Professional Documents
Culture Documents
+ = 180
y
x
x + y = 180
Equilateral : s = 60
Area, circumference and volume
Area rectangle = base height
c Area O = .r 2
a
b Area trapezium
a + b2 = c2
2 = ½ (sum of // sides) height
Circumference O = 2.r
Sum of interior angles of = 180
Volume (cylinder / prism)
= base area height
Exterior of = sum of interior opposite s
x x+y
s = 90
AB║CD Area ABC = Area ABD Area ABC = Area ABD AB║CD
(same base & same // lines) (same base & areas equal)
C D C D
A B A B
D E D E
B C B C
Theorem 2 HG/SG
O
at centre = 2 at
circumference
Theorem 7(a)
Tangent radius Theorem 7(b)
Line radius
Theorem 8
Tangents from the same point
Point of
Definition Sketch Property
intersection
An altitude of a triangle
is a line drawn from the Divides in
Altitude vertex of the triangle Orthocentre 3 cyclic
perpendicular to the quadrilaterals
opposite side.
A perpendicular bisector
of a line segment AB is a
Perpendicular Centre of Centre of
perpendicular line
bisector circumcircle circumcircle
dividing the line segment
AB.
**
Bisector of an A bisector of an angle is Centre of Centre of
angle a line halving the angle. incircle incircle
Theorem 11 *: The bisectors of the angles intersect at one point, namely the
centre of the incircle.
(Bisectors of s of )
Theorem 1a (HG & SG): (Line to side of ) Theorem 1b (HG): (Line divides sides of
AX AY proportionally)
XY BC
XB YC AX AY
A XY BC A
XB YC
X Y X Y
B C B C
Theorem 2a (HG & SG): (Equiangular s) Theorem 2b (HG): (Sides of s proportional)
KL LM KM
Xˆ Kˆ , Yˆ Lˆ , Zˆ Mˆ = KL LM KM
XY YZ XZ = Xˆ Kˆ , Yˆ Lˆ , Zˆ Mˆ
XY YZ XZ
L
L
Y
Y
* Z
X
K * M X Z
K M
1 2
1 2
B C
D
Pythagoras’ theorem
c c
a a
b b
C A C A
Proofs of Theorems
Equilateral : s = 60
Pythagoras’ theorem
Sum of interior angles of
Exterior of Gr 8 & 9
Parallelism Corresponding s
Alternate s
Co-interior s
Congruence side, side, side
, , side
side, included , side
90, hypotenuse, side
Area of Same base & same // lines
Same base & areas equal
Centre theorem Gr 10
Line from centre & // lines
Angles & chords
Theorem 1a: Line through centres of O and chord HG & SG
Theorem 1b: Line from centre chord HG
Theorem 2: at centre = 2 at circumference HG & SG
Theorem 3a: in semi O
Theorem 3b: Chord spans 90
Theorem 4a: s at circumference in same O segment
Theorem 4b: AD spans equal s
Cyclic quadrilaterals
Theorem 5a: Opposite s of cyclic quadrilateral HG & SG
Theorem 5b: Opposite s supplementary HG
Theorem 6a: Exterior = interior opposite
Theorem 6b: Exterior = interior opposite Gr 11
Tangents to circles
Theorem 7a: Tangent radius
Theorem 7b: Line radius
Theorem 8: Tangents from the same point
Theorem 9a: between tangent & chord HG & SG
Theorem 9b: between line & chord HG
Point of intersection theorems (HG only)
Theorem 10: Medians of intersect at 1 point
Theorem 11: Bisectors of s of intersect at 1 point
Theorem 12: Perpendicular bisectors of sides of intersect at 1 point
Theorem 13: Altitudes of intersect at 1 point
Similarity and proportionality
Theorem 1a: Line to side of HG & SG
Line divides 2 sides of proportionally
Gr 12
Theorem 1b: HG
Theorem 2a: Equiangular s HG & SG
Theorem 2b: Sides of s proportional HG
Theorem 3: Uniform right-angled s HG
Theorem 4a: Pythagoras
Theorem 1a (HG & SG): The join of the centre Theorem 1b (HG): The normal from the centre
of a circle and the centre of a chord is normal to of a circle to any chord bisects the chord.
the chord.
Given: OX AB
Given: AX = XB To prove: AX = XB
To prove: OX AB Construction: Join OA and OB.
Construction: Join OA and OB.
