Magnetic Lorentz Force

Forces
Law
Fields
A force is an influence that can change the
Both the electric field and magnetic motion of an object. A force can cause an object
with mass to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate
field can be defined from the
Magnets have 2 poles (north or decelerate. Force can also be described
Lorentz force law: intuitively as a push or a pull.
and south) Formula:
Like poles repel
WHY does the wire move?
Unlike poles attract Newton (N)

Magnets create a Coulomb (C) THE WIRE ITSELF MUST BE MAGNETIC!!! In

(V/M)
other words, the wire has its own INTERNAL
MAGNETIC FIELD around (m/s)
(T) MAGNETIC FIELD that is attracted or repulsed
them by the EXTERNAL FIELD.
Your paragraph text
Magnitude & Direction
Magnetic Fields/ B-Field
Mass
Spectrometers
B = tesla (T) unit
Remember::
If a MOVING CHARGE moves into a
The Velocity Selector
is an analytical technique that identifies
magnetic field, it will experience a
the chemical composition of a
MAGNETIC FORCE. This deflection is
compound or sample based on the
3D in nature. mass-to-charge ratio of charged
The conditions for the force are: particles. The ratio of charge to mass of
Must have a magnetic field present
the charged particles is calculated by
Charge must be moving
passing them through electric and
Charge must be positive or negative
Charge must be moving PERPENDICULAR
magnetic fields in a mass spectrometer.
to the field.
Direction of the magnetic
The Magnitude of Magnetic Force and
force? Right Hand Rule
Circular Motion
the internal field
The Fingers = Direction B-Field
The magnetic force is equal to the centripetal
The Thumb = Direction of velocity
force and thus can be used to solve for the
The Palm = Direction of the Force The magnetic field, B, is directly circular path of an ion. Or, if the radius is
RIGHT HAND = POSITIVE charges proportional to the current, I, and known, it could be used as part of the MASS to
LEFT HAND = NEGATIVE charges determine the material of the object.
inversely proportional to the

Detector Region
circumference.
 Electromagnetic Induction
What is E/M Induction?
Electromagnetic Induction is the
process of using magnetic fields
to produce voltage, and in a
complete circuit, a current.
It turns out that electromagnetic
induction is created by just that -
the moving of a conductive
substance through a magnetic
a. Self Inductance
field.
Magnetic Induction
As the magnet moves back and
forth a current is said to be
INDUCED in the wire.
the magnet away or
Faraday’s Law
is basically used to find the MAGNITUDE of
the induced EMF. The magnitude of the
current can then be found using Ohm’s Law
provided we know the conductor’s resistance.
other
Since we are dealing with time here were a
talking about the RATE of CHANGE of
FLUX, which is called Faraday's Law.
Kinds of Inductance
Is defined as the phenomenon in which a
change in electric current in a circuit
produces an induced electromotive force
in the same circuit.
b. Mutual Inductance
Current in one coil induces emf in
coil
Distinguish from self-induction
Magnetic Flux
Flux is a general term associated with a
FIELD that is bound by a certain AREA. So
MAGNETIC FLUX is any AREA that has a
MAGNETIC FIELD passing through it.
The DOT product
How could we CHANGE the flux
over a period?
We could move
towards (or the wire).
We could increase or decrease the area.
We could ROTATE the wire along an axis
that is PERPENDICULAR to the field.
This allows us to change the angle between
the area and magnetic field vectors.
 Lenz’s Law
is part of Faraday’s Law and can help
you determine the direction of the
current provided you know HOW the
Useful Applications flux is changing
Flashlight The INDUCED current creates an
AC Generators INDUCED magnetic field of its own
Transformers inside the conductor that opposes the
Microphones original magnetic field.
A magnet is dropped down a conducting
tube.
The magnet INDUCES a current above
Motional EMF – The Rail Gun and below the magnet as it moves.
Electrons flow from the negative terminal of the power supply up the negative rail,
across the projectile, and down the positive rail. A railgun consists of two parallel metal If the motion of the magnet were
rails connected to an electrical power supply. When a conductive projectile is inserted NOT slowed this would violate
conservation of energy!
between the rails, it completes the circuit.
Light as
Light Phenomenon
4.0 × 10­7 m (400nm).
The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
The electromagnetic spectrum represents
the range of energy from low energy, low
frequency radio waves with long
wavelengths up to high energy, high
frequency gamma waves with small
wavelengths.
Visible Light
a small portion of this spectrum. This is
the only part of this energy range that our
eyes can detect. What we see is a rainbow
of colors.
Electromagnetic wave
Frequency Ranges of Atoms and Light
VisibleLight
The movement of electrons inside of
atoms produces light and other
Red light has a frequency of roughly 4.3 × electromagnetic radiation.
1014 Hz, and a wavelength of about 7.0 × 10­7 •Each element gives off only certain
m (700nm). frequencies of light, called spectral lines.
Violet light, at the other end of the visible In effect each element has its own
range, has nearly double the frequency—7.5 signature of spectral lines allowing us to
× 1014 Hz—and (since the speed of light is identify which element we have or what
the same in either case) just over half the stars are made of.
wavelength—
C = λν Spectral lines
The frequency (v) of a wave is the number of astronomers can determine not only the
waves to cross a point in 1 second (units are element, but the temperature and density
Hertz – cycles/sec or sec-1) of that element in the star
v= c
λ Emission lines
λ is the wavelength- the distance from crest to
can also tell us about the magnetic field of
crest on a wave
the star. The width of the line can tell us
λ=c
how fast the material is moving
v
The product of wavelength and frequency
always equals the speed of light. The photoelectric effect
C = λν
c is a constant value= 3.00 x 108 m/s When light shines on metals, electrons
Albert Einstein returned to the idea that
light existed as particles. He proposed
(photoelectrons) are ejected from their
surface.
that light could be described as quanta of has practical applications in photoelectrical
energy that behave as if they were cells used for solar powered cars, and solar
particles. Light quanta are called powered calculators.
photons.
 Geometric Optics
Uses wave model of light to
Magnification
explain properties such as Image
reflection and refraction (M)
Assumptions of geometric Characteristics
optics M= hi
Real Image – can be formed on a
light travels in straight lines ho
screen; not virtual
Image smaller than object

