Division of City Schools Quezon City

SAN FRANCISCO HIGH SCHOOL

Misamis Street, Brgy, Santo Cristo Quezon City

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS FOR TERRORISM DISASTER:

A CASE STUDY

IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE DISASTER READINESS AND RISKS REDUCTION

FIRST QUARTER RESEARCH ACTIVITY

SUBMITTED BY:
Mary Grace Villacorte
Raymund Kaki J. Roxas
Karl Q. Reveche
Stephanie G. Panagsagan
Shanjay Rodriguez
Joree B. Rogador
Aaron James A. Quilang

SUBMITTED TO:

ELMER A. TAMAYAO
DRRR TEACHER
INTRODUCTION

Disasters are sudden events that often result in a catastrophe which leads to the
loss of many lives. Disasters are classified in two broad categories which are natural and
man-made disasters. Natural disasters are associated with weather or geological
disturbances while man-made disasters occur when humans commit error or they have
the intention of doing harm to others. Terrorism is one big example of man-made
disaster due to its nature of being connected with violence that leads to death of many
individuals.
Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation against civilians, with
the goal of pursuing their political aims. As stated above, terrorism is also an example of
a man-made disaster. Therefore, being prepared for a terror attack gives an individual a
gain among others who do not have an idea on what to do during a terror attack. One of
the latest form of terrorism that had struck the Philippines is the terror attack that
happened in Marawi last May 23, 2017. According to UNHCR Philippines, the crisis in
Marawi caused 98% of its total population to be displaced forcefully due to the shortage
of food supply and also for their own safety.
Disasters can’t be stopped nor manipulated, but humans can be prepared for
what can happen in a disaster. That’s the reason why disaster preparedness is a must.
Preparing for an upcoming sudden event can be complicated, but with the right mindset
and way of thinking, disaster preparedness can be easier even if the odds are not in
your favor. Being prepared for a disaster poses a lot of advantages. One of which is
being emotionally ready. In a state of panic, humans react based on their gut instinct.
Fight, flight, or freeze are the 3 respones that humans may do when they feel threat.
Being able to know what do from the three f's in a threatening situation will make your
chances of survival higher.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The researchers chose the topic because they want to show the importance of
having general knowledge on how a person can be prepared when a disaster like
terrorism happens.
• How can community preparedness affect the act of terrorism?
• Will the damage be lesser if community preparedness is present?
• How can community preparedness be shown in an act of terrorism?

ASSUMPTION AND HYPOTHESIS

• It may have a huge positive effect on the civillians specially when community
preparedness is present.
 • The damages may be lesser because the community is prepared for the worst
case scenario.
• It may be shown by how the community will act in a situation where terrorism is
happening.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

• The study is conducted in order for a community to be prepared if an act of
terrorism is present
• This study elaborates the positive effects of being prepared in an act of terrorism.
• This study might boost the interest of communities to be prepared whenever
there is a disaster that can happen.
• This study is conducted for the future generation to be aware of what might
happen when a community is not ready for a disaster

LITERATURE REVIEW
Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte's priority since taking office a year ago has
been his ruthless war on drug traffickers and consumers. Now he's up against a new foe.
When the Marawi conflict erupted, Duterte imposed martial law in Mindanao for 60 days.
"The Maute Group's dream, which has professed allegiance to ISIS and its banner, is to
turn Mindanao into an Islamic state," stated Jose Calida, the Philippines' solicitor-
general. The situation has deteriorated to the point where the United States is now
involved. The United States no longer maintains military bases in the Philippines.
Beyond the bloodshed in Iraq and Syria, Marawi is the next battleground in a recent
wave of presumably ISIS-linked strikes. A violent attack on Coptic Christian pilgrims in
Egypt in late May; a suicide bomber at an Ariana Grande concert in Manchester;
assaults on London Bridge the following week; twin suicide bomb strikes in Jakarta that
killed three officers; and twin attacks in Tehran.

Marawi outnumbers them all in terms of deaths and time. The potential for ISIS
and its affiliates to grow and spread throughout Southeast Asia, where several countries
are Muslim-majority or have substantial Muslim populations, is possibly the most
important aspect.

