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Jet scour

Article  in  Maritime Engineering · December 2011

DOI: 10.1680/maen.2011.164.4.185

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 Maritime Engineering Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Maritime Engineering 000 Month 2011 Issue MA000
Volume 000 Issue MA000 Pages 1–9 doi:
Jet scour Paper 201133
Received 06/06/2011 Accepted 23/06/2011
Hoffmans and Verheij Published online
Keywords: ???/???/??? ;
ice | proceedings ICE Publishing: All rights reserved

Jet scour
< Gijs Hoffmans Henk Verheij

This paper discusses scour without bed protection, such as propeller scour, two-dimensional horizontal, three-
dimensional horizontal scour generated by free jets downstream of gates and outlets, two-dimensional vertical and
three-dimensional vertical scour. The flow velocities in two- and three-dimensional propeller and free jets are briefly
summarised where special attention is paid to the Dutch and German approaches for calculating the near-bed load
caused by propellers. The time scale of propeller scour is approximated by applying the Breusers’ time-dependent
scour equation. For the maximum scour depth in the equilibrium phase Newton’s second law is used.

1. Jet types and hydraulic phenomena The jet flow can be divided into two distinct regions (Albertson
In general, the following two-dimensional (2D) and/or three- et al., 1948), namely a potential core and a diffused jet. The
dimensional (3D) jet forms can be considered potential core is a wedge-like region in which the flow velocity
equals the efflux velocity, whereas in the diffused jet the flow
(a) downstream of hydraulic structures velocities decrease.
(b) equalising water levels in locks
(c) spillways 2. Hydraulic modelling
(d) downstream of spurs in a river Theory assumes that the jet can be schematised as a
(e) diffusors (very often multiple jets) submerged jet discharging out of an orifice into an infinite
(f) propeller jets of ships. flow in which the jet velocities are Gaussian distributed
around the axis. Directly downstream of a 2D-horizontal (2D-
Horizontal 2D flows are considered flows under barriers or gates H) outlet, the width of the mixing layer increases and the jet
which are infinitely, that is, sufficiently wide (Figure 1). diffuses almost linearly. In a 2D-H diffused jet, the maximum
Underflow has a considerable potential for scour caused by either time-averaged flow velocity (um ) decreases as (Albertson et al.,
high flow velocities or high turbulence intensities. Following 1948) =
Schoklitsch (1935, 1962) it is possible to distinguish attached jets
(or wave or plunging jumps) and surface jets (or moving or
inverted jumps) in which the jet form depends on a number of 1. um ~ð2a1 Þ{1 Ue ðbu =xÞa2
factors such as submergence, flow and turbulence patterns.

Attached jets (or wall jets) are characterised by a combination of
high near-bed velocities and low-bed turbulence. Surface jets are
symbolised by two different flow velocities occurring in the
undisturbed flow and the deceleration or recirculation zone where
the near-bed velocities are relatively small. At the interface, which
is in the mixing layer in which the velocity gradients and the
turbulence intensities are at maximum, the flow is unstable.
Basic features of jets are: diffusion, mixing layers and the extra
turbulence due to the decreasing flow velocities. All these
phenomena are strongly related. For example, the generation of
a mixing layer occurs between two adjacent streams that move at
different speeds in the same general direction. Such a surface of
discontinuity in the flow is unstable if the Reynolds number is
large enough and gives rise to a zone of turbulent mixing
downstream of the point where the two streams meet. The width
of this mixing layer increases in the downstream direction.
in which bu is the width of the 2D jet, Ue is the mean efflux
velocity, x is the horizontal distance from the 2D outlet and a1
(5 0?2) and a2 (5 0?5) are coefficients.
Jets, which are initiated by a propeller, accelerate flow in the
axial, radial and tangential directions. The flow behind a ship’s
propeller is comparable to a flow in a free (or 3D) jet, because
in both flows the jet diffuses. However, there are also
differences. The flow in a propeller jet diverges faster and the
rotation and whirl in a propeller jet is higher, resulting in
different patterns for flow and turbulence (Figures 2 and 3).
Following Albertson et al. (1948) the local jet velocity (
ur,x ) is
in a 3D diffused jet (Figure 4)
 
1 r2
2. ur,x ~um exp { 2 2
2a1 x

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Maritime Engineering Jet scour
Volume 000 Issue MA000 Hoffmans and Verheij

