Phases of Personality

1. Physical. This refers to the outside makeup of the person. It includes

mode of dressing, complexion, body build, posture, health, and facial
expressions.
2. Social. This refers to how well you conduct yourself in public and get
along well with a group. It includes good manners, doing the right
thing at the right time and acting properly.
3. Intellectual. This refers to the way a person talks and the range of
ideas that he possesses. Mental alertness is an evidence of one’s
intellectual capacity.
4. Emotional. A person’s emotional makeup is shown by his likes and
dislikes, his aggressiveness and docility and how he perceives things.
5. Value System. This refers to a person’s attitudes towards life, his
morals, principles, and beliefs.

Causes of Personality Differences

There are two major factors that influence personality. These are
maturity, and environment. These are maturity, and environment. Maturity
refers to the process by which heredity exerts its influence even long after birth
(Bustos, et. Al.:1986). We are born with a set of genes and chromosomes which
we inherit. These set limits on our potentials. Heredity is the transmission of
personal or character traits from parents to offspring. It determines physical
characteristics such as heights, weights, etc.

Stages of Growth and Development

Stages of growth and development are based in part on chronological

age. Heredity affects the personality of an individual in the following stages:

1. Prenatal (conception to birth). The age when heredity endowments

and sex are fixed, and all body features both external and internal are
developed.
2. Infancy (from birth to two years). The age when basic behavior
patterns are organized, and many ontogenetic maturation skills emerge.
3. Early Childhood (two to six years). This period is characterized by a
“pre-gang” exploration and questioning age.
4. Late Childhood (six to eight years). This is the “gang” and creativity
age when self-help and play skills are developed.
5. Adolescence (puberty to eighteen years). Transition age from
childhood to adulthood. Rapid changes occur in feeling, thinking, and
acting.
6. Early Adulthood (eighteen to forty years). Age of adjustment to new
patterns of life.
7. Middle Age (forty to sixty years). Transition age which involves
adjustments to initial physical and mental decline.
8. Old Age (retirement to death). The age of increasing physical and
mental decline.
 Environment. This refers to the things that surround us. These include
family, school, church, social groups, and other groups. Further, these
includes trees, buildings, technologies, and other objects.

Children who grow up in squatter areas are often physiologically unstable than
those who live in subdivisions. The latter excel in academic performance
because they are more exposed to media, books and other instructional
facilities while the former is not exposed to the same conditions.

Overview

1. Personality may be defined as the sum total of the qualities and

characteristics of a person as shown in her manner of walking, talking,
dressing, and her attitudes, interests, and ways of reacting to other
people. It refers to all the factors within the person that influence his
characteristics ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling. It is your image
on others.

CHAPTER 2: Physical Aspects of a Person

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 2

Physical Aspects of a Person

Contents:

• Proper Diet
• Essentials Food Nutrients
• Good Health and Posture

Assessment Criteria

1. Describe proper diet

2. Describe what (and how) to eat to keep pounds off and energy up
3. Elaborate on ways on how to exercise for a perfect posture.
4. Discuss good grooming for men and women.

INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Physical Aspects of a Person

The most conspicuous aspects of one’s personality is the physical

makeup of the individual. You can judge and assess a person through his
physical bearing. This includes: facial expressions, complexion, dress,
posture and body build. Although, the physical aspect is just your exterior, it
can create an image of yourself.

Proper Diet. One way to better health is a balanced diet. Diet refers to
the kinds of a person should eat based on the combination of the six major
food groups:
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Fats
4. Minerals
5. Vitamins
6. Water

Good Health and Posture

A popular adage says, “what you eat is what you are”

To achieve maximum physical well-being, you need adequate medical

care, proper diet, sufficient exercise, rest, sleep and good posture habits.

Exercise. School children and young people get their regular exercise
through play and other school activities. For busy men and women they may
adopt a schedule for five-minute exercises in their own rooms upon arising
and before retiring.

