INTRODUCTION TO CROWD MANAGEMENT They are not dependent on one another.
They are aware of and
CROWD DEFINED
•A crowd is defined as a large group of people gathered together. It is a
group of people who share a common characteristic, such as age, interest, or
profession.
•A crowd is a large number of people who gather together with a common
short-term or long-term purpose.
•It is a physically compact group of people who have direct, temporary, and
organized contact with one another. This relationship is quickly formed and
quickly ended.
Crowds differ from groups such as assemblies, public meetings, and
receptions, where participants are arranged in a predetermined order and
according to some selection principle.
Crowds can refer to a variety of different types of gatherings:
1) A group of people gathered for a public event.
2) A theatre audience watching a performance.
3) A large number of items arranged or considered together.
TYPES OF CROWDS
CASUAL CROWDS
 A casual crowd is a group of people who are in the same place at
the same time. This type of group has no real common bond, long-
term purpose, or identity.
 A group that forms, usually in a public place, when the people
present share a temporary focus.
 Casual crowds do not exhibit collective behavior because their
behavior is relatively structured, adhering to conventional norms
for behaving in such settings.
CONVENTIONAL CROWD
 A conventional crowd is a group of people who come together for
a specific reason. They could be going to see a movie, a play, a
concert, or a lecture.
 A conventional crowd is one that gathers for a specific and
predetermined purpose.
subject to rules and regulations.
EXPRESSIVE CROWD
 An expressive crowd is a group of people who come together
primarily to have fun and express one or more emotions. Its
members engage in expressive behavior such as dancing, singing,
or worshipping.
 This type of crowd is not aggressive, nor is its energy directed
toward a harmful goal. It is far wiser to allow such activity to
continue and the group to express itself in this manner if there is
no serious breach of the peace.
HOSTILE/AGGRESSIVE CROWD
 A hostile or aggressive crowd is a large unorganized group of
people who are willing to be led into lawlessness but are hesitant
because they lack organizational courage and unity of purpose.
 It is made up of a few determined leaders, active participants, and
a large number of observers. It is loud and threatening, and it will
taunt and harass the cops. As long as it is under control, it remains
a crowd; however, if control is lost, it will transform into a mob.
 MOB - a crowd whose members lose their sense of reason and
respect for the law as a result of intense excitement or agitation
and follow leaders in illegal acts
TYPES OF CROWD ACCORDING TO INTEREST
THE ‘LIKE INTEREST’ CROWD
 The 'like interest' crowd has no common goal. There is a common
external source but not a shared interest.
 The like-interest crowd can't do anything as a group. On the other
hand, such crowds are not always hostile to the established order.
It also differs from the general population in that it possesses
unique psychological qualities.
THE ‘COMMON INTEREST’ CROWD
 The true meaning of crowd sentiment can be seen in the behavior
of the 'common interest' crowd, where there is always a "cause"
that leads the individual concerned to identify himself with the
rest of the crowd.
 10) In a crowd, personal characteristics fade away.
CAUSES OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF CROWDS
 The clustering of individuals becomes a crowd only when all CROWD PSYCHOLOGY
of the people in the gathering share the same feelings and  Refers to research and theories concerning the behavior of crowds
ideas, and their conscious personality disappears. Crowds are and the people who inhabit them. It also investigates the
impulsive and mobile, rather than deliberate. psychological causes and consequences of crowd behavior.
 The causes which determine the appearance of the  Neither the sociopsychological processes that occur within the
characteristics of the crowd are: crowd, nor the techniques used by the crowd leader provide an
 Sentiment of invisible power adequate understanding of the peculiarities of crowd behavior in
 Suggestion and of themselves.
 Contagion
CROWDS ARE SPONTANEOUS
 Once the crowd has gathered, there is a natural accumulation
MYTH: They are spontaneous, and in many cases, they are the sites of
of excitement as well as a "sympathetic induction" As a
violence. There is usually chaos in a crowd.
collective influence, the symptoms and expressions of
REALITY: Mixed crowds, which are common in public events, sports, and
emotions reach each constituent member and heighten the
so on, are usually calm and only engage in stereotypical crowd behavior,
feeling in each individual.
such as whistling and clapping, face painting, singing, and shouting,
depending on the occasion. Most people will go to almost any length to
CHARACTERISTICS OF A CROWD
avoid actual violence, whether they are in a crowd or not.