!1=3
P
4. Ue ~1:15
attached jet rD2p

in which P is the installed engine power and r is the density of

water.

wave jump The reattachment length of the jet (xR) ranges from 4 , xR/
zp , 10 (e.g. Rajaratnam (1976)), where zp is the keel
clearance. The maximum time-averaged near-bed velocity
occurs at xR/zp < 6, giving
 
5. ub,m ~a3 Ue Dp =zp
surface jet

in which a3 5 0?2. Fueher et al. (1981), Blaauw and Van de

Kaa (1978) and Verheij (1983) use both Equations 2, 3, 4 and 5
to predict near-bed load caused by shipping manoeuvres.
However, the German and the Dutch approaches apply
different coefficients (Table 1).
moving jump

In the centre of the mixing layer downstream of sills the

turbulence energy (kml) is

6. kml ~ak,ml Us2

plunging jump

where Us is the depth-averaged flow velocity above the sill and

ak,ml is a coefficient.

Turbulence intensities can be expressed by a depth-averaged

inverted jump relative turbulence intensity (r0), a local relative turbulence
intensity (ru) or a local turbulence energy (k), which are defined as
pffiffiffiffiffi
k0
7. r0 ~
U0

uRMS
Figure 1. Different jet forms 8. ru ~
u

 
with 9. k~1=2 u2RMS zv2RMS zw2RMS
 a
3. um ~ð2a1 Þ{1 Ue Dp =x 2

where k0 is the depth-averaged turbulence energy,  u is the local
mean flow velocity in the x direction, U0 is the depth-averaged
where Dp is the 3D jet diameter (or propeller diameter) and r is flow velocity and uRMS, vRMS and wRMS are the root mean
the radial distance from the jet axis. The efflux velocity reads square values of the fluctuating flow velocities in the x, y, and z
(Blaauw and Van de Kaa, 1978) directions.

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 Maritime Engineering Jet scour
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1.00 1.0

ūm / Ue ūr,x / ūm
0.10 0.5

propeller
free jet

0.01 0.0
_0.4 _0.2 0 0.2 0.4
1 10 100
x/Dp r/x

Figure 2. Differences in flow velocities between propeller and free

jets (Verheij, 1983, 1985)

For uniform flow conditions Nezu and Nakagawa (1993) in a mixing layer of a propeller is higher and measures
found vRMS 5 0?71uRMS and wRMS 5 0?55uRMS. approximately 0?3 (Figure 3).

Substituting these empirical relations in Equation 9 yields
uRMS < k0?5 and thus kml can be given by
10. um Þ 2
kml ~ðru,ml 
where ru,ml is the turbulence intensity in the centre of the
mixing layer. As given by Van Mierlo and De Ruiter (1988) the
maximum value of ak,ml is 0?07 for a flow above an artificial
dune. Since Us < um it follows from Equations 6 and 10 that
the maximum value of ru,ml is about 0?26. According to Verheij
(1983, 1985) the maximum value of ru,ml in a mixing layer of a
free jet also equals 0?26. However, the maximum value of ru,ml
Assuming that r0 5 ru,ml and U0 5 u b,ml the strength or the
erosion resistance of the bed protection must fulfil (see also
Hoffmans (2010))
ðru,ml ub,m Þ2
11. Dd~0:7
gYc
where d (5 d50) is the mean particle diameter, g is the
acceleration due to gravity, D (5 rs/r 2 1) is the relative
density, rs is the density of sediment and Yc is the critical
Shields parameter (Shields, 1936). When some erosion may
occur, that is when Yc 5 0?05, Equation 11 can be rewritten
with ru,ml 5 0?3 as

u2b,m
0.3 12. Dd~2:5
2g

resulting in the need for large stones and thus an expensive bed
0.2
protection. As an alternative mattresses can be applied.
ru,me
(-)

0.1
propeller
draught

free or 3D jet
quay wall
flow depth

Ue
Dp jet axis
r ūm
0.0
ūr,x
clearance

0 10 20 30 Zp
keel

x/Dp (-)
harbour bed ūb,m

Figure 3. Differences in turbulence intensities between propeller

and free jets (Verheij, 1983, 1985) Figure 4. Flow field behind a free propeller

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers tma201133.3d 31/10/11 21:20:31