B
B O
O 2
1
2 X
1 X
A
A In AOX and BOX:
In AOX and BOX: OX = OX (common)
OX = OX (common) OA = OB (radii)
OA = OB (radii) X̂ 1 = X̂ 2 = 90 (given)
AX = XB (given)
AOX BOX (90, side, side)
AOX BOX (side, side, side)
AX = XB (congruence)
X̂ 1 = X̂ 2 (congruence)
but X̂ 1 + X̂ 2 = 180 (s on straight line)
X̂ 1 = X̂ 2 = 90
OX AB
C C
1 2
1 2
A B
O O O C Oˆ 2 KOˆ B
1 2 1 2 K 12
1 2
& Cˆ 2 KCˆ B
B
B
A A
Sketches 1 & 2:
Sketch 3:
Oˆ 1 Aˆ Cˆ 1 (exterior of ) (OA = OC; radiusse)
Oˆ Aˆ Cˆ (exterior of )
Oˆ 2Cˆ
1 1
1 1 (OA = OC; radii)
Oˆ 1 2Cˆ 1 (OA = OC; radii)
Similarly Oˆ 2 2Cˆ 2
Similarly Oˆ 2 2Cˆ 2
Ô1 + Ô 2 = 2( Ĉ1 + Ĉ 2 )
Ô 2 – Ô1 = 2( Ĉ 2 – Ĉ1 )
AOˆ B 2 ACˆ B
AOˆ B 2 ACˆ B
A
C D
O
2 1 B 1
1
X
C
D
Assume that C does not lie on the circle.
Oˆ 1 2 Aˆ & Oˆ 2 2Cˆ ( at centre = 2 at circumference) Now draw a circle through A, B and D. Join DX.
Therefore  + Ĉ = 180 (given)
Oˆ Oˆ 2( Aˆ Cˆ )
1 2
and  + X̂ 1 = 180 (opp. s of cyclic quad ABDX)
but Oˆ 1 Oˆ 2 = 360 (revolution)
Ĉ = X̂ 1
2( Aˆ Cˆ ) = 360
This is impossible because X̂ 1 = D̂1 + Ĉ (ext. of )
 + Ĉ = 180 Assumption was wrong.
B̂ + D̂ = 180 (sum of interior s of quadrilateral) C lies on circle, therefore ABCD a cyclic
quadrilateral.
D
3 2
4 1
A B C R
1
a) Draw diameter BF and join FD.
= 90 A B 2 C
+B
B (radius tangent)
1 2
T
D̂1 + D̂2 = 90 ( in semi O)
= D̂ Assume that AC is not a tangent, but RT is one.
but B 2 2 (s at circumference on FE)
B +B = D̂ ( between tangent & chord)
1 2
B = D̂1 1
but B = D̂ (given)
+ B̂ ) + Ê = 180 (interior s of ) 1
b) D̂1 + ( B2 3
B +B = B (both equal to D̂ )
+(B = 180 (s on straight
+ B̂ ) + B 1 2 1
B 1 2 4
3
This is false.
line) Assumption that RT is a tangent is false.
but B1 = D̂1 (already proved) AC is a tangent.
B = Ê4
Theorem 1a (HG & SG): A line parallel to one side of a triangle divides the other two in proportional
sections.
A
Given: DEBC
AD AE
To prove: = h
BD EC
D E
Construction: Draw DC and BE.
B C
AreaADE 1
AD.h AD (same height h)
2
AreaBDE 1
2
BD.h BD
AreaADE AE
Similarly
AreaDEC EC
But area BDE = area DEC (s on the same base and parallel lines)
AreaADE AreaADE
=
AreaBDE AreaDEC
AD AE
=
BD EC
Theorem 1b (HG): If a line divides two sides of a triangle proportionally, then the line is parallel to the
third side.
A
AD AE
Given: =
BD EC
To prove: DEBC h
AreaADE AE
Similarly
AreaDEC EC
AD AE
But = (given)
BD EC
AreaADE AreaADE
Therefore =
AreaBDE AreaDEC
Area BDE = Area DEC
DEBC (same base DE)
– 44 –
Theorem 2a (HG & SG): If two triangles are equiangular, then the lengths of their corresponding sides are
proportional.
Theorem 2b (HG): If the lengths of the corresponding sides of two triangles are proportional, then the two
triangles are equiangular.
KL LM KM
Given: XYZ & KLM with = L
XY YZ XZ
To prove: Xˆ Kˆ 1 , Yˆ Lˆ , Zˆ Mˆ 1
Xˆ Kˆ 1
Similarly Zˆ Mˆ 1 and Yˆ Lˆ
XYZ /// KLM (, , )
Therefore Xˆ Kˆ 1 , Yˆ Lˆ , Zˆ Mˆ 1
Theorem 3 (HG): The normal from the right angle vertex of a right-angled triangle on the hypotenuse
divides the triangle in two triangles that are uniform to each other and to the original
triangle.
Bˆ Aˆ 2 Similarly Aˆ1 Cˆ
1 2
In ABD, CAD and CBA: B C
D
B̂ = Â2 = B̂ (proved)
Â1 = Ĉ = Ĉ (proved)