1) The crowd's unconscious personality replaces the conscious
individuality. When a person is in a crowd, he or she behaves
CROWDS ARE SUGGESTIBLE
very differently than when they are alone and isolated. 
People in crowds are more susceptible to suggestion. They are said to be
2) Passions and sentiments sparked by specific events are
carbon copies of one another. They seek a leader, among other things, and
frequently sufficient to make it happen.
are open to suggestions from others.
3) The collective mind, as it exists at the time, is a very special
kind.
CROWDS ARE IRRATIONAL
4) The members of the crowd have a certain amount of
Most crowds react instinctively. They are fundamentally irrational. Panic
shortsightedness.
is a common irrationality associated with crowds. When there is an
5) Affirmation, contagion, repetition, and prestige are nearly the
emergency, the people in the crowd suddenly behave selfishly, almost like
only means of persuading members of a crowd.
animals, and in the process of trying to escape first, they cause significant
6) They are unaffected by reality or experience.
harm to other people and property.
7) In the eyes of the crowd, nothing is impossible.
CROWDS ARE EMOTIONAL
8) Crowds' sensibilities, whether positive or negative, are always
exaggerated. These characteristics indicate that a person in MYTH: Crowds are especially emotional. It is claimed that increased
emotionality is associated with irrationality and possibly violence.
the crowd has descended to a very low level of civilization.
REALITY: Modern psychological research sees emotions as an integral
9) A crowd is always inferior to an isolated unit in the
part of decision-making rather than as separate from it. People in crowds
intellectual domain.
make decisions based on their emotions, just like they do when they are
not in a crowd.
CROWDS ARE DESTRUCTIVE
MYTH: A strong cultural stereotype of crowds is that they are destructive.
This is closely related to the myth of spontaneity and is frequently
associated with violence.
REALITY: Crowd violence is extremely rare. And when there is violence,
it is usually carried out by a small minority.
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR0
All social interaction is collective behavior.
When two or more people behave in the same way, this is known as
'collective behavior.’
Collective behavior brings people together in situations where traditional
guidelines and formal authority fail to provide direction and action
channels.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
 It takes place in occasional episodes rather than regularly or
routinely.
 It is not regulated by any particular set of rules or procedures.
 It is generally guided by unreasoning beliefs, hopes, fears or
hatreds.
 It is unpredictable.
TYPES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
RIOT
 An unplanned outburst of violence by a large group of people.
 Protest riots are used to express dissatisfaction with a political,
social, cultural, or economic issue.
 Celebration riots are outbursts of joy or delight over an event or
outcome, such as a football team's championship celebration that
gets out of hand.
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS
 An organized effort by a large number of people to bring about or
impede social, political, economic, or cultural change.
DISASTER BEHAVIOR
 A disaster is an accident or natural disaster that kills many people
and destroys a large amount of property.
 Disasters frequently strike without warning, and when they do,
people are confronted with unexpected and unfamiliar problems
that necessitate immediate and decisive action.
 There is the obvious problem of simply surviving when disaster
strikes. Individuals must confront and cope with their fears during
impact while also considering their own and others' safety.
MASS PANIC
 Mass panic is characterized by intense contagious fear, with
individuals acting solely for themselves. People may flee in an
attempt to escape, or they may become behaviorally "frozen" or
paralyzed.
 Mass panic causes a breakdown in social organization and social
roles, as well as significant community chaos.
CROWD MANAGEMENT AND SAFETY IN PASSENGER SHIPS
Passenger Ships
 Ships used to transport 12 or more passengers or voyagers.
 These are the ships that transport passengers on national or
international voyages.
 They can range in size from yachts to massive cruise ships.
Passenger vessels are also classified into broad categories based on their
use and size.
 Passenger ships that are only used to transport transiting passengers.
