Human Behavior and Crisis Management (CRIMSOC 2)

Definition of Terms

• Automatic Cues or Fixed Action Responses - these are responses that are usually found or used among
animals when you instruct them to do something.

* For example, in an animal show, animal trainers use a whistle to elicit a specific response from an
animal.

•Antisocial Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standingpattern of a disregard for other

people’s rights, often crossing theline and violating those rights. It usually begins in childhood oras a
teen and continues into their adult lives.

•Anxiety - a feeling of worry, nervousness, or unease about something with an uncertain outcome.

•Apathy - lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern.

•Avoidant Personality Disorder - experience long-standing feelings ofinadequacy and are extremely
sensitive to what others think about

them. These feelings of inadequacy leads to the person to be sociallyinhibited and feel socially inept.
Because of these feelings ofinadequacy and inhibition, the person with avoidant personalitydisorder will
seek to avoid work, school and any activities thatinvolve socializing or interacting with others.

•Borderline Personality Disorder - (BPD) is a pervasive pattern ofinstability in interpersonal

relationships, self-image and emotions.

People with borderline personality disorder are also usually veryimpulsive, oftentimes demonstrating
self-injurious behaviours (risky

sexual behaviours, cutting, suicide attempts).

•Compulsion - A sudden and irresistible force compelling a person to do some action.

Conditions and Factors that surrounds and influences an individualthat can cause certain behaviour
patterns.

1. Environment

2. Society

3. Heredity

4. Learning

• Counter-Surveillance - any method either physical or technicalemployed by the offender(s) to detect

Law Enforcement involvementor the use of surveillance.

• Courier - the person(s) delivering the concessions(s), which, purports to be, that being demanded by
the offenders.

• Criminal Behaviour - is intentional behaviour that violates a criminalcode; intentional in that it did not
occurs accidentally or under duress.

• Criminal Psychiatry - a branch of psychiatry that deals with theevaluations, prevention and cure of
criminal behaviour.

• Criminal Psychology - a branch of psychology that deals with the studyof behaviour and mental
processes of the criminal.

• Criminal Siege - is a result of a perpetration of crime that went wrong and the criminals were trapped
or cornered by law enforcers. Inmany cases, hostage taking is violent and unplanned.
• Criminal Sociology - a branch of sociology that studies about thecriminal and to its relation to the
social structure of organizationof society as well the process on how the criminal learn the
behaviour,both criminal and non-criminal.

• Crisis - Any situation that is threatening or could threaten to harm people or property, seriously
interrupt operations, damage reputationand/or negatively impact the bottom line.

• Crisis Intervention - focuses on studying an individual’s life inorder to defuse the destructive effects of
the unusual stress beingexperienced, and then assisting the individual in crisis to go backto his or her
normal condition before the crisis.

• Crisis Management - is the expert handling of a situation to reduce oreliminate danger or destruction.

• Crisis Negotiation - the use of communication techniques and strategiesto influence a person to
change his/her behaviour in accordance withgoals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.

Crisis Negotiation - the use of communication techniques and strategiesto influence a person to change
his/her behaviour in accordance with goals within legal, ethical and moral constraints.

* Crisis Negotiation Team – Composition

1. Primary Negotiator - actually communicates with the subject.

2. Secondary Negotiator - (Backup) assists the primary negotiatorby offering advice, monitoring the
negotiations, keepingnotes, and ensuring that the Primary Negotiator sees andhears everything in the
proper perspective.
3. Intelligence Liaison/Recorder - interviews individualsassociated with the suspect to compile a criminal
historyand a history of mental illness, as well as to gather otherrelevant information. He is also in charge
of the recordingsof all conversations.

4. Negotiation Team Leader - the most senior member of the teamact as a leader. His primary
responsibility is to act as abuffer between command personnel and the Negotiation Team.He/She
advises the Incident/On-Scene Commander on the bestnegotiating strategies and co-ordinates the
process with theSWAT and the forward command resources.

5. Board Negotiator - he/she maintains a visual display of all information relevant to the negotiations,
i.e. deadlines,demands and details of persons known to be in the stronghold.

• Deadlock - means no deal and no agreement—in other words, failure ofthe negotiation.

• Debriefing - shall be conducted after each positive police action toevaluate and study operational
lapses. Proper assessment of the

situation is an important key to a successful operation duringhostage-taking scenarios. Debriefing also

assists in determining and

establishing best practice.

• Delusion - is a belief held with strong conviction despite superior evidence to the contrary.

• Dependent Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standingneed for the person to be taken

care of and a fear of being abandonedor separated from important individuals in his or her life.
Thisleads the person to engage in dependent and submissive behavioursthat are designed to elicit care-
giving behaviours in others. Thedependent behaviour may be see as being “clingy” or “clinging on”

to others, because the person fears they can’t live their liveswithout the help of others.

