List of Abbreviations

AAT alanine aminotransferase

Aβ amyloid beta
ABC transporter ATP binding cassette transporter (family)
AC adenylate cyclase
ACAT acylCoA cholesterol acyltransferase
ACC acetylCoA carboxylase
ACDP2 ancient conserved domain protein 2
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
Ach acetylcholine
ACP acyl carrier protein
ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone (also: corticotropin)
AD Alzheimer’s disease
ADH antidiuretic hormone (same as AVP)
AdipoR1 adiponectin receptor 1
ADRP adipophilin
AHSP alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein
AICD amyloid precursor intracellular domain
AKU alkaponuria
ALAS 5-aminolevulinic acid synthase
ALDO aldosterone
Alpha MSH melanocortin (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ALT alanine aminotransferase
AMPA alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid
AMPK 50 -adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
ANF atrionatriuretic factor
AngII angiotensin II
APC activated protein C
APCR activated protein C resistance
API-RE fos/jun response element
Apo-B100 apolipoprotein B100
APP amyloid precursor protein
APPL1 adaptor protein with phosphotyrosine interaction
APRT phosphoribosyltransferase
AQ aquaporin
AR androgen receptor
ARH autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia
AST aspartate aminotransferase
AVC atrioventricular canal
AVP arginine vasopressin (same as ADH)
BAC bacterial artificial chromosome
BAG1 BCL2-associated athanogene-1
BCKAD branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase

709
710 List of Abbreviations

BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor

beta-END beta-endorphin
11beta-HSD2 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
BMP bone morphogenic (or morphogenetic) protein
Bohr effect When oxygen is released from hemoglobin in the presence of carbon dioxide
1,3-BPG 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate
BRE TFIIB recognition element
BXR benzoate X receptor
CAD coronary artery disease
CADD computer-assisted drug design
CADPR cyclic ADP ribose
CAM calcium/cadmodulin
CaMKK calcium-cadmodulin-dependent protein kinase
CARbeta constitutive androstane receptor
CAT carnitine translocase
Cav 1 caveolin 1
CBC complete blood cell count
CBG corticosteroid-binding globulin (transcortin)
CBP CREB-binding protein
CCE capacitative calcium entry
CCK2R gastrin receptor (cholecystokinin kinase 2 receptor)
CD collecting duct
CD37 HSP90 co-chaperone
CD38 cyclicADP ribose hydrolase
CD47 red blood cell membrane glycoprotein
CdK cyclin-dependent kinase
CE cholesteryl ester
Cer ceramide
CHIF corticosteroid hormone-induced factor
Chloride shift bicarbonate ion to red blood cell from plasma; chloride ion enters red blood cell from
plasma
CJD Creutzfeld-Jakob disease
CK2 casein kinase 2
CM cadmodulin
CML carboxymethyl lysine
CNS central nervous system
hCTR1 human copper transporter 1
Coumadin (also Warfarin) compound that prevents blood clotting
Cox-1 constitutive cyclooxygenase
Cox-2 induced form of cyclooxygenase
CP choroid plexus
CPK creatine phosphokinase
CPSII carbamoylphosphate synthase II
CPT1 carnitylpalmitoyltransferase
CRBP cellular retinol-binding protein
CREB cAMP-responsive element binding protein
CS chondroitin sulfate
CSF colony stimulating factor
CTFR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
CYP7A1 cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase gene
DAG diacylglycerol
DBD DNA-binding domain
DD death domain
 List of Abbreviations 711

