Electrical & Electronic Equipment for Industrial Machinery

DC Circuit

Phuong-Tung Pham, Ph.D.

Department of Mechatronics
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering

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CONTENTS

Introduction to the Subject

Concepts of DC Circuits

Fundamental Electrical Laws

Analysis of DC Circuits

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 Introduction
to the Subject

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 Syllabus

Electrical & Electronic Equipment for Industrial Machinery

The course presents concepts, circuits, operating principles, and specifications

of electrical instrument, electronics, digital electronics, electric motors
commonly used in industrial machines.

It covers the following topics:

• Fundamentals of electricity, electric circuits, electric transmission
• Semiconductors and analog electronics
• Digital electronics
• Electric machines
• Electric driving system

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 Main textbooks

[1] Tony R. Kuphaldt, Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume I - DC, Design Science
License, 5th Edition, 2020.
[2] Tony R. Kuphaldt, Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume II - AC, Design Science
License, 6th Edition, 2020.

[3] Tony R. Kuphaldt, Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume III - Semiconductors, Design
Science License, 5th Edition, 2014.
[4] Tony R. Kuphaldt, Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV - Digital, Design Science
License, 4th Edition, 2015.
[5] Nguyễn Ngọc Cẩn, Trang bị điện trong máy cắt kim loại, ĐHSPKT Thủ Đức, 1994.

[6] Robert Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory, 11th
Edition. Pearson, 2012.
[7] Trần Việt Hồng (cb), Tài liệu hướng dẫn thí nghiệm Trang bị điện & điện tử trong máy
công nghiệp, NXB Đại học Quốc gia TPHCM, 2016.

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Total score comprises of these sub-scores:
• Exercises: 30%
• Group Assignment: 20%
• Laboratory: 20%
• Final examination : 30%

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 Concepts of
DC Circuits

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 Dynamic electricity

Dynamic electricity, or electric current, is the uniform motion

of electrons through a conductor.

Metals like copper, iron, gold, aluminum, and silver are the
best materials for conducting electricity.

A circuit is an unbroken loop of conductive material that

allows electrons to flow through continuously without
beginning or end.
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 Direct Current and Alternating Current
Direct Current (DC): is the undirection flow of
electric charge

• The flow of electricity in a single direction,

from the negative to the positive terminals.
• DC is prodiced by sources such as batteries,
solar cells, or from AC/DC converters.

Alternating Current (AC) is an electric

current in which the flow of electric charge
periodically reverses direction

• DC may be converted into AC with an

inverter or a motor generator set
• AC is the form in which electric power is
delivered to businesses and residences
• The usual waveform of AC in most electric
power circuit is a sine wave
DC–AC INVERTER
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 Voltage and Current

Voltage: is the measure of speciflc potential energy (potential energy per

unit charge) between two locations.
Voltage, as an expression of potential energy, is always relative between
two locations, or points. Sometimes it is called a voltage “drop.”

Current: When a voltage source is connected to a circuit, the voltage will

cause a uniform flow of electrons through that circuit called a current.
In a single (one loop) circuit, the amount of current at any point is the
same as the amount of current at any other point

Q: What's wrong with the circuit?

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 Resistance
A short circuit is an electric circuit ofiering little or no resistance to the
flow of electrons.
Short circuits are dangerous with high voltage power sources because the
high currents encountered can cause large amounts of heat energy to be
released.
Resistance is the measure of opposition to electric current.

An open circuit is one where the continuity has

been broken by an interruption in the path for
electrons to flow.
A closed circuit is one that is complete, with good
continuity throughout.
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 Fundamental
Electrical Laws

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Ohm’s Law

“One microampere flowing

in one ohmcauses a one
microvolt potential drop.”
Georg Simon Ohm
(1789 – 1854)
Ohm’s Law: E = IR; I = E/R; R = E/I

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 Joule’s Law
Power is the measure of how much work can be done in a
given amount of time.
Power measured in watts, symbolized by the letter “W”

Joule’s Law discusses the mathematical relationship

between power dissipation and current through a
resistance.
James Prescott Joule
(1818 – 1889)
P = I2R ; P = IE ; P = E2/R

The lamp is dissipating (releasing) 108 watts of

power, most likely in the form of both light and heat.

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 Resistor
Resistors are devices built to provide precise amounts of resistance in
electric circuits.
Resistors are rated both in terms of their resistance (ohms) and their ability
to dissipate heat energy (watts).

For the circuit conditions of 10 volts and

2A, the resistor’s resistance must be 5 Ω.

Must specify a resistor with a minimum

power rating of 20 watts, or else it would
overheat and fail

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 Kirchhoff’s Law
Branch: represents a single element such as voltage source or a current
source or a resistor.
Node: is the point of connection between two or more branches.
Loop: is any closed path in a circuit.

1 2 3 4

R2 R2
+ + R4
R4 R1
R1 E
E -
- R3
R3

R2 R2
+ + R1 R4
R1 R4 E
E Gustav Robert Kirchhoff
- - (1824-1887)
R3 R3

2
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 Kirchhoff’s Law
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): The algebraic sum of all currents
entering and exiting a node must equal zero

2A 3A
R2
+ R1 R4
Ix + 2A + 3A = 6A => Ix = 1A.
E Ix
-
R3
6A

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic sum of all voltages in a

loop must equal zero

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 Analysis of
DC Circuits

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 Series and Parallel Circuits

Series Circuits:
• Voltage drops add to equal total voltage.
• All components share the same (equal) current.
• Resistances add to equal total resistance.

