Engr. EDMAR P.

MARFA
Instructor
 What is a Beam?
• Refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading; that is, the applied forces are perpendicular to
the bar
• It can either be horizontal or vertical

 Common Types of Beams

STATICALLY DETERMINATE BEAMS

2
 Common Types of Beams

STATICALLY INDETERMINATE BEAMS

3
 Common Types of Loadings

• Concentrated Load – acts at a point on the beam

Concentrated
load

4
 Common Types of Loadings

• Distributed Load – acts over a length of the beam

Concentrated
load Linearly
Uniformly distributed
distributed load
load

5
 Common Types of Loadings

• Concentrated Moments – tends to bend and rotate the beam

Concentrated
load Linearly
Uniformly distributed
distributed load
load Concentrated
moment

6
 Shear and Moment Diagrams
• A graphical representation of shear and moment throughout the span of the beam

 Sign Convention
We assume the following to be positive
 Shear forces that tend to rotate a beam element clockwise
 Bending moments that tend to bend a beam element concave upward (the beam “smiles”)

+V
+M

+V

7
 Method of Drawing Shear and Moment Diagrams

METHOD OF SECTION
 V and M as a function of x for each segment of the beam between a change in loading point or
discontinuity in loading

METHOD OF SECTION
 Change in shear equals the area under the loading diagram and change in moment equals the
area under the shear diagram

8
 Procedure for Method of Section

1. Compute the support reactions

2. Divide the beam into segments so that loading in each segment is continuous
3. Introduce a cutting plane within the segment, located at x distance from the left end of the beam,
that cuts the beam into two parts.
4. Choose a section to consider, whichever is more convenient. At the cut section, show V and M
acting in their positive direction
5. Determine the expressions for V and M as a function of x using equations of equilibrium
6. Plot the expressions for V and M for the segment. It is visually desirable to draw the V-diagram
below the FBD of the entire beam, and then draw the M-diagram below the V-diagram

9
 Procedure for Method of Area

1. Compute the support reactions

2. Draw the V-diagram using the area under the loading diagram. Note that the V-diagram is always
1° higher than that of the loading diagram
3. Draw the M-diagram using the area under the V-diagram. Note that the M-diagram is always 1°
higher than that of the V-diagram
4. The basis for the V-diagram is the shear force of the loading diagram
5. The basis for the M-diagram is the moment of the loading diagram plus the area of the V-diagram

10
 Procedure for Method of Area

 Degree of Slope (°)

Type of Load Load Shear Moment

- 0° 1°

0° 1° 2°

1° 2° 3°

n° n + 1° n + 2°

11
 Procedure for Method of Area

 Degree of Slope (°)

𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒

1° 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
2° 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
3° 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒

12
 Procedure for Method of Area

 Diagram Area
Degree, n Type of Loadings Area Centroid
1
0° h 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝑥= 𝑏
b
2
1 2
1° h
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ 𝑥= 𝑏
b
2 3
1 3
2° h
𝐴= 𝑏ℎ 𝑥= 𝑏
b
3 4
1 𝑛+1
n° h
𝐴= 𝑏ℎ 𝑥= 𝑏
b
𝑛+1 𝑛+2

13
 Example Problems
Problem 1:
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the simply supported beam shown. Determine the
maximum shear and bending moment that occur in the span.

12N 10N

A D
B C

4m 8m 9m

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 14𝑁 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 72𝑁 − 𝑚

14
 Example Problems
Problem 2:
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the simply supported beam shown. Determine the
maximum shear and bending moment that occur in the span.

15kN/m

A C
B

8m 4m

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 80𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 213.33𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

15
 Example Problems
Problem 3:
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the overhang beam shown. Determine the maximum
positive bending moment and maximum negative bending moment that occur in the beam.

30kN 5kN/m
2kN/m

A D
B C

5m 10m 10m

+𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 122.5𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 −𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −150𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

16
 Example Problems
Problem 4:
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the cantilever beam shown. Determine the maximum
shear and bending moment that occur in the span.

50kN
60kN/m
140kN-m

D
A B C

3m 1m 1m

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −130𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −260.83𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

17
 Example Problems
Problem 5:
Draw the shear and bending moment diagrams for the simply supported beam shown. Determine the
maximum shear and the maximum positive and negative bending moment that occur in the span.

1.5kN/m

A D

B C

2m 3m 2m

𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2.25𝑘𝑁 +𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6875𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 −𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −1𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

18
THANK YOU!

Any questions?

19