Maritime Engineering Jet scour
Volume 000 Issue MA000 Hoffmans and Verheij

Parameter Albertsen et al. (1948)* Dutch approach{ German approach{

a1 0?081 0?18 0?19: unobstructed jets with a2 5 1?0

0?27exp[0?092(h/Dp)]: without central rudder
0?27exp[0?161(zp/Dp)]: with central rudder
0?56: twin propeller
a2 1 1 0?25: twin propeller
0?30: extra influence for lateral quay wall
0?60: influence of bed and water surface
1?62: for jets reflected by a quay wall
a3 0?1 to 0?25 (Rajaratnam, 1976) 0?21 0?25: inland vessels with a tunnel stern and a twin
rudder configuration
0?42: sea borne vessels without rudder
0?71: sea borne vessels with rudder

*Free jet.
{Propeller jet according to Blaauw and Van de Kaa (1978) and Verheij (1983).
{Propeller jet according to Fueher et al. (1981).
1Using xr/zp < 6

Table 1. Overview of 3D jet parameters in Equations 1, 2, 3, 4 and

5

3. Time-dependent scour 0?37 m where h is the flow depth, 0?6 m/s , 

ub,m , 1?0 m/s,
Usually propeller load is not continuously at one specific 1?5 m/s , Ue , 1?65 m/s and 0?06 m , zp , 0?16 m).
location. Therefore scour is discussed as a function of time.
From experiments on different scales and with different bed 4. Two- and three-dimensional horizontal
materials scour equations are derived between the time scale equilibrium scour
and the scales for velocity, turbulence, flow depth and material For a long time the prediction of the localised scour geometry
density. Based on the Dutch systematic research into scour, the resulting from 2D-H and 3D-H flow has been an element of the
shape of the scour hole is independent of bed material and flow culvert design process for determining erosion protection.
velocity. In the development phase the scour as function of Unprotected culvert outlets can induce substantial scouring
time is (e.g. Hoffmans and Verheij 1997) which may lead to undermining of the culvert. Several
 ct :
researchers have investigated scour caused by submerged
zm t K330 l2 D1 7 horizontal jets over an erodible bed without bed protection
13. ~{ with t1 ~ :
l t1 ðaU0 {Uc Þ4 3 (e.g. Hoffmans and Verheij, 1997).

The momentum equation is a statement of Newton’s law and

where K330 (330 h m2?3/s4?3) is a dimensional coefficient, t (h) is
the time, t1 (h) is the characteristic time at which zm 5 l, Uc is
the critical depth-averaged flow velocity, U0 is the depth-
averaged flow velocity upstream of the scour hole, zm is the
maximum scour depth as function of time, a (5 1?5 + 5r0) is a
turbulence coefficient, ct is a coefficient representing the type of
flow (for 2D R ct 5 0?4 and for 3D R ct 5 0?8) and l is a
characteristic length scale.
Verheij (1985) investigated bed stability and scour in harbours
caused by propellers. Figure 5 shows the time-dependent scour
process for different series in which various hydraulic
parameters were varied (d50 5 0?0056 m, 0?14 m , h ,
relates the sum of the forces acting on a control volume per unit
width to its rate of change of momentum. In the equilibrium
phase of the scour process the sum of forces equals zero.
Figure 6 shows a control volume that is representative for the
2D-H as well as the 3D-H scour process. The momentum fluxes
and the forces acting on this control volume are the momentum
flux (M1) at the inflow section (section 1) )
14. for 2D-H : M1 ~rqU1
15. for 3D-H : M1 ~rQU1

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 Maritime Engineering Jet scour
Volume 000 Issue MA000 Hoffmans and Verheij

0.4 z

0.3
|z | / z 2
m p
(-) 0.2 1

0.1 ht U2
F1 bu F2
0.0 U1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 ūm x
t / t1 (-) zm,e
1 2
Modelling 00 2 - 00 3 00 4 - 00 6
00 7 - 00 9 T0 5 T0 7 - T0 8
T0 9 - T0 11

M1 F1
Figure 5. Time-dependent scour, experimental data from Verheij
R
(1985); to compute t1 in Equation 13 the following assumptions
Rsind
were made: Uc 5 0?5 m/s; U0 5  ub,m ; r0 5 0?2, ct 5 0?8 and
l 5 zp d M2 F2 G
Rcosd
( Rcosd ≈ Fd,h )
where U1 is the mean jet velocity, q is the discharge per unit
width and Q is the total discharge. The momentum flux M2 at
the outflow section (Section 2) is Figure 6. Definition sketch of jet scour

