Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

San Martin Integrated School – Junior High School

Technology and Livelihood Education

1st Quarter – Module 1 9

Technical Drafting - Drafting Architectural

Layout and Details

Note: Do not write anything on this module, an

answer sheet is provided. Keep it clean!
Architectural Drafting Tools, Materials and Equipment, Their Uses and Care.
Most architectural drafting works generally consist of freehand and mechanical drawings. In this
module, you will learn how to prepare all drafting tools, materials, and equipment needed for the
job. It is presumed that all students like you are already aware of the tools and materials needed in
drafting works considering your learning in the previous year level. However, it is still necessary
that you will review the past lesson to help you prepare for higher drafting activity.

DRAWING TOOLS FUNCTIONS/USES

T-SQUARE
 a drawing instrument used when making horizontal
lines
 used for guiding triangles when drawing vertical lines
Three (3) types of T-square:
 Fixed Head
 Movable Head or Adjustable Head
 Detachable Head or Removable Head
TRIANGLE
 three-sided ruler
 If in use, the base of the triangle must rest on the
blade of the T-square.
RULER
 to measure distance and/or to rule straight lines.

TRIANGULAR SCALE
 generally used when reproducing a drawing in an
enlarged or reduced form to some regular proportion.
 Its main function is to reproduce the measurements of
an object in full size, reduced size, and enlarged size.
PROTRACTOR
 a semi-circular instrument divided into 180 equal parts
each of which is called a degree.
 used to determine gradations of the degrees when
measuring arcs, angles and circles.
COMPASS
 used when drawing arcs and circles
 used in a similar way to a divider
 composed of one with the pen leg and the needle point
leg being held together with a handle.
DIVIDER
 used when transferring measurements, dividing lines
and arcs into the desired number of equal parts
 can easily transfer accurate measurements by
adjusting the divider points.
TEMPLATE
 Much time can be saved in drawing standard symbols
and figures if TEMPLATES are used.
 Made of thin plastic, these tools are available in a large
number of styles and sizes.
FRENCH CURVE
 used in manual drafting and in fashion design to draw
smooth curves of varying radii. The shapes are
segments of the Euler spiral or clothoid curve.
TECHNICAL PEN
 is a specialized instrument used by the engineer,
architect, or draftsperson to make lines of constant
width for architectural engineering, or technical
drawings.
PENCIL
 The most important tools in drawing
TYPES OF PENCILS
1. Hard Pencils
 are used where extreme accuracy is required
especially working on graphs, diagrams and charts.
 used where extreme accuracy is required especially
working on graphs, diagrams and charts.
 (Ex: 9H,8H, 7H, 6H, 5H, & 4H)

2 Medium Pencils
 are used for general purpose work in drawing.
 used for general purpose work in drawing.
 (Ex: 3H, 2H, H, F, HB, & B)

3. Soft Pencils
 are too soft to be used in mechanical drafting. They
are very useful for art work of various kinds.
 too soft to be used in mechanical drafting
 useful for art work of various kinds
 (Ex: 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 6B, & 7B)
ERASING SHIELD
 made up of metal with irregular holes
 tool to protect the rest of the drawing
 clearing up smudges, unnecessary pencil lines and
other erasures.
DUSTING BRUSH
 no matter how careful you are, some erasing crumbs
and dirt particles will collect on the drawing area these
should be removed by using a DUST BRUSH, rather
than your hands.
 Using your hands may cause smudges and streaks.
DRAWING PAPER
 Hard and soft surface drawing papers are highly
recommended to be the best.
 This type does not groove easily when pressure is
applied to the pencil.
 Oslo paper is commonly used
 Bond paper is also recommended.
TRACING PAPER
 Thin transparent paper for reproduction in blueprint.
MASKING TAPE
 Used to hold and fashen drawing paper on the
drawing board
SHARPENER
 Pencils should be sharpened whenever they show
sign of
 PENCIL POINTER
 It is not necessary to resharpen your drawing pencil
every time it start to dull. It can be repointed quickly
with a PENCIL POINTER.
 Use the pencil sharpener only when the point
becomes very blunt, or when it breaks.
ERASER
 Used to clean the dirt off the drawing

DRAWING BOARD/TABLE
 a board made of soft wood but with cleats of hard
wood where the drawing paper is fastened with a
draftsman’s tape.
DRAWING STOOL
 a basic tool in drafting use is to give some height for
the drafting table on the user when drawing.
DRAFTING MACHINE
 a high technology machine for drawing purposes.

Company Rules and SOP

Every company has a set of company rules that would determine how the company would be administered.
The company rules govern how a company must operate internally. These rules cover things such as the
appointment, removal and powers of directors, rules for meetings and shareholder rights.  Before the new
Companies Act 2009, the rules were called the Memorandum and Articles of Association. A company may
adopt its own tailored rules at the time of its incorporation or simply adopt the model rules already
contained in the new Companies Act. When you register your company, you will have the option to upload
your own set of company rules, or choosing to adopt the model rules.

