Fast Track CAE 3

4/04/2022
Grammar:
Reduced Clauses
Uses
 Simplifying sentences:
o When the runner finished the race, he was gasping for breath
o The runner finished the race gasping for breath.
 Reducing two sentences to one:
o He’s broken his arm. He will have to watch the final from the sidelines
o Having broken his arm, he will have to watch the final from the sidelines
 For written dialogue (mostly fiction)
o “Leave me alone!” she said, pulling her arm free from his hand.
 Talking about 2 things happening at the same time:
o Roger and Mary went to bed together without saying a single word.
 Talking about 2 actions that happen within a short period of time:
o The rabbit ran into the woods, leaving all the hounds in the dust.
 Implying a reason:
o Having forgotten his lunchbox, he went across the store to buy a
sandwich

Grammar Points
 Prepositions are followed by the present participle (-ing):
o Upon wakening, he tried to remember the dream
o After finishing his meal, Dr. Mason called his son.
 Present participles can be found between the main noun and the main verb, they
give extra information, and they always refer to activities in progress
o Sylvia, fuming from the letter she’d received, ran past her secretary
without greeting her.
 With passive clauses, we use the past participle. Sometimes, these can be used
to imply that a condition must be met:

Page 84, exercise 2

a) Complete in 2012, The Shard is the tallest building in the European Union. The
tallest building in the European Union, The Shard was completed in 2012.
 b) Washed with care, woolen sweaters will retain their shape.
c) Hoping to confirm the suspect’s part in the robbery, the detectives arranged an
identity parade.
d) Crossing the finishing line, the winner raises his hands in triumph!
e) Having undergone final medical checks, the explorer will set out on his polar
expedition.
f) Not realizing how dangerous the snake was, the toddler reached out towards it.

Page 85 exercise 5

a) After spending ten hours trapped underground, a group of cavers have finally
been rescued.
b) While not accepting that we should have speed cameras everywhere, I admit
that driving at excessive speeds is dangerous. / While admitting that driving at
excessive speeds is dangerous, I don’t accept we should have speed
cameras everywhere.
c) Not being a local, he didn’t know the area.
d) On hearing that a peace treaty had been signed, civilians began celebrating
in the streets.
e) Although not agreeing with the defendant’s actions, the judge did sympathise
with her situation. / Although sympathising with her situation, the judge didn’t
agree with the defendant’s actions.

Page 85 exercise 6

a) The girl fled from the lion while / as it roared ferociously.

b) Two of the terrorists that / who shot the President have been caught.
c) The man who invented the digital camera has won an award.
d) Because no one wanted to spoil the fun, the wedding celebrations went on well
into the night.
e) If things are planted with care, novice gardeners will be amazed how easy it is to
grow them.
 f) Having passed his driving test, Gary became rather big-headed.

Page 85 exercise 7

a) Having spent three days …

b) Wanting to become …
c) Having no way / Not having any way of ….
d) Having made good progress at first, he then experienced …..
e) Meaning that the temperature …..
f) preventing him from ….
g) Feeling desperate, Ben searched …
h) Not having any / Having no advanced technical equipment ….
i) Taking out his shovel, he dug ….
j) saving Ben …