Some of the most common forms of exercise resorted to by both

teenagers and middle-aged and even old persons are jogging, walking,
ballroom dancing and swimming.

Sleep and Rest

Everyone needs enough sleep and rest to keep the body healthy and
fit. Your height, age and size of your skeletal frame determine your
approximate weight. If you are under-weight or overweight, you should
consult a physician.
Posture

Posture is the secret of a regal walk. Perfect posture can make you
attractive. According to posture experts, the way you walk, stand, sit and
stoop is so incorrect that you are piling up future aches and pains and in
some cases, serious illnesses.

Standing. To achieve good posture, you should first discover your bad
habits and re-program your brain to become alert to the body’s correct
positioning. With constant practice, you will be able to put a stop to old
habits.

An illustration of a good standing posture is shown. Picture A shows a

poor standing posture. Picture B illustrate correct standing posture where
shoulders and chin are both parallel to the floor while one foot is placed
ahead of the other, with the knees close to each other.

Walking. Great ease and freedom of movement are achieved when the body
is in good alignment. To develop a comfortable and graceful walk, give your
attention first to the way you place your feet and the position of your body
as you walk.

The pictures presented are illustrations of the correct walking posture.

Sitting and Rising. Both men and women should observe correct sitting
positions. Poor sitting postures are not only unattractive, but they also
produce various bodily aches and pains.
 GOOD GROOMING FOR MEN AND WOWEN

Habits in neatness and dressing are built in from early childhood to

adolescence. The degree of development depends largely on the individual’s
concern for good grooming.

Self-appraisal. Too many men and women are careless in their

grooming habits. To check up one’s grooming habits, self-appraisal in an
inventory checklist of what you have and what you don’t have should be
done.

Personal Cleanliness. One of the most in-expensive ways of

maintaining personal cleanliness is to take showers every day. Daily bathing
does not make a man effeminate. A clean body dressed in clean clothes is a
basic rule for good living and sound health. You will make a favorable
impression on others, making you more “employable” and more
“presentable.”

Oral Hygiene. A clean body includes a clean mouth. Certain

vegetables and seasonings may cause bad breath or unpleasant body odor.
Brushing your teeth or using certain types of mouthwash can prevent
unpleasant incidents. For underarm odor, use a reliable deodorant, with one
that stops perspiration entirely or one that removes the odor, or a
combination of both.

People with bad breath and body odor due to health problems or bad
teeth, should consult their doctors and dentists. Bad breath and body odors
can be severe handicaps in business and social relationships. The habit of
shaving/or trimming of mustache, goatee and pubic hair should be
practiced regularly.

Skin Care. A clear complexion depends on inner cleanliness. No

amount of effort to get rid of blemishes on the skin is enough if the difficulty
lies within. Some factors should be taken into account to maintain a good
skin: diet, rest, fresh air, and exercises.

Care of Hair, Hands and Feet

The hair is the crowning glory of a woman. Beautiful hair has a major
part to play in a woman’s attractiveness. The correct hairstyle can create a
flattering frame for the face and adds to an individual’s self-confidence.

The hands are among the most “expensive” parts of the body. A
manicure and some nail polish can add beauty to the hands. Colors should
harmonize with skin tones and clothing.

Keep your hands smooth and your nails well-manicured. Hands

lotions are recommended for dry skin.

The feet are the least cared-for part of the body. Always keep your feet
dry. Enclosing wet feet in shoes causes athlete’s foot or itchiness. If your feet
perspire a lot, apply foot powder before putting on shoes. Never wear the
same pair of socks and stockings in succession.

Dress
 Clothing is for protection, comfort, modesty, and enhancement.
Appropriateness in clothing refers to the best rule within the bounds of the
classic good taste. It is determined by a number of factors and can change
dramatically from situation to situation. Outside or indoors, mixed ages of
peers, geography, building, event, and the weather can affect one’s mode of
dress.