Rtotal = R1 + R2 + R3

Parallel Circuits:
• All components share the same (equal) voltage.
• Branch currents add to equal total current.
• Resistances diminish to equal total resistance.
1 1 1 1
= + +
Rtotal R1 R2 R3

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 Series-parallel resistor circuit analysis
The goal of series-parallel resistor circuit analysis is to be able to determine
all voltage drops, currents, and power dissipations in a circuit.

The general strategy to accomplish this goal is as follows:

• Simplify the original circuit down to a simple circuit with one equivalent
total resistance
• Redraw the circuit diagram for each simplification step
• Solve the simplified circuit (with total resistance)
• Calculate the total current
• Calculate the voltage drop, current for each element

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Series-parallel resistor circuit analysis

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Series-parallel resistor circuit analysis

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 Branch current method

Cannot simplify the circuit !!!

“Branch Current” method (Phương pháp dòng điện nhánh):

Step 1: Choose a node and assume directions of currents.

Step 2: Write a KCL equation relating currents at the node.

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 Branch current method
Step 5: Label all voltage drop polarities across resistors according to the
assumed directions of the currents

Step 4: Write KVL equations for each loop of the circuit, substituting the
product IR for E in each resistor term of the equations.

28 − ER1 − ER 2 =
0 Ohm’s Law 28 − 4 I1 − 2 I 2 =
0
7 − ER 2 − ER 3 =
0 7 − 2I 2 − I3 =
0

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 Branch current method
Step 3: Solve for unknown branch currents (simultaneous equations).

0
I1 − I 2 + I 3 = I1 = 5 A I3 is a negative 1A
28 − 4 I1 − 2 I 2 =
0 I 2 = 4 A Our assumed direction for
7 − 2I 2 − I3 =
0 I 3 = −1 A I3 was opposite of its real
direction

Step 4: If any solution is negative, then the

assumed direction of current for that
solution is wrong! Re-draw the current
arrow

Step 5: Solve for voltage drops across all

resistors (E = IR)

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 Mesh current method
“Mesh Current” method (Phương pháp dòng mắc lưới)

Step 1: Draw mesh currents in loops of circuit, enough to account for all
components.

Step 2: Label resistor voltage drop polarities based on assumed directions of mesh
currents.

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 Mesh current method
Step 3: Write KVL equations for each loop of the circuit, substituting the
product IR for E in each resistor term of the equation.

Two mesh currents intersect through a component:

• The current as the algebraic sum of those two mesh currents (i.e. I1 + I2) if
the currents go in the same direction through that component.
• If not, the current as the difierence (i.e. I1 - I2).

Left loop:
28 − 2 ( I1 + I 2 ) − 4 I1 = 0 ⇒ 28 − 6 I1 − 2 I 2 = 0

Right loop:
7 − 2 ( I1 + I 2 ) − 1I 2 =
0 ⇒ 7 − 3I1 − 2 I 2 = 0

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 Mesh current method
Step 4: Solve for unknown mesh currents (simultaneous equations).

I1 = 5 A
I 2 = −1 A

Step 5: If any solution is negative, then the assumed current direction is wrong!

Step 6: Algebraically add mesh currents to find current in components sharing

multiple mesh currents.

Step 7: Solve for voltage drops across all resistors (E=IR).

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 Mesh current method
Advantage of Mesh Current analysis is that it generally allows for the solution
of a large network with fewer unknown values and fewer simultaneous
equations.

Branch current method Mesh current method

(6 unknown values) (3 unknown values)

I5
I6

I4

R2

I2
I3
I1

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 Network Theorems
Millman’s Theorem
Millman’s Theorem applied to any circuit drawn as a set of parallel-connected
branches, each branch with its own voltage source and series resistance:

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 Network Theorems
Superposition Theorem
A circuit can be analyzed with only one source of power at a time

To negate all but one power source for analysis, replace any source of voltage
(batteries) with a wire; replace any current source with an open (break).

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 Network Theorems
Superposition Theorem

Voltage drop Current

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 Network Theorems
Thevenin’s Theorem

Thevenin’s Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit

composed of a single voltage source, series resistance, and series load.

R1 × R2
RThevernin =
R1 + R2

Norton’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem is a way to reduce a network to an equivalent circuit
composed of a single current source, parallel resistance, and parallel load.

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 Network Theorems
Δ-Y and Y-Δ

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 Capacitor
Capacitor react against changes in voltage by
supplying or drawing current in the direction
necessary to oppose the change.

• When a capacitor is faced with an increasing

voltage, it acts as a load: drawing current as
it absorbs energy

• When a capacitor is faced with a decreasing

voltage, it acts as a source: supplying current
as it releases stored energy
The insulator is the name given
The ability of a capacitor to store energy in the to the capacitor
form of an electric field (and consequently to
oppose changes in voltage) is called capacitance
(điện dung).

Capacitance is measured in the unit of the

Farad (F).
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 Capacitor

"Ohm’s Law" for a capacitor

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 Inductances
Inductors react against changes in current by
dropping voltage in the polarity necessary to
oppose the change.

• When an inductor is faced with an increasing

current, it acts as a load: dropping voltage as it
absorbs energy

• When an inductor is faced with a decreasing

current, it acts as a source: creating voltage as
it releases stored energy

The ability of an inductor to store energy in the

form of a magnetic fleld (and consequently to
oppose changes in current) is called inductance
(hệ số tự cảm).

Inductance is measured in the unit of the Henry

(H)
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 Inductance

"Ohm’s Law" for an inductance

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