• Depressive and Suicidal - is an individual who has no contact withreality. He/She is

characterized by the following:

a. Irritable depressed mood

b. Diminished interests

c. Weight loss and fatigue

d. Insomnia or hypersomnia

e. Psychomotor agitation or retardation

f. Feeling of worthlessness and guilt

g. Lack of concentration

h. Thoughts of death.

• Deviant Behaviour - a behaviour that deviates from the norms andstandards of the society. It is not
criminal behaviour but it has the tendency to become abnormal behaviour, it will becomecriminals
when it violates the provision of the criminal law.

• Empathy - is the ability to understand and share the feelings ofanother. It is where the negotiator tries
to perceive theemotional state or condition of the subject and feedback aresponse that demonstrates
his/her understanding of the

subject.

• Hematophobia - an abnormal and persistent fear of blood.

• Histrionic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standingpattern of attention seeking

behaviour and extreme emotionality.Someone with histrionic personality disorder wants to be the
centerof attention in any group of people, and feel uncomfortable when theyare not. While often lively,
interesting and sometimes dramatic, they have difficulty when people aren’t focused exclusively on
them.

• Hostage - an individual who has been held by the perpetrators againsthis/her will.
• Hostage-taker(s) - an individual or group of person who hold anotherperson(s) against his/her/their
will as bargaining chips for purposesof demanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting
anypolice action, or pursuing personal interest or that of the generalpublic.

•.Hostage Taking - is a situation that set of circumstances wherein asuspected law violator is holding a
person in captive by the use of

force or threat of violence.

• Hot Debrief - short debriefing conducted by negotiating team prior toturn over to another set of
negotiating team.

• Human Behaviour - is refers to the manner, the way in which a human react to his environment.

• Illusion - is a distortion of the senses, revealing how the brainnormally organizes and interprets
sensory stimulation. Though illusions distort reality, they are generally shared by most people.

• Impulsion - a strong urge to do something.

Incident/On-Scene Commander - the senior officer in command of theincident.

• Inside Agent - a person who is in any advantageous position (e.g.employed by the victim or victim’s
organization) which allows themto gather intelligence or carry out counter surveillance on behalfof the
offenders.

• Kidnapper(s) - an individual or group of persons who kidnapped or held another person against his/her
will as bargaining chips for purposes ofdemanding certain amount of money, self-protection, thwarting
anypolice action, or pursuing personal interest.

• Learned - an operant behaviour which involves cognitive adaptation thatenhances the human being’s
ability to cope with changes in theenvironment and to manipulate the environment.
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder - is characterized by a long-standingpattern of grandiosity (either in
fantasy or actual behaviour), anoverwhelming need for admiration, and usually a complete lack
ofempathytoward others. People with this disorder often believe they are ofprimary importance in
everybody’s life or to anyone they meet.

• Negotiation - to communicate on a matter of disagreement between twoparties, with a view to first

listen to the other party’s perspective

and then attempt to arrive at a resolution agreed by consensus.

• Negotiator - a trained PNP personnel or any person authorized by theIncident/On-Scene Commander

to negotiate for and in behalf of the police.

• Neighbourhood Check – the process of getting information from a personwho knew the victim
particularly in the neighbourhood with thepurpose of obtaining material information about the victim
andprobable suspect.

• Obsession - an idea or thought that continually preoccupies or intrudes on a

person's mind.

• Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder - (OCD) is an anxiety disordercharacterized by intrusive thoughts that

produce uneasiness,apprehension, fear or worry (obsessions), repetitive behaviours aimedat reducing
the associated anxiety (compulsions), or a combination ofsuch obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms
of the disorder includeexcessive washing or cleaning, repeated checking, extreme hoarding,
preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts,relationship-related obsessions, aversion to
particular numbers andnervous rituals such as opening and closing a door a certain number oftimes
before entering or leaving a room.

• Paranoid - is a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive,long-standing suspiciousness

and generalized mistrust of others.
• Paranoid Personality Disorder - are generally characterized by havinga long-standing pattern of
pervasive distrust and auspiciousness ofothers. A person with paranoid personality disorder will
nearlyalways believe that other people’s motives are suspect or even malevolent. Individuals with this
disorder assume that other peoplewill exploit, harm, or deceive them, even if no evidence exists
tosupport thisexpectation.

• Pay-off – the act of exchanging an agreed amount between the family andthe kidnappers at a
designated time and place for the safe release ofthe victim.

• Personality Disorder - is not a mental disorder. Individuals withpersonality disorders can function in
the world to a high level, e.g.

look after themselves, business, finance, etc. However, they fail tofunction normally in terms of their
relationship with other people. They have dramatic/aggressive clusters of behaviour.

