Name: Trương Quang Tường

ID student: ITITIU20130
Class: ITIT21CE11
Date: Oct 8nd, 2022

PRELAB 5

I. PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT

1. Objectives

 In this experiment, we will observe the effects of concentration, temperature, and

catalysts on reaction rates.

2. Application

-The rate of a chemical reaction describes how fast the reaction occurs. There are four main

factors that can affect the reaction rate of a chemical reaction: the nature of the reactants, the

temperature of the reaction, the concentration of the reactants, the surface area of the reactants,

the presence of a catalyst. Reactions occur when two reactant molecules effectively collide, each

having minimum energy and correct orientation. The greater the rate of a chemical reaction, the

less time is needed for a specific number of reactants to be converted into products. The rate of a

reaction can be determined by measuring the time of certain amount of a reactant reacted or a

product formed.
II. PROCEDURE

2.1 EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON REACTION TIME

In this part 1, solution Na2S2O3 will be the limiting reagent. The reactions involved are:

Reaction 1: 2I- + S2O8 2- → I2 + 2SO4 2- (SLOW)

Iodide ions + Peroxydisulfate ions  Iodine + Sulfate ions

Reaction 2: I2 + 2S2O3 2- → 2I- + S4O6 2- (FAST)

Iodine + Thiosulfate ion → Iodide ion + Tetrathionate ion

Reaction 1 is relatively slow. As the iodine is formed, it is quickly used in reaction 2,

which is relatively fast. The limiting reaction (Na2S2O3 solution) is a source of the

thiosulfate ions. When Na2S2O3 is used up, the excess iodine will react with starch to

form a deep blue solution.

I2(excess) + starch → complex: deep blue solution

In this experiment, you will adjust the concentrations of (NH4)2S2O8 solutions. At room

temperature, the temperature will remain constant.

 Section 1:

Preparation: - 3 cylinder, 3 normal beakers

- Substance: 90ml 0.1M (NH4)2S2O8, 60ml 0.005M Na2S2O3, 90ml 0.2M

KI.

Tutorial step:

- In first tube, add 90ml 0.1M (NH4)2S2O8.

- In second tube, add 60ml 0.005M Na2S2O3.

- In third tube, add 90ml 0.2M KI.

Section 2: PROCEDURE

Table 1. Chemical preparation for the experiment on the effect of concentration on reaction time

Test tube #A1 – #A11 Test tube #B1 – #B11

No (NH4)2S2O8 + Na2 S2O3 Starch
KI + Distilled water (mL)
Distilled water (mL) (mL) (mL)
1 10.0 + 0.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 10.0 + 0.0 water
2 10.0 + 0.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 8.5 + 1.5 water
3 10.0 + 0.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 7.0 + 3.0 water
4 10.0 + 0.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 5.5 + 4.5 water
5 10.0 + 0.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 4.0 + 6.0 water
6 10.0 + 0.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 2.5 + 7.5 water
7 8.5 + 1.5 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 10.0 + 0.0 water
8 7.0 + 3.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 10.0 + 0.0 water
9 5.5 + 4.5 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 10.0 + 0.0 water
10 4.0 + 6.0 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 10.0 + 0.0 water
11 2.5 + 7.5 water 5.0 ~ 4.0 10.0 + 0.0 water
*Special remarks on reactivity of KI: moisture sensitive; light sensitive; air sensitive (Air

causes decomposition to iodine).

Preparation:

 Equipment: 11 tubes, pipette.

 Solution: 0.1M (NH4)2S2O8, distilled water, 0.2M KI.

Tutorial step 1 solution A:

 Step 1: Add 0.1M (NH4)2S2O8 and distilled water to each tube. Repeat the actions

more 10 times.

 Step 2: Add 5ml 0.005M Na2S2O3 per tube. Repeat the actions more 10 times.

 Step 3: Add 4ml starch per tube.

Tutorial step 2 solution B:

 Add 0.2M KI and distilled water to each tube. Repeat the actions more 10 times.

Check Table 1.
Tutorial step 3 mix solution A and solution B:

 Mix A1 and B1, then stirring and watch the clock in order to observe the solution

until first color sign appears (deep blue). Stop timing and record the result. Repeat

the actions more 10 times.

Tutorial step 4: Calculate the initial concentrations of iodide and peroxydisulfate

ion for each of the mixtures.

For example, the concentrations in mixture #1

10 𝑚𝑙 𝑥 0.2 𝑚𝑙/𝐿
Iodide ion: = 0.069 mol/ L
29.0 𝑚𝑙

𝑚𝑙
10𝑚𝑙 𝑥 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐿
Peroxydisulfate: = 0.034
29.0𝑚𝑙 𝐿

Tutorial step 5: Plot the data.

Plotting the concentration of iodide ion versus time for mixtures # 1-6. Time should be

on the X – axis and the concentrations should be on the Y – axis.

 Plotting the concentration of peroxydisulfate ion versus time for mixtures # 1, 7, 8, 9,

10, and 11. Again, time should be on the X – axis and the concentrations should be on the

Y – axis.

2.2 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION RATE.

The reaction rate for the oxidation-reduction reaction between potassium permanganate,

KMnO4, and oxalic acid, H2C2O4, can be measured by observing the time elapsed for the

purple color of the permanganate ion, MnO4-, to disappear.

5H2C2O4(aq) + 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4 (aq)  2MnSO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 10CO2(g) +

8H2O(l)

Section 1: Preparation

 Step 1: Add 5ml 0.33M H2C2O4 each tube. Label 3 tubes to distinguish tube #1A,

tube #2A, tube #3A.

