Atomic Structure

(iii)
1 Ruther ford's -particle scattering
. experiment
2Ze2 K
v= = 2.188  108 Z/n cm/sec
1 nh
N()  .............. (i)
 (iv)
sin 4  
2
n 2h 2  n2 
r= = 0.529   Å
N() 
1
.............. (ii) 42 mZe2 K  Z 
K.E.2
N()  Z2.............. (iii) (v)
−22 mZ2e4 K 2 PE
1
N()  2 .............. (iv) ET = 2 2
= −KE =
r nh 2
Here, (vi)
Z = atomic number of element of metal foil − Ze 2
ET = = K.E. + P.E.
2r
K.E. = K.E. of -particle (initially)
 = Scattering angle − 22 mK 2 Z2e 4
(vii) ET =
r = Distance of screen from foil n 2h 2

(viii) ET = – 21.8 × 10–19 Z2/n2 J/atom

2 Radius of Nucleus
. = – 13.6 Z2/n2 eV/atom
R = R0 A1/3 ......(i)
Z2
or R = 1.4 × 10–15 A1/3 metre .......(ii) = 21.8 × 10–12 erg
n2
value of R0 can be 1.1 × 10–15 to 1.44 × 10–15
metre. = – 1312 kJ/mol
(x) E1 < E2< E3 < ...... < E (E = 0)
3. Some Formulae Related with Bohr
Model (xi) (E2– E1) > (E3–E2) > (E4–E3) > .......,
(xii) For H-atom:
mv2 Ze 2
4. (i) = 2
r r E1 = –13.6 eV

(ii) mvr =
nh E2 = – 3.4 eV
2
E3 = –1.5 eV
E4 = –0.85 eV
E5 = –0.54 eV
 (xiii) I.E. = 13.6 Z2 eV/atom (ii) Wave number ( ) and wavelength () of
(xiv) Number of revolution per sec by an e– spectral lines :
1 1 1
0.657 1016 z 2 = = R H Z2  2 − 2 
= 
n3  n1 n 2 

(xv) Time taken for one revolution 22 me4

Here, RH = (RH = Rydberg constant ;
ch 3
1.52  10 −16 n 3
= = 109678 cm–1)
z2
n (n − 1)
(iii)Total no. of spectrum line =
2

5. In Sommer field Model

4. Hydrogen Spectrum  h   h 
P  = n   & Pr = nr  
 2   2 
(i) Various Series of spectrum lines :
& P = Pr + P or n = nr + n
Series Spectrum Wave
Transition Semi major axis a n
of Lines Zone Length = =
Semi minor axis b l
1. Lyman n2 = 2,3,4, Ultraviolet < 3800Å
... to 6. de-Broglie Concept
n1 = 1
h h
2. Balmer n2 = 3,4,5 Visible 3800- (i) = =
mv p
... to 7800 Å
1
n1 = 2 (ii) mv2 = eV (for electron)
2
3.Paschen n2 = 4,5,6 Infrared > 7800Å h
(iii) =
... to 2emV
n1 = 3 12.25
(iv) =
4. Bracket n2 = 5,6, 7 V
... to " " (Here  is in Å, V is in volt) (for
n1 = 4 electron)
5.Pfund n2 = 6, 7, 8 h
(v) =
2mK.E.
... to " "
12.25
n1 = 5 (vi) = (for electron)
K.E.
6.Humphury n2 = 7, 8, 9
(Here  is in Å and K.E. is in eV)
... to " "
n1 = 6
7. Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle 11. Shape of orbitals
(i) Boundary surface diagram for 1s orbital.
h h
(x) (p)  & (x) (v) 
4 4m
h
E. t  (For energy and time)
4 1s
h
& .   (For angular motions) (ii) Boundary surface diagrams of the three
4 2p orbitals.
2px 2py
z z

x x

y y
2pz
8. Shrodinger Theory z

(a) Shrodinger wave equation : x

8 2 m y
(i) 2  + (E–V)  = 0….(i) or
h2
(iii)Boundary surface diagrams of the five 3d
(ii) E = Ĥ …..(ii) orbitals.
dxy dxz dyz
z z z
9. Nodes

(i) Radial nodes or spherical nodes = n –

– 1 x x y x
y y
(ii) Angular nodes = 
(a) (b) (c)
(iii) Total nodes = n – 1 d x 2 − y2
dz2
z z
10. Quantum arithmetic

Max.
Sub Value Value No. of x x
y y
no. of
shell of l of m orbitals
e– (d) (e)
s 0 0 1 2
12. Some important points
p 1 0, ±1 3 6
(a) No. of e–s in any subshell = 2(2l +1)
d 2 0, ±1, ±2 5 10
(b) No. of orbitals in any subshell =
0, ±1, ±2,
f 3 7 14 (2l+1)
±3
(c) Orbital angular momentum of e–
= [l(l+1)] h/2
 (d) Spin angular momentum of e– =
[s(s+1)] h/2
(e) No. of Max. e– in any shell = 2n2 15. Electron filling principles
(f) Max. number of orbitals in any shell = n2 (i) Aufbau Principle :
(g) Max. number of subshell in any shell = According to this principle, "In the
n ground state, the atomic orbitals are
(h) Excited state of e– is always equals to filled in order of increasing energies".
(n-1) i.e. in the ground state the electrons
occupy the lowest orbitals available to
them.
(j) Total nodes = (n – 1)
Order of filling of e– → 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,
(k) Value of l = 0 to (n – 1)
4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s,
(l) Penultimate shell = (n – 1) ……… , 5f, 6d, 7p.
(m)Spin multiplicity = 2S + 1
(Here  S = n/2 and n = total no. of
unpaired electrons)

13. Magnetic Moment (ii) Pauli's Exclusion Principle :

Magnetic Moment = n (n+2) B.M According to this principle, "No two

electrons in an atom can have all the four
n = total no. of unpaired e– quantum numbers n, l, m and s
14. Photo electric effect identical”.

1
h = w + mv2 ………(i)
2

w = h0(work function)………(ii) (iii) Hund's Rule of Maximum Multiplicity

:
According to this rule "Electron pairing
will not take place in orbitals of same
energy until all the available orbital of a
given sub shell contain one electron each
with parallel spin".