D-Chapter 1-Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

CHAPTER 1:
[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

● What is Thermodynamics?
Therme → heat, dynamics → power
 Thermodynamics → Convert heat into power
- Also include other aspects of energy and energy transportation:
power production, refrigeration
• 1st law of thermodynamics (Conservation of energy):

- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change from one form to
another Total amount of energy is constant.
• 2nd law of thermodynamics (Quality of energy):

Cup of hot coffee cools in a cooler room
Cup of hot coffee cannot warms in a cooler room
Processes occur in a certain direction (decreasing quality of energy),
not in just any direction
1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy 2
3 ● Application Areas of Thermodynamics
1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy 3
1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units
➢ Physical quantities are characterized by dimensions
➢ Magnitude of the dimensions are called units
➢ Basic dimensions are called primary

(fundamental) dimensions
➢ Secondary dimensions are expressed

in terms of the primary dimensions
1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 4

5
• Two main sets of units are used:
• Metric, International system (SI)
- Simple system based on decimal relationship between units
( 1m = 100 cm, 1 kg = 1000 gm, .. etc.)
- Mostly used around the world
• English system
- Difficult, no numerical base
( 1 ft = 12 in, 1 lb = 16 oz, ..etc.)
6
• Mass
[kg] [lbm] [Slug = 32.174 lbm]
• Force
[N] = [kg][m/s2] [lbf] = 32.174 [lbm][ft/s2] [lbf] = [Slug][ft/s2]
• Weight
- Weight is different than mass

- Weight scale measure the weight not the mass.
8
• Work
=
[J] = [N][m] [Btu] = 778.169 [lbf][ ft]
- more common, [kJ] = [103 J], [therm] = [105 Btu]
• Dimensional Homogeneity:
- All terms in an equation must have the same units.
 The equation is dimensionally homogeneous.

1-3 Systems and Control Volumes
➢ System: region chosen for study
➢ Surroundings: region outside the system
➢ Boundary: surface outside the system
• Two kind of systems :
1) Closed System (Control mass)
2) Open System (Control Volume)
1-3 Systems and Control Volumes 9
10
1) Closed System (Control Mass)
- Constant mass
 mass cannot cross the boundaries
- Energy can cross the boundaries
 (heat and work)

11 2) Open System (Control Volume)

- Mass and energy can cross the boundaries.
- Boundary  Control surface
* Special case:
Closed system + No energy cross the boundaries
Isolated system
1-4 Properties of a System

- Property of a system: any characteristic of a system
Intensive: Independent of mass (size).
Extensive: Vary with mass (size).
- Note:
Extensive properties per unit mass (size)  Intensive properties
1-4 Properties of a System 12

1-5 Density and Specific Gravity

• Density,
mass per unit volume [kg/m3, lbm/ft3]
• Specific volume,
volume per unit mass [m3/kg, ft3/lbm]
1-5 Density and Specific Gravity 13
● Molar Specific volume, ҧ

volume per unit mole [m3/kmole, ft3/kmole]
= No. of moles = / , = Molecular weight
• Specific gravity
• Specific weight,
Weight per unit volume [N/m3]
= / = / =
1-5 Density and Specific Gravity 14

1-6 State and Equilibrium

• State:
- System not going any change.
- Properties known throughout the system.
- State of the system:
Properties that describe the system.
• State postulate:
The thermodynamic state of a simple compressible system is
completely specified by two independent intensive properties.
- Note: simple compressible system  no magnetic,
gravitational, motion, and surface tension effects.
1-6 State and Equilibrium 15
• Equilibrium:
- The system experience no change when it is isolated from its
surroundings.
- Types of Equilibrium:
1) Thermal equilibrium:
Temperature is the same throughout the system.

2) Mechanical equilibrium: Uniform pressure.
3) Phase equilibrium: The mass of the two phases

(ex. Ice & water) in equilibrium.
4) Chemical equilibrium: no chemical reaction.
 System is not in thermodynamic equilibrium unless the

conditions of all types of equilibrium are satisfied.
1-7 Process and Cycles

➢ Process: any change that a system undergoes
from one equilibrium state to another.
➢ Path: the series of states through which
a system passes during a process.
➢ Quasi-equilibrium process
In some processes one thermodynamic property is held constant:

Constant pressure 
Constant temperature 
Constant specific volume 
= constant 
1-7 Process and Cycles 18
➢ Process diagram:
Plot the process using the
thermodynamic properties ( , , )
Example: − diagram.
➢ Cycle: system returns to its initial state at

the end of the process.
➢ The Steady-Flow Process

- No change with time.
- The fluid properties can change from point to point within the
control volume, but at any fixed point they remain the same
during the entire process.
- Under steady-flow conditions,

the mass and energy contents of
a control volume remain constant.
1-8 Temperature
- Temperature: a measure of the energy content of a mass.
- Thermal equilibrium: two bodies are in thermal equilibrium
when they have reached the same temperature
- The zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two bodies are in thermal

equilibrium with a third body, they are also in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
• Temperature Scale:
- SI  Celsius scale [C]
Kelvin scale: the thermodynamic temperature scale of
the SI units [K].
[K] = [C] + 273
- Note:
∆ [K] = ∆ [C]
1-8 Temperature 21
➢ English units  Fahrenheit scale [F]