 Step 2: Add 1ml 0.01M KMnO4 and 5ml 3M H2SO4 each tube. Label 3 tubes to

distinguish tube #1A, tube #2A, tube #3A.

Section 2: Procedure.

 Place the test tubes are labeled #1A and #1B in room temperature.

 Pour #1B into #1A. Record the time for the disappear of purple color.

 In warm temperature (50oC), place the test tubes are labeled #2A and #2B in 3

minutes.

 Pour #2B into #2A. Record the time for the purple color to disappear.

 In high temperature (90oC), place the test tube #3A and #3B in 3 minutes.

 Pour #3B into #3A. Record the time for purple color to disappear.

2.3. EFFECT OF A CATALYST ON THE REACTION RATE

 a) Preparation: - Equipment: cylinder, tube.

- Substance: 5 mL of the 3% H2O2, 40ml 3% H2O2, MnCl2, MnO2,

NaCl, CaCl2, Zn, KNO3, Fe (NO3).

b) Tutorial step:

-Add 5ml of the 3% H2O2 to 7 prepared tubes which contains 7 different substances

are labeled from #1 to #7. The substances in each tube in order: MnCl2, MnO2,

NaCl, CaCl2, Zn, KNO3, FeNO3

- Agitate the mixture. Compare the reaction rate (the time for air bubbles to appear)

and record your observations. Rank them in the decreasing order: fastest (01) 

lowest (07).

III. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

3.1 PREVENTION:

- If you have long hair, tie it back and wear safety goggles that fit tightly on your

head.

- Put on a lab coat, gloves, and closed-toed shoes.

- Do not allow to wear shocks or skirts.

- A good habit is to check the acid bottle for cracks before touching or picking it up.

Also check for spilled acid on the handle or bottle.

 - Use the chemicals judiciously

3.2 POTENTIAL THREATS:

 (NH4)2S2O8:

- Harmful if swallowed (oral)

- Causes skin irritation

- Causes eye irritation

 Na2S2O3:

- Sore throat, shortness of breath coughing, and congestion.

- Skin contact: irritation, itching, dermatitis

- Irritation to eyes and mucous membranes.

 KI

- Skin corrosion/irritation.

- Causes serious eye irritation.

- May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled.

 Starch

- May cause eye irritation.

- May cause respiratory tract irritation.

 Peroxydisulfate

- May cause respiratory tract irritation.

- Exposure can irritate the nose and throat.

 H2C2O4

- Harmful if swallowed or in contact with skin.

- Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product.

- IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER/ doctor if you feel

unwell.

- IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes.

Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue

rinsing.

 H2SO4

- Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.

- Inhalation: Not expected to be an inhalation hazard unless heated or misted.

VERY TOXIC, can cause death.

- CORROSIVE. Contact causes severe burns with redness, swelling, pain and

blurred vision. Permanent damage including blindness can result.

 MnSO4

- Eye damage.
 - May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.

 K2SO4

- Causes serious eye damage.

- Take victim to a doctor if irritation persist.

 MnCl2

- Eye contact: None under normal use conditions.

- Skin contact: None under normal use conditions.

- Inhalation: None under normal use conditions.

 CaCl2

- Calcium chloride is classified as an “irritant”. This means that is causes

symptoms ranging from swelling and pain to burns.

- Direct contact of the salt on the skin can result in irritation or even superficial

burns. When calcium chloride is added to hot water it causes violent boiling. This

presents another risk of burn injuries.

IV. SUGGESTED QUESTIONS

1. What are objectives of today’s lab work?

In this experiment, we will observe the effects of concentration, temperature, and

catalysts on reaction rates.

2. What is the rate of a chemical reaction?

Chemical reaction, a process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are

converted to one or more different substances, the products.

3. How can the rate of a reaction be determined?

The reaction rate can be determined by measuring how fast the concentration of A or B

decreases, or by how fast the concentration of AB increases.

4. What is the unit expression of reaction rate?

Reaction rates are usually expressed as the concentration of reactant consumed or the

concentration of product formed per unit time. The units are thus moles per liter per unit

time, written as M/s, M/min, or M/h.

5. Please list out factors that can affect the rate of a reaction?
 There are four main factors that can affect the reaction rate of a chemical reaction: the

nature of the reactants, the temperature of the reaction, the concentration of the reactants,

the surface area of the reactants, the presence of a catalyst.

6. How does temperature affect the reaction rate?

An increase in temperature typically increases the rate of reaction. An increase in
temperature will raise the average kinetic energy of the reactant molecules. Therefore, a
greater proportion of molecules will have the minimum energy necessary for an effective
collision.

7. How does the concentration of reactants affect the reaction rate?

Increasing the concentration of one or more reactants will often increase the rate of

reaction. This occurs because a higher concentration of a reactant will lead to more

collisions of that reactant in a specific time period.

8. What is a catalyst? Is it consumed during the reaction?

A catalyst is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, or lowers the temperature or

pressure needed to start one, without itself being consumed during the reaction.

9. In part 1, what is the role of starch? Please explain

The presence of starch is typically detected using a starch solution.

Because starch combines with iodine to generate an anion in the presence of iodide ion
 brightly colored blue complex observable at extremely low Iodine concentrations.

10. In part 2, please predict the outcome of the experiment

Description of conditions Predicted outcome

Room temperature Colorless

500C Colorless
900C Colorless