Internship Project Report

On

“To Study the Inventory Obselence During the

prevention of BSVI and RDE”
By

Shravani Mulik
(Finance Intern)

Under the guidance of

Mr. Ajay Mahajan

(Finance Department)
 Declaration

I, the undersigned solemnly declare that the project report is based on my

own work carried out during the course of our study under the supervision
of MR. Ajay Mahajan
I assert the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of my
research work. I further certify that
I. The work contained in the report is original and has been done by me
under the general supervision of my supervisor.
II. I have followed the guidelines provided by the organization while
preparing the report.
III. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis and text)
from other sources, I have given due credit to them in the text of the
report and giving their details in the references.

Shravani Mulik
(Finance Intern)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the start, I would like to thank Tata Motors Limited, Pune for providing
me the unique opportunity of internship with the organization. The
internship opportunity I had with the organization was a great chance of
learning and skill development. I consider myself very lucky as I was
provided with the great opportunity to be a part of this renowned
organization.
I am indebted to Mr. Ajay Mahajan related for providing me the
opportunity to gain insights into this organization and meet so many skilled,
hardworking and talented professionals who helped me a lot throughout the
internship tenure. In spite of being occupied with his work schedule, he
took time to hear me out, guide me and keep me on the correct path
throughout this project. I owe him deep gratitude from time to time.
I am also thankful to all the respondents, family members and friends who
have helped me to conclude the contents of the project in the decent and
presentable manner.
I perceive this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I
will strive to use the skills and knowledge gained during this internship in
the best possible ways and will continue to improvise in order to fulfil
desired career objectives.
Content:

1. Introduction

2.Company Profile

3.Research Gap

4. Research Objective

5. Research Methodology

6. Bharat Stage Emission in detail

7.Effect on The Cost of The Vehicles Once BSVI Is Implemented

8.Real Driving Emission

9.Strategies and Challenges Adopted by other Companies

10.Suggestion (BSVI Stage 2 Set to Be implemented in 2023)

11.Refrence

12. Conclusion
 Introduction

The quality of air has always been an issue of concern worldwide in the milieu of
growing vehicular air pollution. While pollution can usually occur from various
sources, the pollution which is usually caused by vehicles and their exhaust
system is usually very harmful and is considered a significant source of pollution
and proper measures have to be set in place in order to curb vehicular pollution .
So, the Bharat stage emission standards and the basic emission standards issued
by the Indian Government regulates and control the air pollution that is caused by
exhaust of vehicles and Internal combustion engines these standards are usually
set by the central pollution control board. The standards are based on regulations
set by European countries and was first introduced to the world in 2000. The
Bharat Stage IV emissions norms have been in place since April 2010, and it had
been sanctioned for the entire country in April 2017.In the year 2016 the
Government of India announced that the country would skip Bharat stage V
norms altogether and would implement the BS-VI by 2020 . The recent rule
passed by the supreme court said that they would ban the sale and registration of
the motor vehicles that are integrated with the BS-IV emission norms in the whole
country by April 1st 2020. Primary Sources of Pollutants and Its Effects on Human
Health are mainly because of internal combustion engines (ICEs) which are mainly
notorious for the production of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide (CO2), oxides of
nitrogen and Hydrocarbons. Particulate matter (PM), or carbon soot, is another
by-product of diesel as well as direct-injection petrol engines currently emitted by
BS-IV vehicles .