SOP or Standard Operating Procedure and procedures are two titles for same sort of documents, some call
them SOP and other procedure. Policies are kind of umbrella documents that outline the core objectives of
the company, e.g. Allergen Policy; telling what is the stand of company on allergen then they should have
SOP/procedure explaining how these allergens will be controlled

What is an SOP or Standard Operating Procedure?

A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) provides a flight crew with a step-by-step guide to effectively and
safely carry out operations. A particular SOP must not only achieve the task on hand but also be
understood by a crew of various backgrounds and experience within the organization. SOP's can also be
developed as time goes by to incorporate improvements based on experience, accidents, near misses or
innovations from other manufacturers or operators to suit the needs of a particular organization.
SOP's should not be designed too detailed and exhaustive that the pilot does not provide any form of
cognition to the process and not be too relaxed where the crews have too options to decide between.
Of note, a Checklist is generally carried out as a part of an overall procedure; for example, it would be a
company’s SOP to conduct the Landing checklist after the Landing gear is confirmed down and locked on
finals during the approach.

Health and Safety

Standard operating procedures maintain the health and safety of all workers. Especially in manufacturing
settings where heavy equipment is involved, SOPs can help ensure that employees operate equipment to
prevent injuries. SOPs can mandate regular cleaning and maintenance schedules. These activities are
important for safe operation of machinery, but are easily forgotten when employees are switching shifts and
no written records exist. SOPs also show how to run equipment safely during regular use. A document from
Iowa State University suggests using diagrams along with words to make instructions crystal clear.
Consistency of Results
In laboratory settings, the Environmental Protection Agency suggests that following rules set by regulatory
bodies isn't always enough. Workers sometimes make slight changes to standard procedure based on the
more specific requirements of a particular experiment. When these changes aren't documented,
experimental results may differ between teams of technicians using slightly different methods. Writing
standard operating procedures specific to your company's line of business ensures that everyone's working
the same way, limiting the cost of additional trials to explain inconsistent results.

Regulatory and Legal Compliance

Writing a standard operating procedure with a regulatory body's requirements in mind ensures that
practices at your organization line up with industry expectations. Documented procedures help to
streamline internal and external audits as well. For example, if your company maintains ISO certification,
you can assist outside auditors by providing written copies of your ISO-compliant procedures. They can
then advise you where exactly in the process workers are falling short. SOPs also protect you from lawsuits
-- for example, if an employee is injured at work after failing to follow documented best practices. SOPs in
office settings can also ensure legal compliance. For example, an SOP for negotiating business deals
overseas can stop executives from stepping into illegal bribery territory.

Increased Efficiency and Productivity

People need consistency to be their most productive. When there's no doubt about what format a document
should take, whether equipment should be cleaned and where supplies should be stored, people can
simply do their jobs without stopping to ask questions. Standardizing everything is impossible and
counterproductive, as employees need some flexibility to problem solve. However, writing SOPs for regular,
rote procedures can increase efficiency at work. For example, an SOP for file naming can reduce the time
required to find documents and promote teamwork across departments.

How SOP’s are developed?

There is generally a framework which provides a logical structure to build an SOP, however to allow for
flexible operations it can be a fluid arrangement. The four P's provides the framework from which
management and operators can communicate the most effective manner in which to conduct operations.

The Four P's Model

Philosophy. There must be an overarching view from the company’s management on how they want to

READY TO PRINT
operate. This philosophy will be influenced not only by the attitudes of the high-level managers but the
companies’ culture. A philosophy may not necessarily be recorded in a document but it can be seen in the
written policies and procedures and seen in the day-to-day practices of the organization.

Policies. A policy is derived from philosophy focusing on a particular aspect of your operations, such as
maintenance or ground handling. A single policy or a group of policies are then used to create procedures,
which allows for safe and efficient operations.

Procedures. Procedures specify a set of sub tasks which need to be completed in any complex task or
task where it is crucial that a particular aspect is completed or a switch is selected at a specific time.
A Procedure generally satifies the following requirements: What is the task, When is the task to be
conducted, By whom is it to be conducted by, How is the task completed, The sequence for the task and
What form of feedback is required ( written, verbal, physical action).

Practices. The last 'P' is the actual practice or technique of the operator in response to a procedure.
Because the framework can be quite rigid and the actual operating environment can cause the pilot or air
traffic controller to deviate from procedure, this is important because when management are creating the
philosophies, policies and procedures they need to keep in mind how the actual process will be used,
misused or adjusted to suit particular operators. In the perfect world, of course, this would not happen, but
in reality, there is a lot of evidence to suggest that this is fact the case. Humans by nature are innovative,
so in any procedure they will use the technique, which they believe best suits them and the situation. This
is not necessarily a bad thing as long as the techniques are monitored and even incorporated if there is
merit in their use. The one method management has in determining 'practice' is standardization of the
procedures; this minimizes confusion between operators because the training and feedback from it
prevents different interpretations and deviations from SOP's.
Drawing is a universal language. Drafting is a technical drawing used by the designers to
graphically present ideas and present objects necessary for a designed environment. A set of
drafted illustrations is called Construction Documents (CD). There are common rules and
standards to ensure that all designers are able to understand what is in drawing. These design
drawings are use as graphic language to communicate each and every piece of information
necessary to convey an idea and ultimately create a design.
Architectural Drafting is basically pictorial image of buildings, interiors, details, or other items
that need to be built. These are different from other types of drawings as they are drawn to scale,
include accurate measurements and detailed information, and other information necessary to build
a structure. This document is a graphic representation to communicate how to do the construction,
remodeling, or illustration of the design project.
The Role of Drawings
The three terms most often used to offer to the graphic portion of the documents for a building
project are:
 Plans
 Drawings
 Blueprints

