES A SCIENTIFIC
BASIS for any practice in any field. It is also vital in continu-
ous development in any field.

Research provides a SOLUTION TO PROBLEMS and eval-

uates other approaches to educational aspects of any disci-
pline

The person/subject we collect data on is called an OBSERVA-

TION. If a CHARACTERISTIC of an OBSERVATION ( subject)
is the same for every member of the group or does not vary, it is
called a CONSTANT. If a CHARACTERISTIC of an OBSERVA-
TION differs for group members, it is called a VARIABLE. In re-
search, you should be interested in VARIABLES than the CON-

2 Types of Research Variables:

1. QUANTITATIVE
A. Ordinal— mode, percentage, chi-square, median, percentile
rank, or rank correlation
B. Interval– mode, mean, standard deviation. t-test, F test, and
product-moment correlation
C. Ratio– geometric mean, harmonic mean percent variation,
and all other statistical determinations.
2. QUALITATIVE
A. Nominal– labels, percentages values, or chi-square

Variables have different purposes or roles…

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE– the factor which is manipulated or selected by
the researcher
DEPENDENT VARIABLE— the is observed and measured to determine the
effect of the independent variable
MODERATE VARIABLE— a factor which is measured by the researcher to
discover whether it modifies the relationship of the independent variable to an
observed phenomenon
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE– factors that cannot be controlled.
 Reflect

Task 4. Make your official hashtag for this module. Write your hashtag by completing
the statement.

__________________________________________________________________

I wrote this hashtag because…

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Reinforcement & Enrichment

Task 5. Write the topic/title you want to work with and identify your variables in
your answer sheet.

TITLE:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Plus Points: Moderate/Extraneous Variable

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
 Assess Your Learning

MULTIPLE CHOICE. ENCIRCLE THE LETTER OF THE BEST ANSWER.

1. Why is research important?
A. It provides estimate basis for any practice in any field
B. It is undertaken for continuous development and further productivity
C. It creates a problem to be more complicated
D. It does not promote the pursuit of knowledge
2. Which of the following statement is not correct?
A. Research impacts decision making
B. Research develops and evaluates alternative approaches to educational aspects of
any discipline
C. The research aims to advance the personal and professional qualifications of a prac-
titioner
D.None of the above
3. Which of the following examples shows that research could provide solution/s to problem/
s?
A. The Rich Culture of Lumad in Mindanao
B. Prevalence of Tuberculosis in the Province of Antique
C. Stem Cell Therapy for Cancer Treatment
D. Causes and Effects of Increasing Gasoline Price in the Philippines
4-5. Catherine conducted an experiment. She observed the growth of monggo plant when sub-
jected to different lighting conditions (without sunlight and with sunlight).
4. What is /are the independent variable/s?
A. growth of monggo plant C. Without sunlight
B. With sunlight D.. without sunlight and with sunlight
5. What is/are the dependent variable/s?
A. growth of monggo plant C. Without sunlight
B. With sunlight D.. without sunlight and with sunlight

References & Photo Credits

Cristobal AP Jr. and De la Cruz-Cristobal M C. 2017. Practical Research for Senior High School
1. C&E Publishing, Inc.
Siegel, D. 2020. UCCON. University of Connecticut. Neag School of Education. Retrieved from
https://researchbasics.education.uconn.edu/. Retrieved on July 18, 2020.
Google Images https://www.google.com/search?q=specific%20measurable%20attainable%
20realistic%20time%