Making choices. The first step is to take a good look at yourself and
what you do. Then decide in which general category – sporty, tailored,
romantic, or sophisticated – you feel the most comfortable.
Your manner of dressing creates varied impressions. Your viewers are
forming impressions and making decisions concerning the following factors:

1. Economic level - reveals the socioeconomic status of the individual

(whether one is rich or poor, employed or not).

2. Educational level – tells whether on is a professional or a school

dropout.

3. Social status – shows your origin, whether you live in a rural or

urban community, and whether you are rich or poor.

4. Level of sophistication – tells if the individuals has good

breeding, cultured, and well educated, and with impeccable
manners and taste.

5. Family background – tells of one’s family heritage, social,

educational and economic background.

6. Success – is projected in relation to career, business and other

achievements.

7. Moral character – says much about one’s sincerity and honesty.

Also has a lot to do with integrity and how you relate with people.

The “ideal” look is the slim look, which can be achieved with the choice of
clothes.

Vertical line – creates an illustration of height and makes a person

look taller. It is ideal for short persons.

Horizontal line – cuts height and adds width. This is suitable for
those who are tall.
Factors affecting color choice

Your personality is often determined by color.

1. Color of skin, eyes, and hair

2. Personality – your choice of color should make you feel

comfortable. If you are a dynamic person, a delicate pastel will be
right for you. A bright red dress reflects a bold and daring
personality.

3. Occasion – office clothes should be more conservative. Evening

dresses should be more dramatic than daytime clothes.

Types of Dresses

There are different types of dresses that are used by men and
women of today: These are:

1. Casual dress may refer to sporty or relaxed attires. May include

slacks or skirts.

2. Informal dress

3. Semi – formal means short or long cocktail dresses, party or

dinner dresses, or dressy to very dressy.

4. Formal dress is worn in the late afternoon. Dark suits for men.

5. Black tie means a double or single-breasted dinner jacket for men.

For women, black tie refers to long or short dinner dress.

6. White tie means full-length dress. Women may wear a ball gown
and jewelry. Men wear long black tailcoats with satin lapels and
matching trousers with narrow braids.

Accessories

Accessorizing Is helpful when dressing for certain occasions.

Accessories are useful in enhancing your total look. Here are some
rules for accessorizing.

1. Moderation is the key. Never “overdecorate” your body.

2. Your accessories should be appropriate to the occasion and

your age.
 3. Be certain that you are comfortable in your movements and
you should not be impeded by many accessories.

4. Day and night call for different accessories. If you are in

doubt about what is right, keep “add-ons” to a minimum.

5. Avoid ostentation. Extravagant accessories do not necessarily

add glamor

6. After you have it all together, take a final glance in the

mirror. When in doubt, take something off.

CHAPTER 3: Social Graces and Social Relations

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 3

Social Graces and Social Relations

Contents:

• Social Graces
• Table Etiquette
• Telephone Manners
• Techniques in Using the Telephone
• Communication: Its Importance

Assessment Criteria

1. Define social graces and social relations.

2. Define etiquette
3. Recognize the importance of telephone manners
4. List down and discuss techniques in using the telephone
5. Define communication and discuss its importance

INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

Social Graces and Social Relations

Social graces have gained popularity nowadays. We equate social graces

with good manners. Etiquette is mentioned in the same breath.

“Manners,” says Webster, “are social conduct or rules of conduct as

shown in the prevalent costume: habitual deportment with reference to polite
convention.’’ Consideration for others is the basis of good manners. You must
know whether your actions make people comfortable. Manners are based on
social customs.
 Etiquette loosely means a set of rules as one lives in a society. This term
is merely a name for a pattern of behavior that is based on consideration for
others. In other words, appropriateness.