These terms are synonymous and can be used interchangeably. They are the graphic representation or
illustration of the project, and comprise the lines, symbols, and abbreviations printed on the paper that
represent the owner’s wishes, as interpreted by the architect.

Design Development
Most drawings develop over several generations of view and modification as a result of
owner input, coordination with other design disciplines, building code compliance, and general
fine-tuning. This process is referred to as design development and occurs before the release of
the final version of drawings, called the workings. Working drawings are the completed design- a
code-compliant representation of the project, ready for bidding and ultimately, construction. They
will be focus of this chapter and are the prerequisite for preparing a detailed unit price estimate.
The completed drawings become a “set,” which incorporates all adjustments, changes and
refinements made by the architect or the engineer as the final step in design development.
Working drawings should comply with all applicable building codes, including any local ordinates
having jurisdiction. Drawings should include all the information you will need to prepare a detailed
estimated and eventually build the project. The set of working drawings consist of various
disciplines of design, including the architectural or core drawings design, structural engineering to
ensure that the structure will support the imposed loads, and mechanical and electrical
engineering to make the space habitable and functional.
Other drawings in the set include designs that are less concerned with the structure itself
than with support services, such as utilities, that will be provided to the structure. These civil or site
drawings include grading and drainage plans, which indicate how surface precipitation will be
channeled away from the structure; landscaping and irrigation design; paving and curbing layout.
Ordinary site improvements, such as fencing, patios, walks, flagpoles, and the like, are shown on
a kind of “catch all” site improvements drawing.
 TLE 9 - ACTIVITY SHEET
1st QUARTER - MODULE 1
Name: ________________________ Section: __________
Subject Teacher: Sir. Erl Casiño Score:

Activity 1. Multiple choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
_____ 1. Provides a flight crew with a step-by-step guide to effectively and safely carry out
operations.
a. Policies b. Regulations c.SOP d. Procedures
_____ 2. It is one of the types of four P Models who influences not only by the attitudes of the high-
level managers but the companies’ culture.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophyd. Practice
_____ 3. One of the types of P Models, which derives from philosophy focusing on a particular
aspect of you operations, such as maintenance or ground handling.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophyd. Practice
_____ 4. Its’ specify a set of sub tasks which need to be completed in any complex task or task
where it is crucial that a particular aspect is completed or a switch is selected at a specific time.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophyd. Practice
_____ 5. The last in P Model in which the response to the procedure.
a. Policies b. Procedures c. Philosophyd. Practice
_____ 6. Part of the companies SOP that ensure the employees safety in operating equipment
and prevent injuries.
a. Regulatory and Legal Compliance c. Consistency of Results
b. Health and Safety d. Increased Efficiency and Productivity
_____ 7. It ensures the practices of the organization line up with industry expectations.
a. Regulatory and Legal Compliance c. Consistency of Results
b. Health and Safety d. Increased Efficiency and Productivity
_____ 8. Specifies company's line of business ensures that everyone is working the same way,
limiting the cost of additional trials to explain inconsistent results.
a. Regulatory and Legal Compliance c. Consistency of Results
b. Health and Safety d. Increased Efficiency and Productivity

Activity 2. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided.
_____ 1. Which among these tools is used for drawing horizontal Lines?
a. triangle b. protractor c. ruler d. t-square
_____ 2. If drawing inclined lines, what tools is best used?
a. protractor b. divider c. triangle d. ruler
_____ 3. What grade of pencil is used for mechanical drawing?
a. B b. F c. H d. HB
_____ 4. What should you do before starting to draw?
a. prepare tools b. clean the drawing table
c. sharpen the pencil d. fasten the drawing paper
_____ 5. Which of the following is used for drawing circles and arcs?
a. protractor b. French curves c. compass d. divider
_____ 6. Which is used for inking straight lines?
a. ruling pen b. guill pen c. speedball pen d. fountain pen
_____ 7. If you want to get the accurate measurement which of the following should be used?
a. compass b. triangles c. protractor d. ruler
_____ 8. Which of the following is considered a smooth, flat surface where you fasten the drawing
pages?
a. drawing table b. dining table c. study table d. center table
_____ 9. Which part of the compass is where you place your thumb and forefinger for turning?
a. nib b. legs c. head d. handle
_____ 10. A Tool used to draw irregular curve lines is.
a. triangle b. divider c. compass d.French curve