7 control survey in small area

7.1 summary

7.2 the kinds of traverse

7.3 field work of traverse

7.4 calculation of traverse
 7.1 summary
1 purpose and task
Purpose ： provide control datum and The initial
data
tasks ： Determination of high precision
plane coordinates and elevation points

2 classification
Horizontal control survey
====china Horizontal control survey ： 1 、 2
、 3 、 4 order ;1,2 grade
====method for horizontal control ： traverse
or GPS
vertical control survey
====china vertical survey ： 1 、 2 、 3 、 4
 7.1 summary

3 principle
Fro high precision to low
precision
From the whole to the part
4 、 work step
technology design
reconnaissance
place survey mark
measurement
Data processing
result check and
summit
Results application
7.1 summary
国家三角锁、网的布设规格与精度要求

等级 平均边长 测角中误 三角形最大 最弱边相对

（ km ） 差 (″) 闭合差″ 中误差
一等网 20-25 ±0.7 ±2.5 1 ： 150000

二等网 13 ±1.0 ±3.5 1 ： 150000

三等网 8 ±1.8 ±7.0 1 ： 80000

四等网 2-6 ±2.5 ±9.0 1 ： 40000

6 China height control network -leveling network

National leveling network: Vertical control network was se

up according to the requirements of the national standard
measurement technology specification.

Effect: Vertical control based nationwide survey topograph

map of various height changes, and some scientific
research such as vertical crustal deformation law of the se
the average sea surface, as well as other relevant
geological and geomorphologic research etc..
From high to low, from whole to the local : is divided
into four order

First order, loop length: 1000-1500km

Second order, loop length: 500-750km

Three or four order : for topographic mapping and

construction services.
7 、 GPS
Global Positioning System(GPS): the point
did not need the mutual visibility, all-
weather observation, real-time data
processing
The GPS system component:
Space GPS satellite
The ground monitoring system
The user receiver
 7.2 the kinds of traverse

Term
Traverse :A Traverse is a series of consecutive lines
whose lengths and directions have been determined
from field measurements. Traversing, the act of
establishing traverse stations and making the
necessary measurements, is one of the most basic and
widely practiced means of determining the relative
locations of points.
 7.2 the kinds of traverse

1 、 closed
Traverse
 7.2 the kinds of traverse

2 、 Connect
ing
Traverse
 7.2 the kinds of traverse

3 、 open
Traverse
 7.3 field work of traverse
reconnaissance
Pay attention to the following points ：
(1) the traverse point shall be made in the
higher ground, open field of vision location,
convenient for surveying the surrounding terrain;
(2) Two adjacent points must be mutual visibility,
to measure the horizontal angle ：
(3) the points should be arranged on the flat,
soil solid ground, in order to measure distance;
(4) The length is approximately equal ；
(5) The position must be placed instruments, conven
 7.2 the kinds of traverse
reconnaissance
Point mark map

草 图 导 线 点 相关位置

李 庄 7.23m

化肥厂 8.15m
P3
独立树 6.14m
   

   
 7.3 field work of traverse

2 、 measurement angle
  Turning angle are measured by the theodolite
Turning angle is called left angle if it is in the
left of forward direction , else it is called
right angle.
3 、 measurement dist
  Traverse side length is measured by steel tape or
total station.
7.3 field work of traverse
 7.4 traverse calculation
The ultimate goal is to obtain the traverse plane coordinates of
traverse points, so calculation is carried out after field work

Basic formula
  1 ． Point A coordinates are known , Azimuth AB is
known, the dist AB is known. How to calculate B
coordinates.

X B  X A  DAB  cos  AB
YB  YA  DAB  sin  AB
 7.4 traverse calculation
basic formula
2 ． A and B coordinates are known ,how to calculate
dist and azimuth.

YAB
 AB  arctan
X AB

DAB  ( X AB ) 2  ( YAB ) 2

S
 7.4 traverse calculation
Basic formula

notice ： Azimuth maybe is plus or minus according to

the formula. If X ＞ ０ and Y<0 then Azimuth=
Azimuth+360;if X<0 then, Azimuth= Azimuth+180.
。 YAB
radian  AB  arctan
X AB
angle
（ 1 ） first quadrant
drant YAB
 AB  arctan
X AB
（ 2 ） second quadrant
YAB
 AB  arctan  180
X AB
• （ 3 ） third quadrant
YAB
 AB  arctan  180
X AB
• （ 4 ） forth quadrant
YAB
 AB  360  arctan
X AB
•
 7.4 traverse calculation
2 、 coordinate bearing calculation
  For calculating the coordinates of points ， every
traverse side bearing must be calculated.

   left
 Fore   back  180  right
 7.4 traverse calculation
三、 coordinates calculation of closed
traverse

f β    测i （n  2）180
n ——the number of turning angle;
∑  测 —— The sum of measurement angle
。
fβ
Vβ i   βi   measure i  Vβi
n
三、闭合导线的坐标计算
2．坐标方位角推算

