Chapter 1

Mechanics of Material
1-1 Introduction:
Mechanics of Material study of the behaviour of solid bodies under load. The way
in which they react to applied forces, the deflections resulting and the stresses and
strains set up within the bodies are all considered in an attempt to provide
sufficient knowledge to enable any component to be designed such that it will not
fail within its service life.

1-2 Mechanical Properties of Materials-Definitions

1-2-1 Elasticity
Is the ability of the material to return to its original dimensions when the external
applied load is removed.

1-2-2 Plasticity
Is the property which permits materials to undergo permanent change in shape
without fracture, i.e the material does not return to its original dimensions

1-2-3 Ductility
Is the ability of the material to stand large plastic deformation in tension, i.e the
property of the material which enables it to be drawn out to a considerable extent
before failure.

Figure 1.1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 2

1-2-4 Malleability
Is the property which represents the capacity of the material to withstand plastic
deformation in compression without failure

Figure 1.2

1-2-5 Brittleness
Is the property of the material which makes it fractured before much or no
deformation is noticeable.

1-2-6 Strength
Is the resistance of the material to any applied forces, and is measured in the
known stress units. This resistance is usually known as the tensile strength if the
applied load is tension or compressive strength if the applied force is compression.
The ultimate strength is the maximum stress which the material is capable to
withstand, developed under a slowly axial applied load

1-2-7 Stiffness
Is the property of the material to resist any sort of deformation. A stiff material is
that material which withstands high unit stress with relatively small unit
deformation. In uni-axial tension and compression tests, the stiffness is
quantitatively measured by the modulus of elasticity within the elastic limit

1-2-8 Toughness
It the ability of the material to withstand or absorb mechanical energy. Tough
material is that material which can withstand great deformation together with high
stress
 3 Simple Stress CHAP.1

1-2-9 Resilience
It is the capacity of the material to store mechanical energy; given in energy units
kg.m, or lb.in i.e. force, distance). Resilience is measured by the Modulus of
Resilience ,which is the maximum amount of mechanical energy that may be
stored in a unit volume and be completely recovered upon the removal of load

1-2-10 Hardness
Is the ability of the material to resist scratching, abrasion, cutting, or indentation.
The hardness of non-metallic materials such as stones, gravel, and rock is usually
measured by its resistance to abrasion by friction

1-2-11 Endurance
Is the ability of the material to withstand repeated application of load. The
endurance limit is the highest repeated stress that can be applied infinite number of
times causing failure to the material

1-2-12 Durability
Is the ability of the material to resist the internal or external destructive conditions

over long period of time

1.3 Direct or normal stress

 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 4

Mechanic of material - definition Study the behavior of solid bodies under

load, the way and types of applied load, deflection, stresses and strains.

Stress and Strain curve

Load

Tension Compression Shear produced

Uniaxial loading By Torsional loading

 5 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Biaxial Stress Vessel Subjected Hydrostatic Stresses Resulting

to internal stress from immersion in fluid

Loading condition leading to version stress statues

Form of elastic deformation exhibits by solids

Direct (Normal) stress

Direct load (uniform tension or compression) which is applied across the cross –
section
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 6

Note: Load symbol may be P or F or W

Units

1 ⁄ or bar = 1 ⁄ 1

1 ⁄ 1

1 ⁄ 1

1 ⁄ 1

Tensile stress = Positive , Compressive = Negative

Symbol
Tera (T) 1 𝜌 Rho
Giga (G) 1 ∆ Delta
Mega (M) 1 ϕ Phi
Kilo (K) 1 ϵ Epsilon
Heco (H) 1 Sigma
Deca 1 α Alpha
Deci (d) 1 γ gamma
Centi (c) 1 υ new
Milli (m) 1 ω Omega
α Alpha θ Theta
γ gamma μ mu

Direct strain
Strain is a measure of the deformation of the Material
 Ratio of two quantities of same unit

∆
 7 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Tensile strain = Positive (+)

Compressive strain = Negative (-)

Note: Negative strain produced a decrease in length.

Elastic material (Hook’s law)

ϵ

ϵ
E = Young‘s modulus (Modulus of elasticity) Unites: GN / m2

Elongation due to applied force

Elongation due to applied weight

𝜌 𝜌
∆

∆
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 8

∆ ∫

γ = Specific weight (N/m3) weight per unit volume

Weight (kg)

Note

Total deflection due to superposition of bar’s own weight and concentrated force P

⁄
∆

𝜌 𝜌 𝜌

𝜌 𝜌 γ

γ 𝜌

γ
Tensile Test
Limit of proportionality A
The metal behaves elastically and the stress is proportionality to strain (obeys
Hooke’s Law)
 9 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Elastic Limit B
Deformations are completely recovered when load recovered maximum stress in
elastic region (Hooke’s law does not apply)

 Sometimes A ≡ B (some materials)

Yield Point
Inverse in strain without increase in stress C, D = upper and lower yield point.