 Vessels that, in addition to transporting passengers, are also used to
transport vehicles from one location to another.
 Passenger ships that also transport cargo.
Categorization Of Passenger Ships
The passenger ships are broadly categorized in two classes namely:
1. Ferry
2. Cruise Ships
Ferry Ships
 Ferry ships are vessels that transport passengers on short-distance
water travel routes.
 Ferry ships can be dual in nature, that is, they can be vessels that
only transport passengers or ships that can also carry a vehicular load
in addition to the intake of passengers.
 These ships travel on a regular schedule and charge fixed fares.
Water taxis and water buses are other names for ferries. These are
the ships that travel the same route with many stops in between.
 These ships serve the same function as public transportation by road
or rail. Ferries are smaller ships that are used for shorter distance
voyages or as public transportation.
Examples of Ferry Companies in the Philippines
 The SuperCat Fast Ferry Corporation (SuperCat)
 OCEAN FAST FERRIES INC. (OCEANJET)
 Archipelago Philippine Ferries Corporation (FASTCAT)
 The Pasig River Ferry Service (PRFS)
Cruise ships or cruises
Cruise ships or cruises are large vessels equipped with all luxury and
necessary amenities that are used for transportation and destination
vacations.
These vessels are used for long-distance travel and to bring international
trade to the country
Cruise ships are the most well-known type of merchant vessel, transporting
passengers from one country to another for recreational purposes.
These ships are also used for recreational activities and as a medium of social
gathering. Because of the availability of in-house guides and experts, it is
also a way to promote a country's tourism.
FAMOUS CRUISE LINE COMPANIES
P&O Cruises Australia
Princess Cruises
Carnival Cruise Line
Royal Caribbean International
Cunard Line
Holland America Line
Seabourn
MSC Cruises
LARGEST CRUISE SHIPS
Wonder of the Seas
Symphony Of the Seas
Costa Smeralda
P&O Iona
Crowd management on Passenger Ships
-Crowd management is the act of assisting and controlling large crowds on
the ship while also keeping passengers calm during emergencies or chaotic
situations.
-Crowd control on passenger ships is commonly caused by waiting lines at
special events, public gathering spaces such as pools, bars, and buffet tables,
or hazardous situations such as storms and fires.
-Crowd management consists of learning about the vessel, applicable rules
and regulations, and practicing emergency procedures.
-Crew members learn the skills needed to navigate and control large crowds
on a passenger vessel, both naturally and during emergencies, during crowd
management training.
-Each member of the crew will know how to respond and what their
responsibilities are in each possible scenario if they participate in crowd
management training.
-Securing safe zones is essential to preventing such tragedies from occurring
again.
-Sailing to prevent such accidents from occurring is the best possible
precaution. At the same time, if such an accident does occur, there is a
requirement to conduct appropriate crew training so that they understand the
best way to protect the lives of those onboard.
Basic Crowd Control Knowledge
-When a passenger ship encounters an emergency, the crew must conduct
accurate crowd management of the passengers in order to protect the lives of
all aboard through appropriate evacuation of the ship. It is extremely difficult
to manage a crowd with such precision.
-Obtain a basic understanding of such situations, such as the psychology and Transmission & spread of negative information
actions of people in an emergency. Immobilization of psychology
-In a ship, "emergencies" are situations in which a passenger ship faces a Crowd Actions
situation that puts the lives of those aboard in danger. In general, Lacking in unification
emergencies occur as a result of an accident that occurs while the ship is at Impossible to communicate
sea or at anchor. Loss of control due to panic

Basic Approaches to Crowd Control

MAJOR ACCIDENTS THAT MAY HAPPEN ON PASSENGER SHIPS -Awareness of Locations in which an Emergency may Occur
 RUNNING AGROUND -The crew must be aware of at least the following information for each
 SHIP COLLISION possible location:
 FIRE -Evacuation routes and escape routes.
 CAPSIZING AND SINKING -The locations of potential obstructions to evacuation or escape.
Crew Conditions Types of dangerous materials present, and the locations where they are
-Unable to obtain accurate information. stored, etc.