COMPANY PROFILE
Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive manufacturing
company, headquartered in Mumbai, India, which is part of the Tata Group. The
company produces passenger cars, trucks, vans, coaches, buses, luxury cars,
sports cars, construction equipment.
It is formerly known as Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company Ltd. (TELCO). It
is a public type of company. Tata Motors was founded in 1945 by Jehangir Ratanji
Dadabhoy Tata. Natarajan Chandrasekaran is the chairman and Martin Uhlarik is
the CDO of Tata Motors. The products of Tata Motors are Automobiles, luxury
vehicles, commercial vehicles, automotive parts, pickup trucks, SUVs, etc. the
services like Automotive finance, vehicle leasing and vehicle service are provided
by Tata Motors. According to 2021, the production output of Tata Motors is 1.1
Million (Approx). According to 2022, revenue is Rs.281,507 crore, operating
income is Rs.-7003 crore, net income is Rs.-11,234 crore, total assets Rs.330,619
crore & total equity is Rs.44,554 crore. The total number of employees is 78,906
(2021). The subsidiaries of Tata Motors are Tata Daewoo, Jaguar Land Rover, Tata
Technologies, Tata Hispano, Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery, Tata Passenger
Electric Mobility, etc.
·       The company manufactured its first commercial vehicle in 1954 in a
collaboration with Daimler-Benz AG, which ended in 1969.
·       Tata Motors entered the passenger vehicle market in 1988 with the
launch of the Tata Mobile followed by the Tata Sierra in 1991, becoming
the first Indian manufacturer to achieve the capability of developing a
competitive indigenous automobile.
·       In 1998, Tata launched the first fully indigenous Indian passenger car,
the Indica, and in 2008 launched the Tata Nano, the world’s most
affordable car.
·       Tata Motors acquired the South Korean truck manufacturer Daewoo
Commercial Vehicles Company in 2004.
·       Tata Motors has been the parent company of Jaguar Land Rover since
the company established it for the acquisition of Jaguar Cars and Land
Rover from Ford in 2008.
Tata Motors has auto manufacturing and vehicle plants in Jamshedpur,
Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad and Pune in India, as well as in Argentina,
South Africa, the United Kingdom and Thailand. It has research and development
centres in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow and Dharwad, India and South Korea, the
United Kingdom and Spain. Tata Motors is listed on BSE (Bombay Stock
Exchange), where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, the National Stock
Exchange of India and the New York Stock Exchange. The company is ranked
265th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world’s biggest corporations as of 2019.

Operations:
Tata Motors has vehicle assembly operations in India, the United Kingdom, South
Korea, Thailand, Spain and South Africa. It plans to establish plants in Turkey,
Indonesia and Eastern Europe.
Tata Motors Cars:
Tata Motors Cars is a division of Tata Motors which produces passenger cars
under the Tata Motors marque. Tata Motors is among then top four passenger
vehicle brands in India with products in the compact, midsize car and utility
vehicle segments. The company’s manufacturing base in India is spread across
Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Pune (Maharashtra), Lucknow (Uttar Pradesh),
Pantnagar (Uttrakhand), Dharwad (Karnataka) and Sanand (Gujarat). Tata’s
dealership, sales, service and spare parts network comprises over 3500 touch
points. Tata Motors has more than 250 dealerships in more than 195 cities across
27 states and four Union Territories of India. It has the third-largest sales and
service networks after Maruti Suzuki and Hyundai.
Tata also has franchisee/joint venture assembly operations in Kenya, Bangladesh,
Ukraine, Russia and Senegal. Tata has dealerships in 26 countries across 4
continents. Tata is present in many countries, it has managed to create a large
consumer base in the Indian subcontinent, namely India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri
Lanka and Nepal. Tata is also present in Italy, Spain, Poland, Romania, Turkey,
Chile, South Africa, Oman, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates,
Bahrain, Iraq, Syria and Australia.
Tata Daewoo:

Tata Daewoo (officially Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company and formerly
Tata Daewoo Commercial Vehicle Company) is a commercial vehicle
manufacturer headquartered in Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do South Korea and a wholly
owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. It is the second-largest heavy commercial
vehicle manufacturer in South Korea and was acquired by Tata Motors in 2004.
The principal reasons behind the acquisition were to reduce Tata’s
dependence on the Indian commercial vehicle market (which was responsible for
around 94% of its sales in the MHCV segment and around 84% in the light
commercial vehicle segment) and expand its product portfolio by leveraging on
Daewoo's strengths in the heavy-tonnage sector.
Tata Hispano:
Tata Hispano Motors Carrocera, S.A. was a bus and coach manufacturer based in
Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain, and a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. Tata
Hispano has plants in Zaragoza, Spain, and Casablanca, Morocco. Tata Motors first
acquired a 21% stake in Hispano Carrocera SA in 2005, and purchased the
remaining 79% for an undisclosed sum in 2009, making it a fully owned subsidiary,
subsequently renamed Tata Hispano. In 2013, Tata Hispano ceased production at
its Zaragoza plant.

