Ajit Lulla

❏ B.Tech IITBombay, Scored AIR in top 500

❏ Senior Physics Faculty

❏ 11 yrs of experience

❏ Ex- ALLEN Kohinoor Faculty

❏ Mentored students who achieved top 10 0 ranks in

JEE and NEET. Like AIR 69, 81, 121 and many more
ELECTRO STATICS

Charge Static

Study of charges at rest

 Today’s target - Electric Charges and Fields

 Charge and its properties

 Methods of charging.
 Coulomb’s Law.
 Electric Field and field Lines
 Field and force due to continuous charge distribution
 Electric Flux and Gauss Law
 Electric Dipole and its Field
 Selected Problems ( latest PYQs, Mains and Advanced ,
NCERT, HCV, IErodov)
ELECTRIC CHARGE
Charge is the property associated with matter due to which it produces and experiences electrical and
magnetic effects. The excess or deficiency of electrons in a body gives the concept of charge.

Types of charge :
(i) Positive charge : It is the deficiency of electrons as compared to proton.
(ii) Negative charge : It is the excess of electrons as compared to proton.

SI unit of charge : ampere × second i.e. Coulomb Dimension : [A T]

Specific Properties of Charge
Charge is a scalar quantity :

It represents excess or deficiency of electrons. Charges are added like real numbers taking sign into
consideration

Charge is transferrable :

If a charged body is put in contact with an another body, then charge can be transferred to another body.

Charge is always associated with mass

Charge cannot exist without mass though mass can exist without charge.

• In charging, the mass of a body changes.

• When body is given positive charge, its mass decreases.
• When body is given negative charge, its mass increases.
Charge is quantized

The quantization of electric charge is the property by virtue of which all free charges are integral multiple of a
basic unit of charge represented by e.
q = ±n𝑒𝑒

The quantum of charge is the charge e = 1.6 × 10−19 C

Charge is conserved

In an isolated system, total charge does not change with time, though individual charge may change

Conservation of charge is also found to hold good in all types of reactions either chemical (atomic) or nuclear.
Charge is invariant
charge on a body does not change whatever be its speed.
Accelerated charge radiates energy

Attraction - Repulsion
Similar charges repel each other while opposite charges attract.
CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS
In conductors, the valence electrons of the atoms can be easily removed from the
atoms and moved about in conductor.
In insulators, even the loosest bound electrons are too tightly bond to be easily
removed from their atoms.
(a) By Friction
Method of Charging
But why?
e- e-

e- e-
Methods of Charging
Friction If we rub one body with other body, electrons are transferred from one body to the other. Transfer of
electrons takes places from lower work function body to higher work function body.
Conduction

The process of transfer of charge by contact of two bodies is known as conduction. If a charged body is put in
contact with uncharged body, the uncharged body becomes charged due to transfer of electrons from one
body to the other.

• The charged body loses some of its charge (which is equal to the charge gained by the uncharged body)
• The charge gained by the uncharged body is always lesser than initial charge present on the charged
body.
Electrostatic induction
If a charged body is brought near a metallic neutral body, the charged body will attract opposite charge and
repel similar charge present in the neutral body. As a result of this one side of the neutral body becomes
negative while the other positive, this process is called 'electrostatic induction’.

Charging a body by induction (in four successive steps)

 Gold leaf Electroscope

It is used to detect the charge on the body.

It consists of a gold leaf attached to the brass disc which is suspended with the help of a brass
rod in a glass jar.
If the gold leaf diverges outward, the body is electrically charged
However if no divergence takes place , then body has no charge.
COULOMB’S LAW
→ Always act along the line joining two charges
→ It is a field force and not a contact force
→ Net force on charge will change in different mediums
→ Action – reaction Pair
→ it is a conservative force (work done is path independent)
 Formula only for point charges
 It is a central force
Two charges equal in magnitude and opposite in polarity are placed at a certain
distance apart and force acting between them is 𝐹𝐹. If 75% charge of one is
transferred to another, then the force between the charges becomes
( A) F/16
(B) 9F/16
(C) F
(D) 15F/16
JEE Mains 2022
Jee Mains 2022
Four charges 𝑄𝑄1 , 𝑄𝑄2 , 𝑄𝑄3 and 𝑄𝑄4 of same magnitude are fixed along the 𝑥𝑥 axis at 𝑥𝑥 = −2𝑎𝑎, −𝑎𝑎, +𝑎𝑎 and +2𝑎𝑎,
respectively. A positive charge 𝑞𝑞 is placed on the positive 𝑦𝑦 axis at a distance 𝑏𝑏 > 0. Four options of the
signs of these charges are given in List-I. The direction of the forces on the charge 𝑞𝑞 is given in List-II.
Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below the lists.
(JEEAdv. 2014))
IErodov
Jee Mains 2022
Jee Mains 2022
JEE advanced
ELECTRIC FIELD

In order to explain 'action at a distance', i.e., 'force without contact' between charges it is assumed that a
charge or charge distribution produces a field in space surrounding it.
JEE Mains 2022
JEE 2021
Jee Mains 2022
Jee Mains 2022
JEE Mains 2022
GAUSS'S LAW
It relates with the total flux of an electric field through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface
and according to it, the total flux linked with a closed surface is 1/𝜀𝜀0 times the charge enclosed by the closed
surface i.e.,
𝑞𝑞
� 𝐸𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 =
𝑆𝑆 𝜖𝜖0

Regarding Gauss's law it is worth noting that

(i) Flux through gaussian surface is independent of its shape.
(ii) Flux through gaussian surface depends only on charges present inside gaussian surface.
(iii) Flux through gaussian surface is independent of position of charges inside gaussian surface.
(iv) Electric field intensity at the gaussian surface is due to all the charges present (inside as well as out side)
(v) In a close surface incoming flux is taken negative while outgoing flux is taken positive.
(vi) In a gaussian surface 𝜙𝜙 = 0 does not imply 𝐸𝐸 = 0 but 𝐸𝐸 = 0 at all the points of the surface implies 𝜙𝜙 =0.
GAUSS'S LAW & COULOMB’S LAW are equivalent.
Gauss law is a powerful tool for calculating electric intensity in case of
symmetrical charge distribution.
PaperDiscussion-
PHysics
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