The Philippine military attempted to apprehend IsnilonHapilon, the leader of a

southern group that has professed allegiance to ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, on
May 23. However, the force encountered even more ferocious opposition than planned.
Hapilon's fighters kidnapped a priest and his congregation hostage, liberated detainees
from the local jail, and overran the city with the help of another pro-ISIS group known as
the Maute Group. Hundreds have died—militants, military, and civilians—and hundreds
more citizens remain trapped in the city more than three weeks later. Many people do
not have access to electricity or running water. Marawi has largely become a ghost town.
Some dead from the battle have been transferred to Iligan'sCapin Funeral Homes, one
of a smattering of morgues in the area for Marawi's minority Christians. Newly received
cadavers are recorded on a handwritten stack of crocodile-clipped papers. A remark
states “decomposed” in parenthesis next to the names of two bodies that came one
Saturday. Six more decayed bodies were discovered on Sunday, including two women
and a girl. Another eight bodies were discovered on Monday.

Despite the liberation of Marawi, Philippines, from terrorist groups linked to the
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Philippines continues to face a serious threat
of terrorism that threatens international peace and security. a variety of perspectives,
including the long history of Muslim rebellion in Mindanao and the persistence of the Abu
Sayyaf Group, the rise of ISIS in the Philippines, terrorism financing, and the trauma
creed.

METHODOLOGY

Introduction

This part of the research gives an outline of research methods that were followed
in the study. The practical "how" of any piece of research is referred to as research
methodology. It's about how a researcher designs a study in a systematic way to
produce accurate and reliable results that address the study's aims and objectives
(Derek and Kerryn, 2020). The researcher describes the Research Approach that was
chosen and the reason for this choice. The Data Gathering, Method Analysis, as well as
Research Instrumentation are also discussed.

Research Approach

The purpose of this study is to strengthen the Community Preparedness for

Terrorism Disaster in the City of Quezon, Philippines. The researcher aim to
systematically provide and give insights on how to be mentally and physically prepared
when an act of terrorism happens. This study sought to answer the
followingresearchhypothesis:howcan community preparedness affect the act of
terrorism, how can community preparedness lessen the death and damage to property,
and how can community preparedness be shown in an act of terrorism.This study
coveredThe Siege of Marawi and the Marawi crisis, also known as the Battle of Marawi,
it was a five-month-long armed conflict in Marawi, Philippines, that started on May 23,
2017, between Philippine government security forces and militants affiliated with the
Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), including the Maute and Abu Sayyaf Salafi
jihadist groups (Siege Of Marawi, 2021)
 This study employed theQualitative Method which define as the collecting and
analyzing non-numerical data such as text, video or audio to understand concepts,
opinions, or experiences. It can be used to gather in-depth insights into a problem or
generate new ideas for research (Pritha, 2020). Using Qualitative Method enables
researcher to easily provide solutions and solve problems in the form ofwords and easily
analyzed through interpretations and categorizations, rather than Quantitative Method
which are presented by numbers. Qualitative Method are a source of well-grounded,
rich descriptions and explanations of processes in identifiable local contexts. With
qualitative data researcher can preserve chronological flow, see precisely which events
lead to which consequences, and derive fruitful explanations(Miles and Huberman,
2009).

Data Gathering

To find solutions to study problems, answer questions, evaluate outcomes, and

forecast trends and probabilities, Data Gathering is the act of obtaining, measuring, and
analyzing correct data from a number of relevant sources. (2021, Simplilearn).
Researchers analyzed existing data, largely from publicly credited sites, books, and
articles, to acquire a better understanding. This contains UNHCR Philippines’ The Book
of Marawi Siege and Its Aftermath by Rommel C. Banlaoi, from Nick Aspinwall’s article
Mindanao After Martial Law, and in order to depict the rate of terrorism in the Philippines,
we used data from the Global Terrorism Index.

