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Electronic Circuits
Chapter 0: Introduction

Cuong Huynh

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Course Overview
• Chapter 0: Introduction
• Chapter 1: Operational Amplifiers
• Chapter 2: Bipolar Junction Transistor Amplifiers
• Chapter 3: Field Effect Transistor Amplifiers
• Chapter 4: Differential and Multistage Amplifiers
• Chapter 5: Frequency Response
• Chapter 6: Building Blocks of Integrated-Circuit
Amplifiers

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Assessment
• Homework, Quiz (10%)
• Final project (10%)
• Exam (60%)
• Labs (20%)
References
• [1] Sedra/Smith, “Microelectronic Circuits”, 7th edition, Oxford
University Press, 2012.
• [2] D. Neamen, “Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design”, 4th
edition, McGraw Hill
• [3] B. Razavi, “Fundamentals of Microelectronics”, 2nd edition, 2013

• Tools: Orcad, Pspice

• Instructor: Dr. Cuong Huynh. 108 B1.
• Email: hpmcuong@hcmut.edu.vn - http://rfics.hcmut.edu.vn/
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Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Kirchoff’s current law states that the sum of the currents into a node (junction)
must be equal to zero. That is

Example 1:
If I1=900mA, I2=-600mA, and I3=-600mA. What is I4?

Answer: I4 = 300 mA

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Conventional Current
A flow of current in a wire is a flow of negatively charged electrons. That is,
from the negative terminal to the positive in an electric circuit.
In EE we always use conventional current which is the direction of flow of
positively charged particles.
For this reason, the direction of conventional current flow is the direction
opposite to the electron flow. That is, it is from the positive terminal to the
negative.
The convention was established well before the discovery of electrons.
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

The sum of the voltages around a closed loop of an electric circuit must equal
zero.

Current is 1A
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Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Example 2: Determine nodal voltages and branch currents in the following
circuit:
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Nodal Analysis
In simple circuits: the rules for combining resistors in series and
parallel are often sufficient for circuit analysis.

In complicated circuits: we need more powerful techniques and the circuit

can only be analyzed by solving sets of simultaneous equations based on
Kirchoff’s Current or Voltage Laws (KCL or KVL)
→ Nodal Analysis
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Nodal Analysis

Matrix form:

→
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Nodal Analysis
Example 3:

Va= 21.85V
→ Vb= 22.17V
Vc= 25.69V
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Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

Léon Charles Thévenin (1857-1926) was a Frenchman who worked for a
telephone company. He gave us the following theorem for simplifying circuits.
Thévenin’s Theorem states that any combination of voltage sources,
current sources and resistors with two terminals is electrically equivalent to a
single voltage source V and a single series resistor R
An ideal voltage source is “turned off” by replacing it with a short-circuit.
An ideal current source is “turned off” by replacing it with an open-circuit.
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Thévenin Equivalent Circuit

Example 4:
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Norton Equivalent Circuit

Thévenin equivalent circuit based on voltage sources can be converted to a
Norton equivalent circuit based on current sources. Both circuits behave
identically in an electrical sense

Example 5:
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Exercises
Exercise 1: Consider the following measurements of voltage versus current for a
particular voltage source.

Output Voltage (V) Current (mA)

12 0
11 25
9 75

(a) Plot the VI characteristics.

(b) Determine the Thevenin equivalent model for this source.
(c) Determine the Norton Equivalent model for this source.
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Exercises
Exercise 2: Two expensive devices are to be connected as shown in following
figure. For correct operation, the voltage across devices X and Y should be 4V
and 2V respectively. In addition to this, the operating currents of X and Y are
1.5mA and 1mA respectively. As a circuit designer, you are required to determine
the values of R1 and R2 that will ensure correct operation.

𝑅1 = 2𝑘Ω, 𝑅2 = 4𝑘Ω
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Exercises
Exercise 3: Use Nodal Analysis to determine the nodal voltages in the circuit in
following figure and hence determine the branch currents i1, i2, i3, i4, i5.

𝑉1 = 7,41𝑉, 𝑉2 = 4,05𝑉
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Exercises
Exercise 4: Find the Thevenin equivalent for the circuit of following figure

𝑉𝑠 = 24𝑉, 𝑅𝑠 = 12Ω
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Exercises
Exercise 5: Use nodal analysis to determine the voltages V1 and V2 in Figure

𝑉1 = 7,38 𝑉, 𝑉2 = 5,85𝑉
Exercise 6: Use Thevenin’s Theorem to find the current Ix in the circuit of
following figure as a function of R.

6,6
𝐼𝑥 =
1,2 + 𝑅
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Q&A

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