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Chapter 10

Coordinate Systems and


GPS Site Calibration Theory

GPS Site Calibration

GPS Site Calibration

WGS84 E,N,RL
Consists of a horizontal and/or vertical
adjustment
Can be used to compute datum
transformations

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Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Geoid Model (optional)
Vertical Adjustment

Datum Transformation

WGS-84 Local
Usually published parameters (and/or
distortion grids)
Two basic types if derived:
3 Parameter
7 Parameter

3 vs. 7 Parameter

3 Parameter 7 Parameter

Large Scale Projects


Small Scale Projects
Areas > 100 km2

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Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection

Define Projection

Local E,N,RL
Mapping projections are used to
represent positions on the curved surface
of the earth as points on a flat surface or
plane.

Plane Coordinate Systems

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Types of Plane Systems
Plane Point of
Origin

Apex of
Cone
Ellipsoid

Axis of Cone
Axis of
& Ellipsoid Tangent Plane Ellipsoid
Local Plane

Line of Axis of
intersection Cylinder

Ellipsoid Ellipsoid
Intersecting Cone Intersecting Cylinder
Transverse Mercator
2 Parallel Lambert

Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Rotation
Translation
Scale

Horizontal Adjustment
At least 3 horizontal control points are
required
5 points are recommended

= GPS observation
= Control Point

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Rotation

Translation

Scale

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Horizontal Residuals

Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Geoid Model (optional)

The Geoid

h
H H h
N H h
N
H = Orthometric Height
N
h = Ellipsoid Height
N = Geoid Height
h=H+N

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The Geoid Model
A gridded surface that approximates the geoid
Some popular geoid models:
EGM 96 (Global)
Ausgeoid 98 (Aust)

Calibration Process
Datum Transformation
Define Projection
Horizontal Adjustment
Geoid Model (optional)
Vertical Adjustment

Vertical Adjustment
At least 4 vertical control points are required
5 points are recommended

h
H H h
N H h
N
N

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Vert. Adj. (No Geoid Model)
Earth’s Surface

HE = h - NE
h h
h
h h H
h
H Ellipsoid H
HE H
H N N N
NE N
N Geoid

Inclined Plane
NE = estimated geoid height (negative value)

Vertical Residuals
Earth’s Surface

h
h h
N
h
h H
H Ellipsoid H

H
N N N
H N
N Geoid

Inclined Plane

Vert. Adj. (w/ Geoid Model)


Earth’s Surface

h h
h
h H
h
H Ellipsoid H

H N N N
N Nm
N H Nm Nm
Nm Geoid
Nm

Geoid Model

Nm = modeled geoid height

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Modeling Errors
Earth’s Surface

h h N
h
h
H Ellipsoid
Nm
H
h

H N N N
N Nm
N H Nm Nm
Nm Geoid
Nm

Geoid Model

Inclined Plane

Ellipsoid

N N N
N Nm
N Nm Nm
Nm Geoid
Nm

Geoid Model

Residual
+
∆N

Vert. Adj. (w/ Geoid Model)


Earth’s Surface

HE = h - Nm - NC

h h
h
h h H
h
H Ellipsoid H

H N N N
HE N Nm
N H Nm Nm
Nm Nm Geoid
Nm

Geoid Model
∆N

NC = Geoid Model Correction

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Office vs. Field Calibration

=
Results are the same!

Recommended Procedures

Observe calibration points for at least 3


minutes
Use a stable setup (e.g. bipod)
Use only reliable NE & RL positions
Use good network geometry
Use ground plane to minimize multipath
Enclose the project area with control

Summary

A GPS site calibration is necessary to obtain


results in a local coordinate system.
At least 3 horizontal and 4 vertical control points
are required.
Follow the recommended procedures when
observing a calibration point.
The calibration results rely on the quality of the
observations and control.

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Questions ?

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