Jaguar Land Rover

Jaguar Land Rover PLC is a British premium automaker headquartered in Whitley,

Coventry, United Kingdom, and has been a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata
Motors since June 2008, when it was acquired from Ford Motor Company of
USA. Its principal activity is the development, manufacture and sale
of Jaguar luxury and sports cars and Land Rover premium four-wheel-drive
vehicles.
The Jaguar Land Rover subsidiary was struggling by 2019 and Tata Motors wrote
down its investment in JLR by $3.9 billion. Much of the financial problem was due
to a 50% drop in sales in China during 2019, although the situation was improving.
Still, Tata was open to considering a partnership with another company according
to a statement in mid-October, as long as the partnership agreement would allow
Tata to maintain control of the business. The company ruled out the possibility of
a sale of JLR to another entity.

TML Drivelines:
TML Drivelines Ltd. is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors engaged in the
manufacture of gearboxes and axles for heavy and medium commercial vehicles.
It has production facilities at Jamshedpur and Lucknow. TML Forge division is a
recent acquisition of TML Drivelines. TML Drivelines was formed through the
merger of HV Transmission and HV Axles.
Tata Technologies:
Tata Technologies Limited (TTL) is a 43%-owned subsidiary of Tata Motors which
provides design, engineering, and business process outsourcing services to the
automotive industry. It is headquartered in Pune's Hinjewadi business district and
also has operations in London, Detroit and Thailand. Its clients include Ford,
General Motors, Honda and Toyota.
European Technical Centre:
The Tata Motors European Technical Centre (TMETC) is an automotive design,
engineering, and research company based at Warwick Manufacturing
Group (WMG) on the campus of the University of Warwick in England. It was
established in 2005 and is a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. It was the
joint developer of the World Truck.
Joint Ventures:
Tata Marcopolo
Tata Marcopolo is a bus-manufacturing joint venture between Tata Motors (51%)
and the Brazil-based Marcopolo S.A. (49%). The joint venture manufactures and
assembles fully built buses and coaches targeted at developing mass rapid
transportation systems. It uses technology and expertise in chassis and aggregates
from Tata Motors, and know-how in processes and systems for bodybuilding and
bus body design from Marcopolo. Its manufacturing facility is based in Dharwad,
Karnataka State, India and Lucknow, India.

Fiat-Tata
Fiat-Tata is an India-based joint venture between Tata and Stellantis’ Fiat  which
produces Fiat and Tata branded passenger cars, as well as engines and
transmissions. Tata Motors has gained access to Fiat's diesel engine and
transmission technology through the joint venture.
Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery
Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery is a joint venture between Tata Motors
and Hitachi which manufactures excavators and other construction equipment. It
was previously known as Telcon Construction Solutions.
Tata Motors European Technical Centre
The TATA Motors European Technical Centre is an automotive design,
engineering, and research company. Company based at Warwick Manufacturing
Group (WMG) on the campus of the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom.
It was established in 2005 and is wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Motors. It was
the joint developer of the World Truck
Hyundai-Tata
Tata Motors and Hyundai are in a joint venture to provide the transmission
for Tata Harrier model.
 
Products:
Passenger vehicles
Current Models
·       Tata Tiago (2015–present)
·       Tata Tigor (2016–present)
·       Tata Nexon (2017–present)
·       Tata Harrier (2018–present)
·       Tata Altroz (2020–present)
·       Tata Nexon EV (2020–present)
·       Tata Safari (2021–present)
·       Tata Tigor EV (2021–present)
·       Tata Punch (2021–present)
Commercial vehicles
Tata Ace
·       Tata Ace Zip
·       Tata Ace EV
·       Tata Super Ace
·       Tata Intra
1499cc diesel engine
·       Tata Xenon XT
·       Tata Yodha
·       Tata Ace Mega
·       Tata TL/Telcoline/207 Pick-up truck
·       Tata 407 Ex and Ex2
·       Tata 709 Ex
·       Tata 807 (Steel cabin chassis, cowl chassis, medium bus chassis,
steel cabin + steel body chassis)
·       Tata 809 Ex and Ex2
·       Tata 909 Ex and Ex2
·       Tata 1210 SE and SFC (Semi Forward)
·       Tata 1210 LP (Long Plate)
·       Tata 1109 (Intermediate truck/ LCV bus)
·       Tata 1512c (Medium bus chassis)
·       Tata 1515c/1615 (Medium bus chassis)
·       Tata 1612c/1616c/1618c (Heavy bus chassis)
·       Tata 1618 (Semilow-floor bus chassis)
·       Tata 1623 (Rear-engined low-floor bus chassis)
·       Tata 1518C (Medium truck) 10 ton
·       Tata 1613/1615c (Medium truck)
·       Tata 1616/1618c (Heavy duty truck)
·       Tata 2515c/2516c/2518c (Heavy duty 10 wheeler truck)
·       Tata Starbus (Branded buses for city, intercity, school bus, and
standard passenger transportation)
·       Tata Divo (Hispano Divo)
·       Tata CityRide (12- to 20-seater buses for intracity use)
·       Tata 3015 (Heavy truck)
·       Tata 3118 (Heavy truck) (8×2)
·       Tata 3516 (Heavy truck)
·       Tata 4018 (Heavy truck)
·       Tata 4923 (Ultraheavy truck) (6×4)
·       Tata Novus
·       Tata Prima
·       Tata SIGNA series
 ·       Tata Ultra series (ICV Segment)
·       Tata Winger - (Maxivan)