3 ．坐标增量的计算

X i  X i 1  Di 1,i  cos  i 1,i

Yi  Yi 1  Di 1,i  sin  i 1,i

X i 1,i  Di 1,i  cos  i 1,i 

Yi 1,i  Di 1,i  sin  i 1,i 
 7.4 traverse calculation
三、闭合导线的坐标计算
2．坐标方位角推算

3 ．坐标增量的计算

X i  X i 1  Di 1,i  cos  i 1,i

Yi  Yi 1  Di 1,i  sin  i 1,i

X i 1,i  Di 1,i  cos  i 1,i 

Yi 1,i  Di 1,i  sin  i 1,i 
 7.4 traverse calculation
4 ． Calculation and adjustment of Coordinate misclosure

 X theory  0 fD 1
fD  f  f
2 2 K 
 x y  D  D / fD
 Ytheory  0 

 X measure  f x  if K≤K 允， the result precision can

 Y  f y  meet the traverse requirements.
measure  otherwise, should check the reasons.
Can’t find reasons , resurvey .
 7.4 traverse calculation
4 ． Calculation and adjustment of Coordinate misclosure
Let Ｖ ΔXi 、Ｖ ΔYi ， are x and y correct value.
fx 
VΔX i   Di 
D 
fy 
VΔY i   Di 
 D  X i  X measurei  VΔXi
After correcting ： Yi  Ymeasurei  VΔYi
The sum of correct coordinate increment equals
negative misclosure of coordinate increment.
 VΔX  VΔX1  VΔX 2      VΔX n   f x 
 VΔY  VΔY1  VΔY 2      VΔY n   f y 
 7.4 traverse calculation
5 ． Calculation adjustment coordinates of points
According to coordinate increment and the
known point coordinates , we can calculate the
other points coordinates.

X i  X i 1  X i 1,i 
Yi  Yi 1  Yi 1,i  
 4 、 Coordinate calculation of connecting traverse
its calculation method is the same with colsed
traverse . The two end sides of traverse are connected
with known points, so angle and coordinate increment
misclosures. formulas are different from the closed
traverse .

7.4 traverse calculation

 7.4 traverse calculation
1. Angle misclosure calculation

Angle misclosure of colosed traverse ：



f β  ( AB   CD )  n 180  
 left
 right
 7.4 traverse calculation
2 ． coordinate increment misclosure

f X   X calculation  ( X B  X A )

f Y   Ycalculation  (YB  YA ) 
 7.5 other method of measuring
coordinates of points

1 、 forward intersection

X A ctan B  X Bctan A  (YB  YA ) 

XP  
ctan A  ctan B 

YA ctan B  YBctan A  ( X B  X A ) 
YP 
ctan A  ctan B 
 7.5 other method of measuring
coordinates of points
2 、 resection
1．a、b、c、d
a  ( X B  X A )  (YB  YA )ctan 
b  (YB  YA )  ( X B  X A )ctan 

c  ( X B  X C )  (YB  YC )ctan 
d  (YB  YC )  ( X B  X C )ctan 

2 ． Calculation p coordinate Kb  a 
XP  XB  2
ac K  1 
K 
令： Kb  a 
bd YP  YB  2
K  1 
 7.6 Trigonometric Leveling
Trigonometric leveling is used where difficult terrain,
such as mountainous areas.

Slope distance is measured using electromagnetic

distance measurers and the vertical(or zenith) angle
using a theodolite , or the total station that integrate
the set two instruments into a single instrument.
二、 Trigonometric
Leveling Dtanα
v
theory

elevation difference between Aand B ： B

α
h AB  D tan   i  v hAB

i HB
D is horizontal distance ：
A
h AB  S sin   i  v HA D

S is slope distance ： 大地水准面

Reciprocal observation 对向观测

Example

XB=2019.506
YB=4791.898
277°42′14″
239°11′5
B

307°34′39″
D

242°41′25″
4
117.172m 115.104m
2 112.816m
54°46′14″ 80°03′00″
88°26′28″ 87°54′47″
107.549m
110.671m
XC=1898.476
A 1 3 C
YC=5132.375
方位角推算： 改正后方位角：
αB1=152°28′28″
αB1=152°28′59″
α12=60°54′56″
α12=60°55′57″
α23=123°36′21″
α23=123°37′53″
α34=31°31′8″
α34=31°33′10″
α4C=159°5ʹ47″
α4C=159°8′20″
αCD 推算 =59°8′47″
αCD=59°11′50″
αCD=59°11′50″
dxB1= 117.172*cosαB1=-103.917m vxB1=0.022m x1=1915.609m XB=2019.506
YB=4791.898
dyB1=117.172*sinαB1=54.135m vyB1=0.008m y1=4846.041m
dx12=110.671*cos α12=53.768m vx12=0.02m x2=1969.397m
dy12=110.671*sinα12=96.732m vy12=0.008m y2=4942.781m
dx23=107.549*cos α23=-59.566m vx23=0.19m x3=1909.85m
dy23=107.549*sinα23=89.547m vy23=0.007m y3=5032.335m

dx34=112.816*cos α34=96.137m vx34=0.021m x4=2006.008m

dy34=112.816*sinα34=59.035m vy34=0.008m y4=5091.378m

vx4C=0.021m Check ： xC=1898.474m

dx4C =115.104*cos α4C=-107.555m
vy4C=0.008m yC=5132.375m
dy4C=115.104*sinα4C=40.989m

fx=2019.506-121.133-1898.476
=-0.103m
fy=4791.898+340.438-5132.375
=-0.039m