-Lines of communication become confused. MUSTER STATIONS
-Unable to make appropriate decisions. Muster stations are multiple emergency areas dedicated to specific groups of
-Chain of command becomes confused. passengers and crew members to ensure that everyone on board is not going
As a result, the crew become unable to provide passengers with accurate to the same emergency exit.
instructions in order to evacuate the ship. Response Procedures in an Emergency
Passenger Conditions Assistance to passengers’ en-route to muster or embarkation stations
-Individuals start to panic. In the initial and intermediate stages of evacuation, passengers display
-This ultimately leads to mass panic. confusion and hindrance. The crew should be able to establish authority over
-The situation goes out of control. the passengers and give clear and reassuring orders.
Psychology and Actions of People in an Emergency TYPES OF PASSENGERS WHERE EXTRA HELP IS NEEDED
Individual Psychology -BIG GROUP WITH CHILDREN
Fear occurs -PANIC-STRICKEN PASSENGERS
Instinct for self-preservation occurs -HANDICAPPED AND PASSIVE PASSENGERS
Flight or hide response -HURT AND INJURED PASSENGERS
Confusion MAKE SURE EVACUATION ROUTES ARE CLEAR FROM
Individual Actions OBSTACLES.
Unplanned POSSIBLE EVACUATION OBSTRUCTIONS
Unilateral -Laundry Trolleys
Self-righteous -Bus boy push carts
Passive -Luggage
Crowd Psychology -Locked doors
Transmission & spread of inaccurate information -Repair tools/equipment
-Firefighting equipment
-Sun deck chairs
-Portable bars
-Ornamental plants
-Decors
-Sports equipment
-Blocked fire screen doors
-Blocked watertight doors
-Wheelchairs
-Garbage bins
-Have a complete understanding of places in which passengers may be,
including passenger rooms and common spaces, and to be able to search
them effectively.
-Pay special attention to disabled passengers or others who require special
assistance and enable them to get off the ship or be evacuated safely.
WHEN PASSENGERS REACH THE MUSTER STATION
-Remain calm. If possible, seat all passengers.
-Explain that the lifejacket issue is strictly precautionary.
-Provide a lifejacket
-Stand where you can be seen demonstrating wearing a lifejacket.
-Instruct passengers to put on their life jackets.
-Crew members should be assigned to assist elderly and disabled passengers.
-Explain what is happening on a need-to-know basis only and inform them
that the incident is being handled by control parties.
Information should be updated as needed.
-Explanation of evacuation procedures and location of exits.
-Assure passengers that the ship is the best lifeboat on the water.
-Explain the ship abandonment procedures.
-Maintain your cool and reassure passengers. Some crowd control risks that
may arise on a passenger vessel include:
-Crowds forming and blocking entrances and exits to key areas.
Passengers congregating too close to a potentially hazardous or restricted
area.
-A group that has become too noisy or disorderly to receive instruction.
-Passengers falling during chaotic moments and possibly being trampled or
suffocated by the crowd.
WAYS TO REDUCE OR AVOID PANIC
-Stop the spread of negative information among passengers.
-Inject new information about the evacuation's successful progress.
-Troublemakers (active people) should not be allowed to act freely; instead,
they should be kept busy by helping others.
-Connect active people with people who have panicked or who require
assistance in any other way.
-Panic depletes resources. Seek assistance from mature adults.
-Leadership is essential; without it, rumors will circulate, and strong-willed
but misinformed passengers may attempt to influence events.
CROWD MANAGEMENT IN OUTDOOR EVENTS
Crowds are Unavoidable occurrences of everyday life; problems in their safe
management are not.
-As previous tragedies have demonstrated, the dynamics of crowd behavior
have the potential to cause minor or major injury. Measures should be taken
by the organizers of events to ensure that there is effective and safe crowd
management so that overcrowding does not occur.
-Crowding occurs as a result of an excessively large number of people
gathering in a specified area. Large numbers gather routinely in such places
as shopping malls, train stations, bus stations etc.