Rankine scale: the thermodynamic temperature scale
of the English Units [R].
[F]
Note:
[F]
➢ SI English units
[F] [C]
[F] [C]
1-8 Temperature 22
1-9 Pressure
- Pressure: force exerted per unit area.
[Pascal] = [N/m2]
1 kPa = 103 Pa
1 MPa = 106 Pa = 103 kPa
1 atm = 101.325 kPa  100 kPa
1 bar = 100 kPa
1 mmHg = pressure of 1 mm of Hg.

1-9 Pressure 23
Absolute Pressure
- Pressure:
Gage Pressure: relative to atmospheric pressure.
If 
1-9 Pressure 24
Example 1-1
A vacuum gauge connected to a tank reads 30 kPa at a location
where the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa. What is the absolute
pressure in the tank?
1-9 Pressure 25
• Pressure difference
P1
h Fluid
P2
• Pressure in a cylinder
Patm
Subs.
1-9 Pressure 26
• Pressure properties:
- Pressure is the same in all directions.
- Pressure of a gas in a tank is uniform.
- Pressure at the same level for the same fluid
is the same.
- Pressure varies vertically only.
1-9 Pressure 27
1-10 Pressure Measurement Devices

➢ Measure the pressure using: (Manometer, Barometer, other.. see text)
• Manometer
- Used to measure small and moderate pressure differences.
- Neglect gravitational forces in the tank.

1-10 Pressure Measurement Devices 28
Example 1-2
Tank filled with air in a location where = 98 kPa. Calculate the
absolute pressure of the air using a manometer containing a fluid
that has a specific gravity of 12. The fluid-level difference is 45 cm.
● Different fluids and differential pressure
Another approach

• Barometer
- Used to measure the atmospheric pressure.
- Atmospheric pressure sometimes called the barometric pressure.
Patm Patm
1-11 Problem Solving Techniques

➢ Solving Problems Steps.
✓ Read in the text.
➢ Engineering Equation Solver.

✓ Read in the text.
➢ A Remark on Significant Digits;

✓ When solving problems, we will assume the given
information to be accurate to at least three significant digits.
✓ This being the case, you should have no reservation in
rounding the final results to three significant digits.
1-11 Problem Solving Techniques 32

D-Chapter 1-Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics

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CHAPTER 1:

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

• 1st law of thermodynamics (Conservation of energy):

• 2nd law of thermodynamics (Quality of energy):

3 ● Application Areas of Thermodynamics

1-1 Thermodynamics and Energy 3

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units

➢ Physical quantities are characterized by dimensions

➢ Magnitude of the dimensions are called units

➢ Basic dimensions are called primary

➢ Secondary dimensions are expressed

1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 4

• Metric, International system (SI)

- Simple system based on decimal relationship between units

( 1m = 100 cm, 1 kg = 1000 gm, .. etc.)

- Mostly used around the world

- Difficult, no numerical base

( 1 ft = 12 in, 1 lb = 16 oz, ..etc.)

1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 5

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

[kg] [lbm] [Slug = 32.174 lbm]

[N] = [kg][m/s2] [lbf] = 32.174 [lbm][ft/s2] [lbf] = [Slug][ft/s2]

- Weight is different than mass

1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 7

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

[J] = [N][m] [Btu] = 778.169 [lbf][ ft]

- more common, [kJ] = [103 J], [therm] = [105 Btu]

1-2 Importance of Dimensions and Units 8

1-3 Systems and Control Volumes

➢ System: region chosen for study

➢ Surroundings: region outside the system

➢ Boundary: surface outside the system

• Two kind of systems :

1) Closed System (Control mass)

2) Open System (Control Volume)

1-3 Systems and Control Volumes 9

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

1-3 Systems and Control Volumes 10

11 2) Open System (Control Volume)

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

1-4 Properties of a System

1-4 Properties of a System 12

1-5 Density and Specific Gravity

1-5 Density and Specific Gravity 13

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

● Molar Specific volume, ҧ

= No. of moles = / , = Molecular weight

1-5 Density and Specific Gravity 14

1-6 State and Equilibrium

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

1-6 State and Equilibrium 16

2) Mechanical equilibrium: Uniform pressure.

3) Phase equilibrium: The mass of the two phases

4) Chemical equilibrium: no chemical reaction.

 System is not in thermodynamic equilibrium unless the

1-6 State and Equilibrium 17

[ENG 208] Engineering Thermodynamics Dr. Asad Alebrahim

1-7 Process and Cycles

In some processes one thermodynamic property is held constant:

➢ Cycle: system returns to its initial state at

1-7 Process and Cycles 19