16. for 2D-H : M2 ~rqU2

21. for 3D-H : G~rgV
17. for 3D-H : M2 ~rQU2

in which A is the 2D area of control surface shown in Figure 6 and

in which U2 is the mean flow velocity at section 2, the V is the volume of the control volume. A and G are proportional
hydrostatic forces (F1 and F2), the weight of water (G), the to the equilibrium scour depth and the tailwater depth (ht) as
resultant or dynamic force R exerted by the jet on the bed of
the scour hole and the angle d between R and the horizontal. 22. for 2D{H : A:zm,e ðzm,e zht Þ
By applying Newton’s second law to a control volume in the
horizontal direction, the maximum scour depth in the
equilibrium phase (zm,e) caused by 2D and 3D flow can be 23. for 3D{H : V :z2m,e ðzm,e zht Þ
written as

18. for 2D-H : F1 {F2 {R cos dzrqðU1 {U2 Þ~0 The unknown tand is the ratio between the vertical and
horizontal resultant force, which for uniform flow can be
19. for 3D-H : F1 {F2 {R cos dzrQðU1 {U2 Þ~0 quantified by first considering the ratio between the friction
force (W) and the normal force (N)

This analysis results in one equation with two unknowns (R W rgRh Se ‘

and d) for both 2D and 3D geometries. In principle, the
momentum equations can be solved if only one assumption is
made for the unknown parameters, which must also be
correlated to zm,e. The latter correlation allows prediction of
the scour hole dimensions.
In general, the weight of water (G) may be written as
20. for 2D-H : G~rgA
24. ~ ~Se ~ tan w
N rgRh ‘
in which tanw is a friction factor and w is the angle of internal
friction, , is the length over which W is acting, Rh is the
hydraulic radius and Se is the mean energy slope. If the mean
bed shear stress (t0) is larger than the critical mean bed shear
stress (tc) the dimensions of the scour hole will increase. An
equilibrium phase of the maximum scour depth is achieved if
t0 ~tc ~rgRh Sc . Using the Shields criterion tc ~Yc ðrs {rÞgd,

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Maritime Engineering Jet scour
Volume 000 Issue MA000 Hoffmans and Verheij