* Characteristics of a Person with Personality Disorder

1. No conscience – lacks guilt or remorse, inability to love,no empathy. A Bully.

2. Selfish, no loyalty

3. Manipulative/charmer – likes power controlling others

4. Sexually experimenting

5. Seeks immediate gratification, thrill seeker

6. Low anxiety, blames others – never their fault

7. Frustration tolerance low – may turn to his/her for stimulation

8. Low self esteem, poor achievement history

9. Poor planner – lacks follow through

10.Probable marital and employment problems

11.Chaotic family relationship

12.Excessive/exorbitant and
13.Changing demands

14.Suicide potential high

15.Seeks attention/audience

16.Wants to prove can do something

17.May like attention and not want to end incident

* Phases of a Crisis

1. Pre-Incident Phase - is the period of time prior to an incidentoccurring. This Phase consists of the
following:

a. Prediction - determination of what incident is going to occurand when it is going to occur, is the key to
minimizing theeffects of the incident.

b. Prevention - the best way to minimize the damage done by anincident is to prevent it from occurring.
Not all incidents arepreventable like natural disasters. Some preventable incidentsmay be detected too
late to prevent them.

c. Preparation -

2 Forms of preparation

1. Preparation of the response designed to prevent the incident

2. Preparation for the incident.

2. Incident Occurrence - is the instance in time at which the incidentoccurs or starts to occur if it has not
been prevented.

3. Post-Occurrence Phase - during this phase, the incident may get worse. This Phase consists of the
following:
a. Recognition

b. Response

1. Initial Response

2. Consolidation

3. Stand down

c. Recovery

d. Investigation

4. Post-Incident Phase - incident is likely to have a finite lifetime.Most incidents will conclude without
intervention. However, without intervention the effects of the incident may be worse or theincident
may last longer. This Phase Consist of the following:’

a. Restoration - once the incident is over, normality returns overa period of time which can take months
or years for very severeincidents.

b. Investigation - may be performed after the incident concludesto provide information and evidence for
any hearing, inquiries and criminal prosecution.

c. Post-Incident Discussion Activities - activities includeimmediate incident debriefs and other types of
incidentdiscussions occurring some time after the incident concludes.The aim of the debriefs is to
identify areas for improvement.

• Phobia - is an overwhelming and unreasonable fear of an object orsituation that poses little real
danger but provokes anxiety andavoidance.

•Proof of life - positive proof that the hostage is alive, obtainedfrom a reliable or verified source.

•Psychotic – (Paranoid Schizophrenic) is a mental disorder which meansthat individuals affected cannot
function in the world adequately ona day-to-day basis. They see the world as disorder and they
aredesperately trying to make sense of it. They have odd/eccentric clustersof behaviour and fear/terror
may be their underlying emotion.

* Characteristics of a Psychotic Individual

1. Disorganized Thinking

• a. Delusions, false beliefs – often of persecution orgrandeur despite evidence to the contrary.

• b. Thoughts spill out in no logical order, leaps from oneidea to another.

2. Disturbed Perception - Hallucinations, all 5 senses with noknown cause.

3. Inappropriate emotions/actions - Laughs at funerals, cries whenothers laugh, performs compulsive or

senseless acts e.g.rocking, rubbing, twisting hair.

4. Socially withdrawn, aloof, detached

5. Disoriented/confused/paranoid

6. Argumentative, suspicious of others, over reacts

7. Acts peculiarly such as collecting rubbish and talking tohimself/herself

8. Belief that his/here body/thoughts is controlled by external force.

• Rapport - a close and harmonious relationship in which the peopleconcerned understand each other’s
feelings or ideas and communicate.
• Schizoid Personality Disorder - is a personality disorder characterized by a lack of interest in social
relationships, a tendency towards asolitary lifestyle, secretiveness, and emotional coldness.

• Schizophrenic - is an individual who has no contact with reality.He/She is usually characterized by the
following:

a. He/She is a psychotic;

b. He/She has a fundamental personality disorder;

c. He/She exhibits symptoms such as,hallucinations, voices, obscenelanguage, giggling, self absorbed
smile and sudden breaks in flow of thinking.

•Stockholm Syndrome - term that refers to a situation during hostagetaking where the victim develops
rapport and becomes sympathetic withhis/her captor.

• Stronghold - any location or structure, fixed or mobile, where the hostage is being held.

•Suicide Intervention - the use of communication techniques and strategies to influence a person to
change behavior and reconsiderhis desire to commit suicide.

• Tactical Interrogation - refers to the act of questioning or elicitinginformation from a suspect to

produce information of tactical or

operational value.

• Time - is the most important element of hostage negotiation.

• Victim - the person/company/organization to whom the unwarranteddemand or threat is directed or

intended, or is expected by the

offenders to respond.
• Victim Communicator - the individual communicating directly with thepeople making the threat(s),
demand(s) or issuing instructions.

• Victimology – the process of obtaining a detailed account of thevictim’s lifestyle and personality that
can assist in determining the

nature of the disappearance, the risk level of the victim, and thetype of person who could have
committed the crime. It also includescomplete information regarding the victim’s physical
description,normal behavioural patterns, family dynamics and known friends andacquaintances.