Instrumentation

In conducting this study, the researcher gather data from differentcredible sites,
different articles, and different books from the internet. The researcher used Google Map
for easily accessing evacuation routes and safe evacuation zones in Quezon, City.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Interfacing activities

The Philippine military forces and the ISIS group were engaged in a five-month
siege in Marawi. WHO (World Health Organization), IPHO (Integrated Provincial Health
Office), CHO (City Health Office), IDPs (Internally displaced individuals), UNCEPF
(United Nations Central Emergency Response Fund), and DOH (Department of Health)
have gathered to assist the 244 Barangay. They taught the evacuees how to keep
themselves sanitary. Every week, the children had to visit the doctors to have their
mental health checked. More than 30, 000 people were seen a sign of “mental health
crisis”, the level 1; 6,455, level 2; 24,199 and level 3; 78. The level 3 are those in need of
one to one treatment and level 4 where patients required medication and treatment in a
designated family. More than 30,000 people were identified as having a “mental health
crisis,” with the level 1 being 6,455, the level 2 being 24,199, and the level 3 being 78.
Level 3 patients require one-on-one care, while level 4 patients require medicine and
treatment from a designated family.

The southern Philippine island of Mindanao has been placed under martial law
until the end of the year. More than 1000 people died and were displaced as a result of
the terrorism in Marawi. Because they were verifying if there was still a bomb
everywhere, the rehabilitation took a year and a half, which is why more than 100,000
people remained homeless. Others who were terrorism victims have healed, but others
are still recovering. The terrorism incidents year 2018-2019 also decreased by 18%
percent, despite of having slight reduction in terrorist activity our country remains rank10
in Southeast Asian country most impacted by terrorism. Terrorism events reduced by
18% in the year 2018-2019, although despite the minor decline in terrorist activity, our
country remains ranked 10th among Southeast Asian countries most affected by
terrorism.

Terrorism has been the biggest concern that the Philippines has been dealing
with in recent years. The Philippines is among the top ten countries most affected by
terrorism, according to the Global Terrorism Index, as of 2020. In 2019, terrorism-related
killings in the Philippines fell for the second year in a row, reaching 284 deaths.
Terrorism-related incidents dropped by 18% from 424 in 2018 to 348 in 2019. Despite a
minor decrease in terrorist activity, the Philippines remains the only Southeast Asian
country among the top 10 terrorist-affected countries. As illustrated in Figure 1, the
communist New People’s Army (NPA) was the most active terrorist organization in the
Philippines. In 2019, the NPA was responsible for 98 killings and 132 terror-related
incidents, accounting for roughly 35% of all deaths and 38% of terror-related
occurrences. (Global Terrorism Index, 2020)

Figure 1.
Philippines has a worldwide terrorism rating of 7.1 in 2020. Though the Philippines’
global terrorism index has fluctuated significantly in recent years, it has tended to rise
from 2011 to 2020, reaching a high of 7.1 in 2020 (Global Terrorism Index, 2020)

Figure 2.

4.2 Focus group discussion

The researchers concluded reasons on why terrorism happens. First, the

terrorrist thinks that the government isn’t running properly, the treatment among people
is not equal,and they want to conquer lands that they want to own .
The researchers also searched 3 questions that are heavily connected on
terrorism wich are:

1.) What is terrorism?

2.) What are the different classification of terrorism?

3.) What are their common goals when these people practice terrorism?

Law enforcers classify terrorism under two categories. Domestic and international.

Domestic terrorism is when terrorist attack their localities. An example of this

kind of terrorism is the Marawi Siege. Though the terrorist there are pro-ISIS, all of them
are Filipinos by race. Therefore, the Marawi Siege is considered to be a domestic
terrorism.

International terrorism on the other hand is when terrorists attack lands that are
out of their country or in simple terms foreign country. A good example of this is when
the Germans attacked Israel during the World War II.

There are 6 distinct types of terrorism: civil disorder, political terrorism, non
political terrorism, quasi terrorism, limited political terrorism and state terrorism.

- Civil disorder is a terrorism that is violent protest by individuals, it is the people

who do not like political policy or do politics, their purpose is to deliver a message
to the government that they are not happy with what is happening and want
change.