DHA dehydroascorbic acid

DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
DHAP dihydroxyacetone phosphate
DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 active form of vitamin D (also calcitriol)
DMT divalent metal ion transporter
DOPA 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
DOR delta delta receptor
DPP-4 dipeptidylpeptidase 4
DRIP vitamin D receptor-interacting protein
DVT deep vein thrombosis
Ea energy of activation
EAAT excitatory amino acid transporter
EC vascular endothelial cell
ECL enterochromaffin-like
EF elongation factor
EGF epidermal growth factor
EGFR epidermal growth factor receptor
EGFR-TK epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase
ElK/ERKR ETS domain-containing protein/extracellular regulated kinase
EPB50 ezrin-radixin-moesin-binding phosphoprotein
Eph5 human Ephrin type-A receptor 5
EPCR endothelial cell protein C receptor
EPO erythropoietin
EPOR erythropoietin receptor
ER estrogen receptor
ERAP140 tissue specific nuclear coactivator
ERE estrogen response element
ERK extracellular signal-regulated kinase (also MAPK)
ERp57 a disulfide isomerase
ES enzyme-substrate complex
etc electron transport chain
FABP fatty acid binding protein
FACS fatty acid CoA synthase
fAd full-length adiponectin
FADD fas-associated death domain
FAK focal adhesion kinase
FAS fatty acid synthase
FATP fatty acid transport protein
FDB familial defective apolipoprotein B-100
FFA free fatty acid
FHBL familial hypobetalipoproteinemia
FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization
FKBP52 immunophilin 52 kDa FK506-binding protein
FLICE FADD-like ICE
FLIP FLICE-like inhibitory protein/caspase 8 inhibitor
FOLR1 folate receptor 1
FoxA1 Forkhead box A1
FSH follicle-stimulating hormone
5-FU 5-fluorouracil
FXR farnesoid X receptor
ΔG0 Gibbs free energy
712 List of Abbreviations

GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid (also 4-amino butanoic acid)

gAd globular adiponectin
GAP GTPase-activating protein
GATA4 Zn finger DNA-binding protein
GCase glucocerebrosidase or glucosyl ceramidase
G-CSF granulocyte stimulating factor
GDH glutamate dehydrogenase
GHRE growth hormone response element
GHRH growth hormone releasing hormone
GHSR1 growth hormone secretagogue receptor
GIP general import pore
GIP glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide
Gla gamma-carboxyglutamate
GlcCer glucosylceramide
GLP glucagon-like peptide
GLP-1 glucagon-like peptide 1
Glycophorin B red blood cell membrane glycoprotein
GnRH gonadotropin releasing hormone
G3P glycerol-3-phosphate
G6PD glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
GPD1 glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
GPI glycosylphosphatidylinositol
GPR30 G protein-coupled receptor 30
GPT glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
GRalpha full-length classical glucocorticoid receptor
GRbeta short isoform of glucocorticoid receptor
GRE glucocorticoid response element
GRIP glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein
GSAP gamma-secretase activating protein
GSD glycogen storage disease
GSH glutathione
pseudoGULO defective pseudogene
HAT histone acetyltransferase
HbA1c glycated hemoglobin
HbAO adult hemoglobin
HbF fetal hemoglobin
HbH hemoglobin Bert
HCG human chorionic gonadotropin
HDAC histone deacetylase
HDL high density lipoprotein
HER-2 human epidermal growth factor receptor-2
HETE hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
HFE hemochromatosis gene
HGPRT (also HPRT) hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase
HHCE hyperhomocysteinemia
HIF-1 hypoxia-inducible factor
HIOMT hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase
HMGCoA 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylCoA
HRE hormone responsive element
HSC heat shock cognate
HSP heat shock protein
HSL hormone-sensitive lipase
HT3R hydroxytryptamine 3 receptor
 List of Abbreviations 713