ray: path taken by light

Image is inverted If M > 1, image is enlarged

Pinhole Camera If photographic film placed on

the back of the box, picture is
If M < 1, image is reduced

Simplest version of a camera

permanent Reflection
consisting of a box with a Equation When light rays hit an opaque (not
small opening transparent) surface, they are
Light ray passing from the top hi = di reflected
of an object go through the ho do Law of Reflection
angle of incidence = angle of reflection
hole and hit the back of the

i = r
box
Light ray passing from the
hi - height of image
di – distance of image
Diffuse Reflection
bottom of the object go When light reflected from
ho – height of object
through the hole and hit the uneven surfaces reflect in many
do – distance of object directions (no image can form)
back
 Images Brains Role Image
Characteristics
When parallel rays of light are reflected Light ray from the object hits the
parallel, an image can form mirror and reflects to the eye
Image formed is virtual (not real) and Brain assumes that light travels in a
Virtual
appears at the same distance behind the straight line, so we believe the
Same size
mirror as the object is in front (di = do) reflected light originated somewhere
Erect
Image formed is the same height as the behind the mirror
Laterally inverted
object (hi = ho)
 Mirror and Lenses
Reflection Refraction Curved mirrors

Real Image
Concave Mirrors
Refraction at a
Convex Mirrors
Virtual Image plane surface

How You See

Plane Mirrors Convex Lenses

Concave Lenses
 CE INTERFERENCE IN
NTERFERENCE INTER
and
Interference and Diffraction
INTERFERENCE
RENCE INTERFERE
DIFFRA and
Proofs of Wave Nature
Light’s Nature Thomas Young’s
and
Wave nature (electromagnetic
wave)
CTION Thomas Young's Double
Slit Experiment (1807)
and
bright (constructive) and dark

DIFFRAC
Particle nature (bundles of
energy called photons) (destructive) fringes seen on
screen
Past- Separate Theories of Either Double Slit Interference Experiment
Thin Film Interference
and
Wave or Particle Nature

Corpuscular theory of Patterns CTION and

Showed an interference pattern
Measured the wavelength of the
light
Newton (1670) Poisson/Arago Spot
The Photoelectric

and
travel at extremely high
speeds in straight lines
DIFFRAC
Light corpuscles have mass and (1820)
Effect
Diffraction
Heinrich Hertz first observed the
Christian Huygens and
fringes seen within and around a

CTION
photoelectric effect in 1887
small obstacle or through a
Einstein explained it in 1905 and
(1680) narrow opening
won the Nobel prize for this.
For Constructive For destructive
Wavelets-each point on a

and
wavefront acts as a source for
Interference:
the next wavefront
DIFFRA
interference:
CE

and
INT

Diffraction
Wave bends as it passes an
obstacle.
CTION
 CE INTERFERENCE IN
NTERFERENCE INTER
INTERFERENCE
RENCE INTERFERE
For Constructive Interference of
Waves from Two Sources
and and DIFFRA
Double Slit
Interference

and CTION
and
DIFFRAC
and and CTION
Diffraction Grating
Large number of equally spaced
parallel slits.

DIFFRAC
Equations are same as for double
slit interference but first
Diffraction through
a Narrow Slit
and
Diffraction from
Narrow Slit
and
calculate the d (slit separation)
from the grating density, N. 

Each part of the slit acts as a

point source that interferes with
the others.
CTION
(Based on Huygens Principle)
and DIFFRA
CE

and
INT

CTION