- Political terrorism is the people who intend to convey the message directly to the
politicians but because of their violent attacks the citizens are the most affected.

- Non political terrorism is a group terrorism with other purposes. The usual reason
is the religious nature. This quasi terrorism is the criminals who try to flee law
enforcement, their violent action like hostage taking can be considered terrorism
but their motive is not the same as other terrorists.

- Limited political terrorism is people who make a political or ideological statement

but their goal is not to overthrow the government.

- State terrorism refers to any violent action usually this purpose involves a conflict
in another country. The actions of terrorists against the people or government of
the Philippines can happen in any country or world.

4.4 IDENTIFICATION OF EVACUATION ROUTES AND SAFE EVACUATION ZONES

1. The researchers suggest Quezon City Memorial Circle as the evacuation site in
Quezon City when there is an act of terrorism. The Quezon City Memorial circle
can accommodate a lot of evacuees plus the entrances and exits can easily be
blocked by police or military officials.

2. Pugad Lawin is one of the safest evacuation sites in the Philippines because it
can accommodate many people and it is also one that can be easily block by the
police or military officials and there was also food and water for the evacuees
 3. Barangay Pasong Tamo is one of the safe destinations in times of terrorism and
disaster because the Barangay Pasong Tamo is compromised of 55 % informal
settlers.

4.5 Formulation of tsunami evacuation plan and procedures

The researchers constructed an evacuation plan if an act of terrorism happens at

Quezon City or any part of the Philippines that has a huge population.

During a terrorist attack:

- Always remember to stay calm be patient. Authorities are doing their best to
secure the safety of everyone

- Be updated on the news. Whether it's from the T.V or the radio.

- If there's an attack that had happen in your family/home, better give them first aid
before health workers are available

- Check your house for any gas leaks. If it so happen that there is one, open your
windows so that the gas will not settle inside your house.

- Secure your pets. Be sure that they are also safe

- Check for other family members that you can contact.

After a terrorist attack:

- Severe injuries are prone to happen when terrorism strikes. Be sure you have the
contact of paramedics for them to be able to reach you in time.

- Heavy law enforcement will be conducted in the area where the terrorism
happened. Be sure to cooperate for them to help you with ease.

- Most of the time, mental well-being of people are tainted when an act of terrorism
happens. Be sure that you have contacts of psychologist that are available in
your area

- Media coverage on the affected area will be at a maximum level. This can be a
bridge for you and other affected individuals to reach out help on the
government.
 State and local role is the background information at the process for local and
state planners. It is also known as interrelation, unique roles, and responsibilities of local
and states governments.

The local has 8 roles that needed to be prioritized by the government: first
response (911 dispatch, police, fire), incident command, warning and evacuation,
situation assessment, local agency coordination, identification of requirements
exceeding local capabilities, request mutual aid, and request for state assistance.

The planning process, is the process that assembles terrorism incidence

appendix. Like the process for assembling emergency operation plans.

The process of planning to be prepared for a terrorist attack. If possible, start it

immediately so that it can be somehow facilitated and controlled incase such a scenario
occurs.

The creators of this guide are trying to promote it immediately for use in times of
need, in order to improve the existing elements of terrorism response plans and methods
or to create new elements based on the information provided here.

The planning process has 7 phases, first is the initiation that has 4 tasks: start-
up meetings, division of tasks, identification of response needs, and establishment of
timetables and milestones. Second, concept development. Third, plan development.
Fourth, plan review. Fifth, development of supporting plans, procedures, and materials,
sixth, validation of plan using tabletop functional and full-scale exercises, and seventh,
thorough coordination of plans, internally and externally.

Every local agency needs to be careful at comparing plans for other response
functions. the plans can be changed if needed, to remove the discrepancy. This step can
help to prevent the disconnection between vital functions that supports others and it can
help to make sure that everyone arrives at the right time. The investigation should be the
same and has coordination. Inside and outside are important therefore they should be
protected.