Social graces, therefore, could refer to actions or behavior that enable

us to relate with others without friction. They can be shown in different places
such as in:

1. The family. All training starts at home. It is of paramount

importance that we respect the privacy of our parents, brothers,
and sisters, etc. This promotes an atmosphere of mutual respect,
trust and love.

2. Public places. This includes behavior in the streets, bus,

restaurant, church, theaters and in school.

In the streets, be considerate to others. When walking in

groups do not occupy every inch of space. Let others pass you
from behind. In crossing the street, men should stay a side of
incoming vehicles. When walking on side walks whit women, men
should always be on the curbside or “danger side.’’ Furthermore,
when crossing a street, a man should lightly hold the elbow of
lady.

In the bus. Gone are the days when men offered their seats
to ladies. Today women claim equal rights. They pay the price by
standing seat is eyed by both man and women. When women
stand in buses, they should keep their feet firmly planted on the
floor, brace themselves for sudden jolts to avoid embarrassment.

If a woman is escorted by man, she should climb first onto

the bus. In leaving, the man should go down first and extend his
helping hand to the lady by holding her arm or supporting her
elbow.

In a restaurant. If you are able to dine out with people

graciously, people will find it a joy to be with you.

When a man is familiar with the restaurant and its

specialties, he may suggest some choices to her. If they are both
unfamiliar, he may ask the waiter to recommend some of the
restaurant’s specialties.

Calling the waiter. The proper way is to catch his

attention. Raise your hand to signal that you need him. If he does
not look your way, you may call him softly. Clapping your hands,
whistling, shouting or saying “pssst’’ is rude and therefore should
never be attempted.
 Smorgasbord. This is a delightful innovation from Sweden.
It is food served buffet-style. A wide selection of cold cuts, fish, a
choice of hot foods, salads and desserts are offered. You are
expected to make as many trips as you wish to the smorgasbord
table, therefore, you should not overload your plate.

Tipping. Why do we have to give tips? How much? There

are no specific rules for tipping. We give tips to show that we are
satisfied by the services and that all our needs were catered to
very efficiently. Standard tipping is usually 10% to 20% of your
total bill when “service charge’’ is not on the bill.

In church. Because the church is a place for worship, it is

quite place fit to contemplation. Thus, it is not a place for
socializing. By its nature, the church requires silence and
appropriate clothing and behavior.

At the movie theater. With the rising popularity of

cultural presentations, it is imperative to acquire social graces,
learning how to behave and what to wear. It is unacceptable to
be late for the theater. Talking, coughing, making rattling noises
and taking snacks out of noise generating wrappers and
packaging are extremely annoying and disturbing and should
therefore be avoided at all costs.

Table Etiquette

Here are some tips for proper table etiquette:

1. Hold the knife or spoon and fork correctly.

2. Take bite-size food only. Chew the food with your mouth closed,
chewing the food thoroughly. Never talk when your mouth is full.
3. Sit erect at the table. Never put your elbows on the table. When
not engaged, keep your hands on your lap.
4. Things eaten using a fork: meats, vegetables, salad, pies, sticky
or very soft cakes, brick ice cream, watermelons and other juicy and
uncooked fruits and berries.
5. Things eaten using the fingers: bread rolls, sandwiches, celery,
olives, radishes, cookies, tea cakes, tarts, cheese, apples and other
fruits.
6. Never use your bread to mop your plate. Neither should you
“dunk’’ your bread in coffee.
7. Eat soup with a spoon, spooning away from you. Do not “slurp’’
your soup. Neither should you blow on your soup to cool it. Wait
until it is cool enough to eat.
8. If you drop your silverware, leave it there. Apologize briefly, do
not make a scene.
CHAPTER 4: Voice and Conversation

LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 4

Voice and Conversation

Contents:

• Influence of Voice and Speech

• Tips for Good Conversation
• Voice Qualities That Can Be Improved
• Suggestions for Improving Speech

Assessment Criteria

1. Identify influence of voice and speech

2. Categorize different tips for good conversation
3. Discuss voice qualities that can be improved
4. Identify suggestion for improving speech

INFORMATION SHEET 4.1

Voice and Conversation

A well-modulated voice and good speaking skills are natural

assets to be developed A natural speaking voice is part of one’s total persona
that gives authority and strength to whatever one says.