Military vehicles
·       Tata LSV (Light Specialist Vehicle)
·       Tata Mine Protected Vehicle (4×4)
·       Tata 2 Stretcher Ambulance
·       Tata 407 Troop Carrier
·       Tata LPTA 713 TC (4x4)
·       Tata LPT 709 E
·       Tata SD 1015 TC (4x4)
·       Tata LPTA 1615 TC (4x4)
·       Tata LPTA 1621 TC (6x6)
·       Tata LPTA 1615 TC (4x2)
·       Tata LPTA 5252 TC (12x12)
·       Tata Sumo
·       Tata Xenon
·       Tata 207
·       TATA Kestrel
Electric vehicles
·       Tata Nexon EV
·       Tata Tigor EV
·       Tata Altroz EV
·       Tata Tiago EV
·       Tata Ace EV
Electric Vehicle Concepts
·       Tata Curvv
·       Tata Avinya
Notable Vehicles:
·       Tata Nano
·       Tata Ace
·       Tata Prima
 ·       Tata 407
·       Tata Harrier
·       Tata Nexon

The Pune facility of Tata Motors is located in the Pimpri-Chinchwad industrial belt
of Maharashtra. The state-of-the art R&D centre in this facility sets the
benchmark for automotive research and development in India. The Pune facility
also houses some of the best manufacturing facilities in the automotive industry;
for example, its Product Engineering Division has one of the biggest and the most
versatile tool-making divisions in the country.
The most versatile of Tata Motors’ manufacturing plants, the Pune facility is a full
range of supplier of both commercial and passenger vehicles. It boasts of
delivering more value per vehicle, since it is a highly vertically integrated plant as
regards to core processes such as engines, gear box, paint shop, etc.
The facility’s commercial vehicles plant produces around 60 base models with
three or four variants each. Six assembly lines cope with the diverse range of
vehicles that roll out of the plant, like HMCV, ILCV trucks, ICV Bus Chassis, UCV
Ultra range trucks and bus chassis, UVs, pickups, Winger vans, SUVs, etc. It can
produce 730 vehicles per day, working in two shifts. Tata Motors’ range of
Defence vehicles are also produced here.
Tata Motors’ passenger vehicles plant in Pune is one of the most advanced
manufacturing facilities in India. With two flexible assembly lines, the plant has a
capacity of producing 1000 cars per day, working on a double shift. The facility
has introduced many popular models like Indica, Indigo, Marina, Vista, Manza,
Zest, Bolt, Nexon, Safari & Harrier.
Fact File:
·       Commercial vehicles plant started in 1964.
·       Passenger vehicles plant started in 1998.
·       Sprawls over an area of 930 acres.
·       Asia’s first anechoic chamber.
·       India’s biggest engine development facility
·       India’s first full vehicle crash test facility.
·       India’s only full climate test facility.
·       India’s only pedestrian test facility.
 ·       Facilities include world-class press shop technology, state-of-the-art
CED painting facility, robotic flexible welding cell, conveyorized vehicle
assembly lines, steering robots, BUZZ testing, full environment testing and
suspension parameter measuring machine.