-they also gather, often in greater density, where particular attractions or
events are taking place, such as at sporting events, concerts, theatres, cinemas
and festivals. At such events there may be greater risks to their safety.
PLANNING
-Good planning from an early stage will help run the event safely. Organizers
need to allow sufficient time to gather information, consult and obtain advice
and put in place effective precautions to manage crowd safety.
-To minimize the risk of overcrowding, organizers need to consider the
activities, movement and dynamics of the crowd at various parts within the
venue, at the entrance and exits, on the pedestrian routes to and from the
venue and at the transport and parking facilities.
Event type and Location
An acceptable level of crowd density varies according to the venue. A
preliminary walk around the proposed venue, carrying out a visual
inspection, is essential to find out both the suitability and the acceptable level
of crowd density for your event.
TYPES OF VISITORS OR ATTENDEES
• The nature of the visiting crowd will influence your planning and choice of -ACCOMMODATION CAPACITY
venue. Consider the distribution of crowds and how this might affect permissible
• Children, people with special needs and the elderly need special capacity.
consideration. People frequently attend events as a family or small group and • Capacity of the venue
will not want to get separated or leave each other, particularly in emergency • Entrances and exits
situations. • Means of escape in event of emergency
• Performers can have a significant influence on crowd mood and behaviour, • Provision for people with special needs
eg by jumping into the crowd or throwing items into it, or by calming the • Maintenance of venue and equipment\s Facilities such as toilets and
crowd, if pushing or surging starts to occur. Several acts/performances at an information points
event may attract different groups of people, resulting in considerable crowd • Access to first-aid facilities
movement. • Suitable means of access/exit for emergency services
• Crushing, trampling and suffocation are all potential hazards that can arise • Provision for adverse weather conditions
from the dynamics of crowd movement. RISK ASSESSMENT
Transport -EXAMINE YOUR PLANS CAREFULLY AND IDENTIFY POTENTIAL
-Where are the nearest bus and train stations located and will existing HAZARDS, OR THINGS THAT COULD ENDANGER THE PEOPLE
timetables be adequate? INVOLVED OR ATTENDING. CREATE THE PRECAUTIONS YOU'LL
- Is the layout of roads and pedestrian routes to the venue adequate to deal NEED TO TAKE TO AVOID HARM.
with the expected turnout? -THE RISK IS THE POSSIBILITY, WHETHER HIGH OR LOW, THAT
Management SOMEONE WILL BE HARMED BY THE HAZARD.
-Where are the local car and coach parks? 1. Look for the hazards.
-Are there any other venues nearby (especially those which may affect the 2. Decide who might be harmed and how.
crowding situation at your event)? 3. Evaluate the risk and decide whether the existing precautions are
Arrangements adequate or whether more should be done.
- Is existing parking adequate? 4. Record your findings.
- Is any construction work being carried out or proposed in the area? 5. Review your assessment and revise it if necessary.
Ensure that the maximum capacity of the venue is established. Take into account all aspects of the proposed activity and what could
This is to allow: reasonably be expected to cause harm.
-management of the crowd and help in eliminating overcrowding in terms of HAZARDS PRESENTED BY A CROWD
overall number of people in the venue 1. Crushing between people
-secure entry and exit 2. Crushing against fixed structures (example: posts, barriers)
-safe exit of people in an emergency. 3. Trampling
4. Surging, swaying, rushing
The maximum capacity should be calculated with reference to 5. Aggressive Behavior
four factors: 6. Dangerous Behavior (climbing on equipment, running through steep
-THE TIME IT TAKES TO GET INTO THE VENUE slopes, throwing objects)
-THE TIME IT TAKES TO GET OUT OF THE VENUE The risks posed by a venue
-EMERGENCY EVACUATION TIME • Slipping or tripping as a result of dim lighting or poorly maintained floors
• Moving vehicles that share the same path as pedestrians Causes
• People becoming entrapped, such as wheelchair users in a crowd -Misjudgement of attraction's popularity
• A structure, such as a fence or barrier, collapses and falls on the crowd. -Unexpected mass movement of audience
• Pushing people up against objects, such as unguarded, hot cooking -Non-management of aggressive/irresponsible behaviour by crowd
• A food stall's equipment Who might be harmed
• Stalls and other objects that obstruct movement and cause congestion -Those within the crowd and at the edge of 'wave'
during busy times
Determine the potential disruptions to your activity. EVALUATE THE RISKS
• emergency situations (for example, a fire, a bomb threat, a structural The likelihood of harm from a specific hazard occurring and the potential
collapse, toxic releases) severity of that harm are reflected in risk. To assess the risk, you must
• accidents estimate the likelihood and severity.