E = ultimate tensile stress

Beyond E Area of the bar begins to reduce rapidly over relatively small length of
the bar and the bar is said to be neck.

 F= breaking stress (fracture)

Brittle Material‫تشىه قصير ومن ثم االنهيار‬

Fracture occur in the elastic region e.g , cast iron
concrete .
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 10

Ductile Material ‫تشىه طىيل ومن ثم االنهيار‬

Plastic deformation occur for e.g. Mild steel, aluminum

Stress – strain curves

For Ductile Material

= Gauge length After Fracture

1
 11 Simple Stress CHAP.1

1
= minimum cross –sectional area in the necked region

Passion’s ratio (v)

v ≤ 0.5 [for Engineering Materials]

Shear Stress
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 12

Shear strain (𝛄)

G = modulus of rigidity (shear modulus) Unit

 13 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Tenser
1
ϵ

. . . . . . Kronecker delta
1
,

1 1 1

S = Stress trace and e = Strain trace

Generalized Hook‘s law

1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 14

2+ 3

1
1
ϵ ϵ
ϵ [ ]
1
1 ϵ
1
= [(1 )ϵ + ( )]

1 ) = [(1 )ϵ + ( )]

1 1 = [(1 )ϵ + ( )]

= [(ϵ ϵ ) -2ϵ ϵ ϵ )]

1 ( )

For easier
ϵ
1 1 1
ϵ
1 1 1
ϵ
1 1 1
 15 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Annoter arrangement for the last laws

Inverse Matrix method

Note for 2 dimension

In matrix
ϵ 1
{ϵ } = [ 1 ]{ }
ϵ 1

{ }= [D]-1 {ϵ}, [D]-1=

| |= 1/E3[(1- ) + (- ]

=1/ [1- -

1 1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 16

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1 1

Cofactors
1

1 1
1 [ ] 1 [ ] 1 [ ]
1 1
1 1

1 1 1
1 [ ] 1 [ ] 1 [ ]
1
1 1

1 1
1 [ ] 1 [ ] 1 [ ]
1 1
1
1 [ 1 ]
1
{ } | |{ }

1 ϵ 1
1 1

1 𝑣 1 𝑣
 17 Simple Stress CHAP.1

1 ϵ
1 1
ϵ
1 1 1
ϵ
1 1 1

ϵ
1 1 1
Relation between K, G, E
K= Bulk modulus = measure of the resistance of a material to change of volume
without change of shape or form

1 1

Volumetric strain

1 v

Surface Strain
∆
ϵ ϵ 1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 18

Example 1

∆
 19 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Example 2

Two prismatic bars are rigidity fastened together and support a vertical load
of 50 KN shown. Determine the maximum stress in each material?

Steel

𝛄 =7.7 ×104 N/m3

A=6000 mm2

Est= 200 GN/m2

Brass

𝛄 =8.25×104 N/m3

A=5000 mm2

Ebr= 90 GN/m2

Solution

𝜸 = Specific weight

Brass

Max stress at B-B

1 1 1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 20

1
1
1

Steel

1 1 1 1 1

1
1

* Determine the total deflection of bars?

Note

Example 3

Determine the stress in each section of the bar shown in Fig.when subjected to
an axial tensile load of 20 kN.The central section is 30mm square cross-
section; the other portions are of circular section, their diameters being
indicated. What will be the total extension of the bar?

For the bar material E = 210GN/m2.

 21 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Example 4
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 22

Example 4
23 Simple Stress CHAP.1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 24

Example 5
25 Simple Stress CHAP.1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 26

Example 6
 27 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Example 7
CHAP.1 Simple Stress 28
29 Simple Stress CHAP.1
CHAP.1 Simple Stress 30
31 Simple Stress CHAP.1
CHAP.1 Simple Stress 32
33 Simple Stress CHAP.1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 34

Example
 35 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Example
CHAP.1 Simple Stress 36
37 Simple Stress CHAP.1
CHAP.1 Simple Stress 38
39 Simple Stress CHAP.1
CHAP.1 Simple Stress 40
41 Simple Stress CHAP.1
CHAP.1 Simple Stress 42
43 Simple Stress CHAP.1
 CHAP.1 Simple Stress 44

Example 8
 45 Simple Stress CHAP.1

Example 9