CONCLUSION

Terrorism is the unlawful use of violence and intimidation against civilians, with
the goal of pursuing their political aims. Like what happened in Marawi. Where the
Maute Groups concluded with the ISIS with the goal of turning Mindanao to became an
Islamic State. The military tried to stop them that turn into the war between the terrosist
and military. Because of this terrorism attacked many people had affected. Many
innocent people died, they trapped in the middle of the war between military and
terrorist. All of the citizens of Marawi lost their livelihood, lost their house and forced to
evacuate and leave their home. Terrorism may end at Marawi but still this happening
leave a trauma to the people especially to the people that caught in that disaster. Many
Filipinos are afraid of the threat of terrorism. So if the people are prepared for this kind of
disaster maybe the damage are lower and lesser. If the people are prepared, many lives
can’t be lost. If the people of Marawi became prepared for a situation like this maybe
they can reduce the fear and the impact of this war. What happen in Marawi will remain
a lesson to every people in Mindanao and also to all of the Filipinos that preparedness to
every disaster are important since disaster like war are not predictable it just happens.

Terrorism is not just a war between Filipino men and foreigners. It could also be
a battle between Filipino men versus Filipino men that it’s called Civil War. Just like what
we stated earlier, terrorism is an unexpected incident that will just come out or it may be
announce. Many people should be mandatory to be part of the enlistment for the “re-
service” for us to be fully prepared when an attack of terrorism come out right in front of
our eyes.

RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter summarizes the research’s major findings and makes recommendations for
future research.

1. By examining the evidence regarding the effects of terrorism in our country, the
government must implement much more reliable laws and strategies, and people
must follow and educate themselves more by preparing and knowing what to do
in the event of a terrorist attack, in order to reduce the direct economic
destruction of property, fatalities, and especially life in terrorism.

2. The researchers recommend that the next researchers should broaden their
search on literature review for the present researchers did not find much results
in a book review about terrorism.

3. Every family should have its own Emergency Plan, which includes procedures for
dealing with sudden or unexpected situations such as terrorism in order to
ensure the safety of all family members and prevent the loss of life.

4. The researchers recommend to get more insights on other scholarly articles that
are published outside the country. With this, the improvement on how effective
the research is will be better.

5. The government should continue to support and strengthen the military to ensure
that future terrorism operations are successful.
REFERENCES

INTRO

 https://www.unhcr.org/ph/marawi-crisis

LITERATURE REVIEW

 https://www.amazon.com/Marawi-Siege-Its-Aftermath/dp/1527538249?
fbclid=IwAR2JqkO76fvCImkPb3ftqnMIWTh6dcg6HPY4_a8w71GzDbr1xlu1LD-
wSMs
 https://thediplomat.com/2020/03/mindanao-after-martial

METHODOLOGY

 https://libguides.wits.ac.za/c.php?g=693518&p=4914913#:~:text=Research
%20methodology%20is%20the%20specific,study’s%20overall%20validity
%20and%20reliability

 https://gradcoach.com/what-is-research-methodology

 https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/methodology

 https://www.simplilearn.com/what-is-data-collection-article

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1
 https://www.google.com/amp/knoema.com/atlas/Philippines/topics/World-
Rankings/World-Rankings/Global-terrorism-index%3fmode=amp

 https://www.visionofhumanity.org/country-close-up-the-philippines/

 https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=interfacing+activities+in+Terrorism+only+Philippines&
btnG=#d=gs_qabs&u=%23p%3DIkHF0JmwXLcJ

 https://icct.nl/handbook-of-terrorism-prevention-and-preparedness/

4.2

 https://www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/terrorism/types-of-terrorism

 https://www.austintexas.gov/faq/what-terrorism

 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/terrorist-activity
 4.4

 https://prezi.com/3kq2xi7fav5d/barangay-pasong-tamo/?
fallback=1&fbclid=IwAR0pEGiTQl9fTgNvCMxptjwcerAftgv3suItgAoLk7sOQC92X
7IT586FULk

4.5

 https://www.austintexas.gov/faq/what-terrorism