INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING

PHYSICS
Assist. Prof. Dr. Duygu Kuzyaka
Ostim Technical University

Fall, 2022
Ankara, Turkey
Introduction, Measurement, Estimating
Model: A kind of analogy or mental Wave Model of Light
image of the phenomena in terms of
something we are familiar with.

Theory: Broader, more detailed, and can give

quantitatively testable predictions, often with great
precision.

Theory of Relativity
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Introduction, Measurement, Estimating
Laws: Statements, based on repeated
experiments or observations, that describe
or predict a range of natural phenomena.

Principles: A principle is a rule or

mechanism by which specific scientific
phenomena work. Principles typically have
more requirements or criteria when it can
be used. They generally require more
explanation to articulate as opposed to a
single universal equation.

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Introduction, Measurement, Estimating

Model, Theory, Law, Principle

Find one example of each next week!

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Uncertainty belirsizlik

Uncertainty: Epistemic situations involving imperfect or unknown information.

bilgi ile ilgili kapsama
✓ Measurement Uncertainty: The expression of the statistical dispersion of the values
dal,saçlm
attributed to a measured quantity.
atfedilmi
✓ Percent Uncertainty: The ratio of the uncertainty to the measured level, multiplied by
100.

Question: The width of a board is 8.8 ± 0.1 cm.

(A) What is estimated uncertainty?
(B) What is the actual width gap?
(C) What is percent uncertainty?

Approximately equal to
Answer:
(A) The estimated uncertainty is ± 0.1 cm.
(B) The actual width lies between (8.8-0.1 and 8.8+0.1) 8.7-8.9 cm
0.1
(C) The percent uncertainty can be calculated as x 100 ≈ 1 %
8.8
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Significant Figures
Significant figures are the number of digits in a value, often a measurement, that
basamaklar
contribute to the degree of accuracy of the value.
katkda bulunmak doruluk kesinlik
In other words, significant figures imply which
ima etmek
digits are really giving the information about
how precise the measurement is.
kesin,kesinlik

✓ Any non-zero digit and zero digits in

0.00700 → 3 significant figures
between non-zero digits are significant
figures
Zeroes do not contribute the precision
✓ Leading zeros are not significant önde olan
kesinlik
✓ Trailing zeroes: izleyen
0.0052 → 2 significant figures ➢ Decimal: If there is a decimal, significantondalk
370. → 3 significant figures ➢ No decimal: Ambiguous-not count the
10.0 → 3 significant figures trailing zeroes belirsiz
705.001 → 6 significant figures
37,000 → 2 significant figures 56,000. 56,000
37,000. → 5 significant figures
5 significant figures 2 significant figures
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Multiplying-Dividing significant figures
Tile
Bathroom 10.1 ft
Carpet 1.69 m floor
Area: 1.07 ft2
12.07 ft 3 SF

2.09 m How many tiles do we need for the bathroom floor?

Area: 1.69 m x 2.09 m = 3.5321 m2 Floor Area: 10.1 ft x 12.07 ft = 121.907 ft2
3 SF 3 SF 5 SF 3 SF 4 SF 6 SF

siniri asmak
The number of SFs The number of SFs cannot exceed the
cannot be more than smallest SF of the multipliers.
that of multipliers

Round the number as the number of

3.53 m2 SF will be 3 → Floor Area: 122 ft2
3 SF Tiles fit in the bathroom: 122 / 1.07 = 114.018…
3 SF
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Addition-Subtraction of significant figures
çkarma

Multiplying & Dividing: 2.00 x 3.5 = 7.0

3 SF 2 SF 2 SF yuvarlatilmis
The result is rounded
Addition & Subtraction: 1.26 + 2.3 = 3.56 according to the least 3.6
3 SF 2 SF 3 SF precise addend en az 2 SF

1.26 + 102.3 = 103.56 → Round to 103.6

3 SF 4 SF

Least precise

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Scientific Notation
Scientific notation allows the number of significant figures to be clearly
expressed.
ifade edilen 0.0258 →?
36,900 → 3.6 x 104 42,300 →?
0.0021 → 2.1 x 10-3 344.50 →?

Decimal notation Scientific notation

2 2 x 100
300 3 x 102
4,321.768 4.321768 x 103
-53000 -5.3 x 104
6720000000 6.72 x 109
0.2 2x 10-1
987 9.87 x 102
0.00000000751 7.51 x 10-9

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Accuracy & Precision
✓ Accuracy refers to how close a
measurement is to the true or accepted
value.
✓ Precision refers to how close
measurements of the same item are to
each other.

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Units & Standards & SI Systems

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Units & Standards & SI Systems
Quantity SI (Metric) Units English Units
BASE UNITS
Length Meter (m) Inch (ft)
Mass Kilogram (kg) Slug
Time Second (s) Second (s)
Current Ampere (A) Ampere (A)
Temperature Kelvin (K) Rankine (°R)
Luminous intensity Candela (cd) Candela (Cd)
Amount of substance Mole (mol) Pound mole
SUPPLEMENTARY UNITS
Plane angle Radian (rad) Degree
Solid angle Steradian (sr) -

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Converting Units-Example
Q1: The summit of the World’s second highest peak is 8,000 m above sea level. What is its
elevation in feet? zirve,en ust asama
A1:
1 ft. = 12 in.
1 in. = 2.54 cm
1 ft. = 12 x 2.54 = 30.48 cm = 0.3048 m
8,000 m = 26,247 ft
Q2: What is the area of an 880 square feet (ft2) apartment in square meters?
A2:
1 ft. = 12 x 2.54 = 30.48 cm
1 ft2 = 929.0304 cm2 = 0.09290304 m2
880 ft2 = 81,75 m2 ≈ 82 m2
Q3: If the speed limit is 55 miles per hour (mi/h or mph), what is the speed in (a) m/s, and
(b) km/h?
A3:
1 mile = 5280 ft. = 5280 x 12 x 2.54 = 160,934.4 cm ≈ 1609 m
𝑚𝑖 1609 𝑚
55
ℎ
= 55 x
3600 𝑠
= 24.58 m/s ≈ 25 m/s
𝑚𝑖 1.609 𝑘𝑚
1 mile = 1609 m = 1.609 km , 55 = 55 x ≈ 88 km/h
ℎ 1ℎ
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Order of Magnitude buyukluk,boy,boyut

tahmn,
Q5: Estimate how much water is in a particular lake with a diameter of 1 km and an average
depth of 10 m. Consider that the shape of the lake is roughly circular.
durumu degerlendrmek yaklasik olarak

A5: We are using a simple model of the lake as a cylinder.

10 m

r=500 m

The volume of a cylinder is V=hπr2

V = 10 m x 3 x (5 x 102)2 = 8 x 106 m3 ≈ 107 m3

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