• a portion of the venue is closed Severity is a measure of the extent of possible injuries, ranging from minor
• closure of a nearby or related physical harm to multiple deaths. When estimating severity, you must
• postponement or cancellation consider the circumstances in which the hazard occurs.
• disruption to the arrival/departure profile service interruption (eg power IDENTIFY THE PRECAUTIONS ALREADY IN PLACE
cut) • Consider how effective the existing safeguards are.
• public commotion • Examine how they actually work rather than how they are supposed to
• failure of a system or equipment work. Consider how your precautions might fail or become ineffective.
• weather • Determine what else can be done after the assessment.
Decide who might be harmed and how Risk Management
Consider the consequences and who may be harmed. This could include To control the risk, you must first determine the best way to handle the risk.
anyone in the crowd or anyone who has been exposed to overcrowding for an Examine the following methods, known as the 'hierarchy of control,' to see if
extended period of time. you can eliminate or reduce the risk.
Examples 1. Elimination entails completely eliminating the hazard through new design
Hazard or engineering or new procedure implementation
People could trip on stairs within the venue 2. Substitution entails replacing hazardous materials or methods with less
Causes hazardous alternatives .alternatives
-People pushing their way through the crowd 3. Engineering - by isolating, enclosing, or containing the hazard, or by
improving design
-Inadequate lighting in the area 4. Administrative responsibilities include ensuring that safe operating
-Poor construction of stairs procedures are in place and that Everyone in the workplace has access to
Who might be harmed effective training, induction, and monitoring.
-People being pushed could fall down the stairs. They could be trampled on 5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - by ensuring that appropriate safety
-Young and old people are particularly vulnerable equipment is used. Gloves, hats, sunscreen, and other protective equipment
are available.
Hazard EMERGENCY AND EVACUATION MANAGEMENT
-People falling over as a result of crowd dynamics
An emergency can occur at any time and in any location. As a result, it is • There must be a designated location where lost dependents can be
critical to develop an emergency response plan in order to be as prepared as registered and collected.
possible. • The location must be appropriately furnished.
The plan needs to be event specific and shall, at a minimum, address the • The location must be clearly sign posted and printed in pre-event publicity,
following: programs and on site maps.
-Types of emergencies that could reasonably occur during the event (it is • Record details of the lost dependent
accepted that major natural disasters are likely to be out of the scope of the • When making announcements DO NOT use the name of the dependent,
event’s capabilities. only use a description
-How these emergencies are prepared for (training and information) • If at the end of the event (or within three hours, whichever is sooner)
-Communication structure and line of command in any emergency and how it dependent(s) are still present, Police must be informed.
can change TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN
-Personnel who can authorize an evacuation -Car-parking
-Radio channels used for an emergency (if applicable) -Safe access and egress to the event site
-The establishment of an emergency control center -Emergency services access
-The nearest accident and emergency facility address and contact details -Speed limits on the event site
-The role event staff will play in the case of an emergency.
-A process that accounts for all staff, volunteers and contractors at the site
post emergency
-A process which ensures the wellbeing of any lost child/vulnerable person in
the events care
-Briefing information for emergency personnel and arrangements for
emergency services, including police

First aid provision

Professional medical services should be available should emergencies occur,
typically related to:
• Stress
• Fatigue
• Dehydration
• Abrasions
• Cuts
• Miscellaneous medical injuries
Lost child/vulnerable person procedures
Where the presence of children or vulnerable persons is involved, a
procedure must be in place to ensure the safe and timely return of lost
dependents.