Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WGS84 E,N,RL
Consists of a horizontal and/or vertical
adjustment
Can be used to compute datum
transformations
Page 1
1
Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Geoid Model (optional)
Vertical Adjustment
Datum Transformation
WGS-84 Local
Usually published parameters (and/or
distortion grids)
Two basic types if derived:
3 Parameter
7 Parameter
3 vs. 7 Parameter
3 Parameter 7 Parameter
Page 2
2
Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Define Projection
Local E,N,RL
Mapping projections are used to
represent positions on the curved surface
of the earth as points on a flat surface or
plane.
Page 3
3
Types of Plane Systems
Plane Point of
Origin
Apex of
Cone
Ellipsoid
Axis of Cone
Axis of
& Ellipsoid Tangent Plane Ellipsoid
Local Plane
Line of Axis of
intersection Cylinder
Ellipsoid Ellipsoid
Intersecting Cone Intersecting Cylinder
Transverse Mercator
2 Parallel Lambert
Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Rotation
Translation
Scale
Horizontal Adjustment
At least 3 horizontal control points are
required
5 points are recommended
= GPS observation
= Control Point
Page 4
4
Rotation
Translation
Scale
Page 5
5
Horizontal Residuals
Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Geoid Model (optional)
The Geoid
h
H H h
N H h
N
H = Orthometric Height
N
h = Ellipsoid Height
N = Geoid Height
h=H+N
Page 6
6
The Geoid Model
A gridded surface that approximates the geoid
Some popular geoid models:
EGM 96 (Global)
Ausgeoid 98 (Aust)
Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Geoid Model (optional)
Vertical Adjustment
Vertical Adjustment
At least 4 vertical control points are required
5 points are recommended
h
H H h
N H h
N
N
Page 7
7
Vert. Adj. (No Geoid Model)
Earth’s Surface
HE = h - NE
h h
h
h h H
h
H Ellipsoid H
HE H
H N N N
NE N
N Geoid
Inclined Plane
NE = estimated geoid height (negative value)
Vertical Residuals
Earth’s Surface
h
h h
N
h
h H
H Ellipsoid H
H
N N N
H N
N Geoid
Inclined Plane
h h
h
h H
h
H Ellipsoid H
H N N N
N Nm
N H Nm Nm
Nm Geoid
Nm
Geoid Model
Page 8
8
Modeling Errors
Earth’s Surface
h h N
h
h
H Ellipsoid
Nm
H
h
H N N N
N Nm
N H Nm Nm
Nm Geoid
Nm
Geoid Model
Inclined Plane
Ellipsoid
N N N
N Nm
N Nm Nm
Nm Geoid
Nm
Geoid Model
Residual
+
∆N
HE = h - Nm - NC
h h
h
h h H
h
H Ellipsoid H
H N N N
HE N Nm
N H Nm Nm
Nm Nm Geoid
Nm
Geoid Model
∆N
Page 9
9
Office vs. Field Calibration
=
Results are the same!
Recommended Procedures
Summary
Page 10
10
Questions ?
Page 11
11