ICAM intercellular adhesion molecule

IDA iron deficiency anemia
IDL intermediary density lipoprotein
IEF isoelectric focusing
IFN interferon
IGF-1 insulin-like growth factor
IGFBP3 insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3
IKKbeta IkBalpha kinase
IL interleukin
IMC inter-digestive migrating contractions
INR International Normalized Ratio (measures blood coagulation time)
INR initiator element
IP3 inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate
IRE iron responsive element
IREBP IRE binding protein
IRF7 interferon regulatory factor 7
IRS insulin receptor substrate
ISC iron-sulfur cluster
ISRE IFN-stimulated response element
ISU iron-sulfur cluster synthetic unit
JAK Janus tyrosine kinase
Ki-ras Kirsten ras
KOR kappa receptor
Kringle protein domain that folds into a large loop stabilized by 3 disulfide bridges
LacCer lactosylceramide
LANR low affinity neurotrophin receptor
LAT1 tyrosine transporter
LBD ligand binding domain
LCAT lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (or phosphatidylcholine-sterol O-acyltransferase)
LD lipid droplet
LDH lactate dehydrogenase
LDL low density lipoprotein
LDLR LDL receptor
LETM1 inner membrane protein, an anchor protein, forming a complex with mitochondrial
ribosome
LH luteinizing hormone
12-LOX 12-lipoxygenase
LRP low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein
Lsm like Sm proteins
LXR liver X receptor
M Methionine
MALT mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
MAPK Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (also ERK)
MasR Mas receptor
Mb myoglobin
MCT monocarboxylate symporter
MDR multi-drug resistance transporter
MEK mitogen-activated kinase
MELAS Mf encephalomyopathy with lactic acid acidosis and stroke-like episodes
MFS major facultative transporter superfamily
miRNA microRNA
MITTL1 gene whose mutations cause .80% of MELAS cases
MNCX Na1/Ca21 release exchanger
MOR μ mu receptor
714 List of Abbreviations

MPP mitochondrial processing peptidase

M6PR mannose-6-phosphate receptor
Mr mineralocorticoid receptor
MSUD maple syrup urine disease
MTX methotrexate
MUCX Na1/Ca21 exchanger
MVB multivesicular body
MX transglutaminase
MyD88 dimeric myeloid differentiation protein 88
MyoD myogenic regulating factor involved in muscle differentiation
NANA N-acetylneuraminic acid
NBD nucleotide-binding domain
NCOR major nuclear corepressor
NCT nicastrin
NCX low affinity/high capacity Na1/Ca21 exchanger
Nedd4-2 ubiquitin ligase
NEP neprilysin
NEP norepinephrine
Neuropeptide 1 nocistatin
Neuropeptide 2 Nocil
NFκB nuclear factor kappa B
NFT intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangle
NGF nerve growth factor
NHE sodium-proton exchanger (antiport)
NIS 2Na1/I2 symporter
NK natural killer
NLS nuclear localization signal
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
NMDAR N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
Nociceptin (also Orphanin FQ) 17 amino acid peptide anxiolytic
NOD nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
NOP1 nociceptin receptor
eNOS endothelial nitric oxide synthase
iNOS induced nitric oxide synthase
NP neurophysin
NPII neurophysin II
NPD Niemann-Pick disease
NPY neuropeptide Y
NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dNTP deoxynucleotide triphosphate
Nup nucleoporin
OA osteoarthritis
OFT outflow tract
o-Has hyaluronan oligomers
OPG osteoprotegerin
ORCC outwardly rectifying chloride channel
OsRE osmolar response element
OT oxytocin
P53 tumor suppressor DNA-binding protein
PABA para-amino benzoic acid
P1 bacteriophage-derived vector
PAGE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
 List of Abbreviations 715

PAM peptidylglycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase

Pant phosphopantetheine
PAP phosphatidic acid phosphatase
PAR pregnane receptor
pCAF p300/CBP-associated protein
PCFT proton-coupled folate transporter
PCR polymerase chain reaction
PDGF platelet-derived growth factor
PDHP pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
PDK phosphoinositide-dependent kinase
PDK pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
PDZ domain derived from 3 proteins: PSD95, Dig1 & zo-1 and contains amino acid sequence GLGF
PEDF pigment epithelium-derived factor
PEG polyethylene glycol
PEP mitochondrial processing enhancing protein
PEPCK phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase
PEPT1 proton-dependent dipeptide transporter
PHD prolyl hydroxylase
pI isoelectric focusing
PI3K phosphoinositol-3 kinase
PIP2 phosphoinositol-bisphosphate
PKA protein kinase A
PKC protein kinase C
PKU phenylketonuria
PLA2 phospholipase A2
PLCγ phospholipase C gamma
PLD phospholipase D
PLIN perilipin
PLP pyridoxal-50 -phosphate
PMCA low capacity plasma membrane Ca21 ATPase
PNMT phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
PNS peripheral nervous system
POMC proopiomelanocortin
POT proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter
PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
PPase2 protein phosphatase 2
PPP pentose phosphate pathway
PR progesterone receptor
PRF prolactin releasing factor
PRL prolactin
Protein C blood clotting inhibitor
Protein S blood clotting inhibitor
PrPc normal cellular prion protein
PRPP 5-phospho-D-ribosyl-1-pyrophosphate
PrPsc diseased form (scrapie) of prion protein
P.T.A. predicted transmitting ability
PTF peptide transport family
PTH parathyroid hormone
n-3PUFA long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid
QSAR quantitative structure-activity relationships
RA retinoic acid
RANKL receptor activator of NFκB ligand
RAR retinoic acid receptor
716 List of Abbreviations