the critical mean energy slope is Sc ~Yc Dd=Rh . Assuming that
Rh is constant, the inverse of (tand)c is proportional to
ðtan dÞ1
c ~
25.  1=3
ðtan wÞc :Yc DD90 with D90 ~d90 Dg=n2
where D90* is a dimensionless particle, (tanw)c is the critical
friction factor that represents the strength characteristics of
loose material and n is the kinematic viscosity. If both D and d
increase (tanw)c also increases in agreement with observations,
since the dimensions of a scour hole are relatively larger for
lighter and smaller material. Assuming that ht ,, zm,e the
critical external force reads for 2D-H and for 3D-H, respectively
for 2D  H : ðR cos dÞc ~
26.  
R sin dðtan dÞ{1 ~ðG tan wÞc :rgz2m,e Yc DD90
c
for 3D  H : ðR cos dÞc ~
27.  
R sin dðtan dÞ{1 ~ðG tan wÞc :rgz3m,e Yc DD90
c Other important design parameters with respect to jet scour are
If F1 5 F2, zm,e is written as
for 2D  H : zm,e ~
28.
c2H ðqðU1 {U2 Þ=gÞ1=2 with c2H ~20ðD90 Þ{ð1=2Þ
for 3D  H : zm,e ~
29.
c3H ðQðU1 {U2 Þ=gÞ1=3 with c3H ~7ðD90 Þ{ð1=3Þ
in which c2H and c3H are parameters including several
uncertainties; for example, the influence of the tail water depth,
the relative density, the critical Shields parameter, the grading of
the bed material and the time duration of the experiments.
Blaisdell and Anderson (1989) investigated scour at cantilev-
ered pipe spillway outlets which are usually used at farm-pond
and upstream flood-control principal spillways. About 50 long
lasting tests of 165 h were conducted in which d, Dp (diameter
of pipe), U1, and zh (height of pipe above tailwater depth) were
varied: 2?6 cm , Dp , 81 cm, 0?3 m/s , U1 , 3?2 m/s and
1 , zh/Dp , 8. Six different types of sand were used in which
d50 ranged from 0?46 to 7?65 mm. Using Equation 29 the data
of Blaisdell and Anderson (1989) is simulated with an accuracy
of 0?5 , j , 2, in which j is the discrepancy ratio between
measured and calculated scour depth.
Martins (1973) analysed scour due to a 3D jet falling on a
rocky river-bed. The river bed consisted of equal cubic blocks
systematically arranged without cohesion (d50 5 3 and
4?7 cm). Based on 90 experiments in which ht, H (is the drop
head), Q, and h (is the angle of impact with the horizontal)
were varied (0?06 m , ht , 0?40 m, 0?9 m , H , 2?1 m,
0?011 m3/s , Q , 0?0368 m3/s and 40 ˚ , h , 70 ˚), Martins
arrived by using the theory of Albertson et al. (1948) theory at
zm,e ~0:14NM z0:7ht {0:73h2t =NM
30. 2=7
with NM ~Q3=7 H 3=14 =d50
where NM (m17/14/s6/14) is a dimensional coefficient. If ht equals
:
zero and using U1 ~ð2gH Þ0 5 , Equation 30 reduces to
2=7
31. zm,e ~c3M ðQU1 =gÞ3=7 with c3M ~3:6=D50
whence follows that Equations 29 and 31 are almost identical
with small differences in the exponents (namely 1/3 and 3/7)
and the parameters c3H and c3M.
the length (Ls) and the width (Bs) of the scour hole. For both
circular and plane jets, experiments have indicated that the
ratios Ls/zm,e and Bs/zm,e are nearly constant and measure Ls/
zm,e 5 7 and Bs/zm,e 5 2 (e.g. Breusers and Raudkivi, 1991).
The calibration and verification of c2H were based on about
125 experiments in which the test section consisted of non-
cohesive material. The hydraulic conditions were nearly
identical and no prototype experiments were used. The scour
parameter c3H was calibrated and validated by using more than
100 flume tests. Figures 7 and 8 demonstrate that zm,e slightly
increases if the particle diameter decreases, which is in
agreement with the experimental results in which sand was
considered in the range of 1 mm , d90 , 40 mm with
g 5 9?81 m/s2, D 5 1?65 and n 5 1026 m2/s.
The scour database (Hoffmans, 1995) that has been used to
calibrate and verify Equations 28 and 29, contains little
information with respect to the duration of the experiments.
Usually researchers terminate their tests when the scour rate
slows (stabilisation phase), not when a stable scour hole is
achieved. Part of the relatively large scatter in Figures 7 and 8
can be ascribed to lack of definition of the equilibrium phase.
For horizontal jets, F1 is assumed to be equal to F2, which is a >
fair assumption only if the flow depth downstream of the
hydraulic structure is about equal to the tail water depth. When
the jump is unstable, namely when the jump is receding to a
point far downstream of the outlet, the assumption F1 5 F2

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 Maritime Engineering Jet scour
Volume 000 Issue MA000 Hoffmans and Verheij

6 3

5 c3H

c2H 4 2

2 1

0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1
d90 (m) d90 (m)

Eggenberger and Muller (1944)
Shanlash (1959)
Altinbilek and Basmaci (1973)
Rajaratnam and MacDougall (1983)
Tarapore (1956) Clarke (1962) Rajaratnam and Berry (1977)
Qayoum (1960) Ruff et al. (1982) Blaisdell and Anderson (1989)
Rajaratnam (1981)
Doehring and Abt (1994)
Abdel Ghafar et al. (1995)

Figure 8. c3H as function of d90 (Scour data base; see also

> Figure 7. c2H as function of d90 (Scour data base; see also
Hoffmans (1995))
Hoffmans (1995))