Influence of Voice and Speech

Success in both the business and social world depends greatly on the
skillful use of language. The impression you create on new acquaintances is
affected by your voice and speech.

Some tips for good conversation:

1. Good grammar and syntax are crucial to good speech. These can be
developed continuously at home and at school (Santos: 1996). As a
rule: always choose simple words that can be easily understood.
Pronounce the words correctly.
2. Improve you vocabulary. Vocabulary building is very important. This
can be achieve through:
a. Constant reading.
b. Always consulting the dictionary when
a new word come your way.
c. Pronounce the words well. Again refer to the dictionary.
d. Play word games such as crossword puzzles scrabble, word
factory and many others.
Voice Qualities That Can Be Improved

1. Pitch. This refers to the highs and lows of your voice. It reveals the mood
of an individual.

2. Volume. This refers to how you regulate your voice: not too loud not too
soft. You can speak louder when you are talking to someone at a distance,
Keep your voice reasonably soft when you are talking to a fellow next to you.

3. Rate of speech. It is the speed of your speech. A rate that is fast is hard to
understand and a very slow rate is also boring. Keep an even pace to retain
the attention of your audience, making you a more interesting speaker.

5. Emphasis. Stressing a word or group of words is emphasis. Correct

emphasis will give more meaning to your speech.

6. Enunciation. Each vowel, consonant, and syllable should be properly

articulated in a clear and distinct manner.

7. Diction. It is the proper choice of words. A person who has a rich

vocabulary and a variety of word is always an interesting speaker.

8. Pronunciation. This refers to properly putting stress on words and phrases.

Your best partner in correctly pronouncing words and phrases is a dictionary.

SUGGESTIONS FOR IMPROVING SPEECH

Not everyone can be a good speaker. However, speech can be improved. In

his book, Personality Development and Human Relations, Sferra made the
following suggestions:

1. Make a habit of breathing properly.

2. Organize your thought and ideas before you speak.
3. Think of the listeners as helpful and friendly rather than critical.
4. Concentrate on the meaning you are trying to convey.
5. Acquire by practice an effective vocal tone, pitch, as well as speech
techniques.
6. Analyze the attractive qualities of a good speaker.
7. Make a recording of your voice and analyze it for effective voice qualities.

CHAPTER 5: Intelligence and Personality

 LEARNING OUTCOME NO. 5

Intelligence and Personality

Contents:

• Meaning and nature of intelligence

• Meaning of intelligence
• Nature of Intelligence
• Factors affecting intellectual development
• Factors of intelligent behavior

Assessment Criteria

1. Discuss that understanding nature of intelligence may help in

identifying the individual differences in terms of intelligences
2. Define intelligence
3. Categorize different nature of intelligence
4. Outline factors affecting intellectual development and behavior

Conditions

The student is provided with the following:

• Orientation and discussion on intelligence and personality

• Illustration and explanation on intelligence and personality

Tools and Test Instruments:

• Pictures
• Web exercises

Assessment Method

• Written

INFORMATION SHEET 5.1

Intelligence and Personality

One of the most important aspects of one’s personality is intelligence.

Although we were made to believe that we are created equal, we differ in
several aspects. This is called “individual differences.”

MEANING AND NATURE OF INTELLIGENCE

Meaning of Intelligence

Intelligence has several connotations and descriptions. The following

descriptions and definitions were given by different authors as cited in the
book of Kahayon and Aquino:
 Intelligence as defined by Engel refers to the ability of an organism to
adapt to its environment. It consists of mental abilities valuable in almost any
type of learning or thinking.