Rb retinoblastoma protein
RD rhodopsin
RDS respiratory distress syndrome
RER rough endoplasmic reticulum
RFC1 folate transporter
Rh50 red blood cell membrane glycoprotein
RISC RNA-induced silencing complex
RNAi RNA interference
siRNA small interfering RNA
snoRNA small nucleolar RNA
ROC receptor-operated channels
ROCK Rho-associated kinase
ROMK inwardly rectifying K 1 channel
ROS reactive oxygen species
RRND gene for prion protein (also “Doppel”)
RXR retinoic X receptor
SCAP sterol-regulated escort protein
Schiff base functional imine formed by condensation of an amine and the carbonyl of an aldehyde or
ketone
Sec synthase selenium cysteine synthase
SeP selenophosphate
SePS selenophosphate synthase
SER smooth endoplasmic reticulum
SERT serotonin transporter
SgK serum and glucocorticoid hormone-induced kinase
SGLT sodium glucose transporter (symporter)
SH2 Src homology domain
SHBG sex hormone-binding globulin
SHIP SH2-containing inositol 5-phosphatase
SINE short interspersed elements
SMOC second messenger-operated channel
SMRT major nuclear corepressor
Smurf Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor
SNARE soluble NSF [N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor] attachment protein receptor
SOD superoxide dismutase
S1P sphingosine-1-phosphate
SRE steroid response element
SREBP sterol regulatory element-binding protein
SS somatostatin
SSBP single-stranded binding protein
Star steroid acute response
STAT transcriptional factor and signal transducer
STRP short tandem repeat polymorphism
SWI/SNF switch/sucrose non-fermentable
SXR steroid and xenobiotic receptor
T3 triiodothyronine
T4 thyroxine
TAB2 TAK-binding protein 2
TAF transcriptional activator factor
TBG thyroid binding globulin
TBP TATA box-binding protein
TdT terminal deoxynucleotide transferase
Tbx5 T-box transcription factor
 List of Abbreviations 717

TFIII transactivation factor III

TFR transferrin receptor
Tg thyroglobulin
TGF transforming growth factor
TGN trans Golgi network
THF tetrahydrofolate
TIM translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane
TM thrombomodulin
TNF tumor necrosis factor
TNFRSF tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily
TOM translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane
TPO thyroid peroxidase
TR thyroid hormone receptor
TRAF6 TNF receptor-associated factor 6
TRAIL tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
transcortin corticosteroid binding globulin
TRAP thyroid hormone-associated protein
TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone
TrkR tropomyosin receptor kinase receptor
TSH thyroid stimulating hormone (also thyrotropin)
TSR thrombin-sensitive region
Ub ubiquitin
UDPG UDP glucose
UNC-45 HSP90 cochaperone
v0 initial velocity
Vmax maximal velocity
VCAM vesicular cell adhesion molecule
VDAC voltage-dependent anion channel
VDR vitamin D receptor
VDRE vitamin D responsive element
v-erbA viral erythroblastoma A (related protein)
pVHL Von Hippel Landau protein
VLDL very low density lipoprotein
VIP vasoactive intestinal peptide
Vitamin B9 folic acid (pteroylglutamic acid)
VKD vitamin K dependent
VKOR 2,3-epoxide reductase
VMAT vesicular monoamine transporter
VSD ventricular septal defect
VSMC vascular smooth muscle cell
vWF von Willebrand factor substrate
YAC yeast artificial chromosome
Zip zinc family transporters