cannot be used. The large scatter in the results can also be of Newton’s law gives per unit width with h is the angle of
attributed to the unstable form of the jet or the magnitude of the impingement (see also Section 4)
jet velocity. If the jet is not attached, but if a recirculation zone
and a mixing layer occur (surface jet), the flow velocities in the 32. {GzRsind{rq U1 sinh~0
scour hole are significantly lower. The different jets in relation to
the magnitude of scouring are not examined here. As no
prototype tests were used to verify Equations 28 and 29, it is a Based on a set of eight equations and eight unknowns
rather narrow basis for the assumption that the values of the Hoffmans (2009) found
unknowns c2H and c3H are the best values. pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
load qU1 sin h=g
33. zm,e zht ~ ~
Although c2H and c3H are calibrated and validated by using fines, strength ðc2V Þ{1
coarse sand and gravel, Equations 28 and 29 could easily be
extended to cohesive soils provided (tanw)c is related to the erosion
resistance parameters, for example the cohesion. To increase the with
accuracy of the predictions both desk studies and detailed physical sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
model studies will have to be carried out. Newton’s second law and 20
34. c2V ~ 2=3
the new developments in the modelling of coherent structures (e.g. D90
Nezu and Nakagawa (1993)) will help to accomplish this goal.

5. Two-dimensional oblique equilibrium

scour
Plunging jets (Figure 9) are often used to pass excess flood-
waters from a dam to a downstream river. Downstream of the
dam a scour hole will be formed, which, if extensive, may
endanger the stability of the dam itself. Therefore the
equilibrium size of the scour hole has to be known at the
design stage to ensure the safety of the dam. The extent of
scour for a particular design flood is dependent on the
interaction between hydraulic and geological factors, a relation
that is not always fully appreciated by researchers.
Figure 10 shows a control volume that is representative for the
scour process downstream of hydraulic structures. Application
6. Three-dimensional vertical equilibrium
scour
In addition to 2D horizontal scour Clarke (1962) also studied
scour caused by vertical 3D jets with variable parameters U1
and Dp (2?4 mm , Dp , 14?3 mm) in sand (0?44 mm ,
d , 2 mm). He observed static as well as dynamic scour.
Dynamic scour is larger than static scour because at higher
velocities more particles can go into suspension giving a
hemispherical scour hole (Figure 11). The ratio between
dynamic scour (zsd) and static scour (zss) lies in the range of
1?2 to 2?0. Based on Rajaratnam tests with a 3D jet impinging
on a sandy bed with 1?2 mm , d50 , 2?38 mm, Breusers and
Raudkivi (1991) described zss as

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers tma201133.3d 31/10/11 21:20:33

Maritime Engineering Jet scour
Volume 000 Issue MA000 Hoffmans and Verheij

bu

entering jet
U1 section control section
1 volume
H θ 2
z
U1
z ht
θ x
1
γ
F1 F2
2
x ht ūb zm,e
b c
zm,e

bed L
diffused jet
potential
core (a)

(a)

nominal limit
of jet
U1

U2
ht

D θ M1 F1
grade- zm,e R
control Rsind
original
structure deposited bed
mound

(b)
d
G
Figure 9. a) Plunging jets, head cut; (b) Grade-control structure Rcosd M2 F2
with D as drop height
(Rcosd ≈ Fd,h )

(b)

pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
35. zss ~aRAJ Dp U1 = Dgd50 with aRAJ ~0:3 Figure 10. (a) Definition sketch; (b) forces

which is comparable to Equation 29, since Equations 29 and 35 calculate scour for sand and gravel caused by 2D-H, 3D-H and
 2 1=3 2D-V jets within an accuracy of 0?5 , j , 2 where j is the
can be rewritten as Equation 29 zm,e : Dp U1 =d90 and
 2 1=2 ratio between the calculated and measured scour depth.
Equation 35 zss : Dp U1 =d50

Rajaratnam (1981b) also carried out tests with a low tail water
depth and jet sizes of Dp is 9?8 and 12?7 mm in sand beds with
d 5 1?0, 1?15 and 2?38 mm. Under these conditions Breusers
and Raudkivi (1991) reported a lower value for aRAJ, namely
aRAJ 5 0?13. However, the ratio between zss and zsd was larger H
and reached values up in the range 2 to 4.

7. Conclusions
The change in momentum per unit of time in the control
low high
volume flowing in a channel is equal to the resultant of all the zss
velocities velocities
zsd
external forces that are acting on the element. Despite the
simplifications made in applying the momentum principle to a
control volume representing the equilibrium shape of a scour Figure 11. Static and dynamic scour
hole, this study has shown that the method can be used to

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 Maritime Engineering
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REFERENCES
? Abdel Ghafar A, Mossa M and Petrillo A (1995) Scour from flow
downstream of a sluice gate after a horizontal apron.
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