Stagner refers to intelligence as learning ability, and the ability to see

learning in new situations.

Nature of Intelligence

The traditional concept of intelligence was equated with academic

performance. However, research has revealed that intelligence does not only
refer to intellectual capacity but also to the skills one has.

The Theory of Multiple Intelligence by Howard Gardner (1991)

shows that there are seven types of intelligences, each of which is developed
to different degrees in every person. These are:

1. Linguistic intelligence. This is the ability to communicate through

language. If you are good at reading, writing and speaking you possess
linguistic intelligence.
2. Logical-mathematical intelligence. This refers to the ability of the
individual to analyze and solve mathematical problems. It refers further
to the ability to consider alternative solutions in the problem-solving
process.
3. Spatial intelligence. This is the ability to perceive and arrange objects
in the environment.
4. Musical intelligence. This refers to the ability to analyze, compose or
play music.
5. Kinesthetic intelligence. It refers to one’s ability to move effectively as
in dancing or sports, or manipulating objects effectively as in driving a
car, using tools, etc.
6. Intra-personal intelligence. Is the ability to know yourself well and
understand better what and may you be motivated to behave the way
you do.
7. Interpersonal intelligence. Is the ability to function well in social
situation, and understand the needs of other people, as well as to predict
their behavior.
Emotions

Emotions are strong feelings accompanied by highly complex changes

in the body. It is a reaction to either frustration or satisfaction

Kinds of Emotions

Fear. Fear is basic to survival. Fear arises from the unfamiliarity of a

situation, making it difficult for someone to decide or take action.

Worry. Grows out of fear. The positive approach to fear is to seek

solutions. One method is to discuss it with someone. Another method is to
get information on the problem. The third method is to engage in group
activity.

Anxiety. Is a feeling of uncertainty, what to do about something. This

is useful to some extent because it will make you try your best to learn the
necessary skills for better performance.

Anger. Is related to social motives, such as the need to excel and to

succeed. When these needs the thwarted, anger results. Anger and
annoyance are emotional experiences which can actually lead to improving
skills in human relations.

Anger is natural reaction when feelings are hurt (Health and Home:
1986). How to cope with it? Here are some of the techniques to control
anger:

1. Recognize the difference between acknowledging anger and acting

it out. Admit that you are angry and that you need to cool down
before you talk.

2. Develop techniques for dissolving physical responses associated

with anger. It would seem that the best thing you can do when
anger surfaces is to go off by yourself and allow yourself time to
cooldown.

3. Evaluate each situation separately before taking action. Know

when to make a pro-test and when to make peace or to apologize.
Think of each situation in terms of solving the problem rather than
proving who is at fault.

4. Change your thinking. You are in charge of your emotions and

actions. It’s impossible to change another person. But it is entirely
possible to change yourself.

5. Learn assertive techniques rather than attack strategies.

Assertiveness generally achieves better results because it indicates
that you are accepting responsibility for your own feelings and at
the same time allows another person to respond in an undefensive
manner.

6. Take appropriate action. Appropriate action begins when you

recognize how you habitually respond to anger and irritation and
then work to build better habits. Appropriate action will make you
feel good about yourself.

Love. Love and affection are emotional experience which can appear
at the early stage of child development. Like other basic emotions, love
can be expressed in a constructive as well as destructive fashion. If
love is constructively expressed, it builds tolerance, self-sacrifice,
friendliness and many other pleasant experiences. Likewise, if
negatively expressed, love has tremendous destructive forces. If
 directed toward oneself, it results in vanity, self-aggrandizement and
selfishness. Misdirected love may deteriorate into hate and if coupled
with fear, results in jealousy.

CONTROL OF EMOTIONS

Experts in human behavior suggest you follow these key rules to

control emotions:

1. Watch your personal pressure gauge to make sure steam is

not building up inside.

2. Avoid situations that irritate you.

3. If you are already mad and getting madder, steam off the
rage harmlessly.