RESEARCH GAP

Currently, there are many customers who are not aware of the strategic changes
got in by the government in the sector of automobiles. Also, there are many
researchers who have not emphasised on how this change will affect the
stakeholders related to this industry. This paper also focuses on Understanding
how the fuel specifications for BSVI is different from that of Euro-VI fuel
standards.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

1) To study about the Bharat Stage Emission in Detail

2)To Study

3) How the transition from BSIV fuel to BSVI fuel will impact the stakeholders

4) To study what are the significant changes made in the BSVI fuel and how it is
different from the fuel standards of different countries

5) How the top 5 Indian car manufacturers are preparing themselves for the
change and what strategies are they adopting to attract customers in order to
improve their sales.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The concept is relatively technical and subject to policy changes. The researchers
have attempted to collect information from various grey literature sources such
as journal articles, blogs, websites and magazines
V. DISCUSSION AND REVIEW

A. Transition from BSIV To BSVI Impacting the Stakeholders

Customer

Most of the cities in India have started selling and implementing BS-VI fuels so
the customers who are owners of the older generation cars that is the cars that
conform to Bharat stage IV standards can choose to opt for BS-VI fuel at the
petrol stations. This will produce a different result that is there is a direct
interrelationship between the sulphur content that is present in the fuel and the
emission produced by it in simple words the lesser the sulphur in the fuel the
vehicle will emit lesser particulate matter (PM) which translates into cleaner
combustion in the process [5]. Petrol usually has less sulphur content in it, so it
usually emits lesser carbon monoxide, NOx and other toxic hydrocarbons. Recent
studies also suggest that a BSIV compatible vehicle along with BSVI fuel can
reduce the particulate matter (PM) emissions into half [6]. A reduction in the
sulphur content in the fuel can bring down the quality and energy content in the
fuel and also bring down the efficiency in the process [7]. ULSD fuels could also
reduce the efficiency of the fuel due to low sulphur content but most of these
fuels are spiked with additives to address,these concerns all this can cause a
drastic increase, in the price of the fuels in the gas stations most of the companies
are choosing to invest in oil companies that are implementing BS-VI fuels.
Potential buyers are also planning to hold back on the idea of purchasing a new
car and also most of them decided to wait and purchase the new BSVI compliant
cars the next year. It is quite natural for a rational customer to wait for a few
months and invest in new BSVI cars than to consider investing in BSIV compliant
cars at the moment. The decisions by the customer to wait for investing in a new
car has been causing much trouble for car manufacturers because the stocks of
unsold BSIV cars have been piling up and they are unable to sell the BSIV cars due
to low customer demand. In order to clear demand adopted attractive marketing
strategies in order to attract customers.

Effect on The Cost of The Vehicles Once BSVI Is Implemented

India will start to implement the BSVI emission regulations from 1st April 2020
which will be in par with the Euro-VI norms. With the new emission norms coming
in, the technology will also have to be upgraded in order to keep the emissions in
check, Particularly the new diesel engine vehicles, it will be effortless for petrol
engines to meet the BSVI emission norms with mostly upgraded Electronic control
unit (ECU). The ECU is the one who controls the electrical system and the various
other sub-systems in the vehicle. However, diesel cars require a massive change
in their technology in order to reduce their overall emissions. The new upgrades
to diesel cars are going to increase the prices of diesel cars even further. The price
gap between diesel cars and petrol cars are said to be around 2.5 lakhs if it takes
into consideration all the features such as a premium hatchback, premium sub-
compact sedan or an entry-level compact sedan [8]. The increase in the price of
the diesel cars is because diesel cars will add to several new layers into it after the
treatment such as the Diesel particulate filter (DPF) and the selective catalytic
reduction system (SCR). The SCR injects Diesel exhaust fluid into the exhaust
gasses thus reducing the amount of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) produced by the
exhaust of the vehicles [9]. Manufacturers Leading car manufacturers such as
Maruti Suzuki have already started announcing their plans to start manufacturing
BSVI vehicles by the end of 2019 with their commitment towards a cleaner and
greener environment the BSVI cars that are produced by Maruti Suzuki will have a
upgraded hardware and software system along with an upgraded exhaust as well
the cars which are compliant with BSIV norms can run on BSVI fuel too, and there
is no operational concern in the process [10]. The leading car companies had to
increase their investment to upgrade the existing available models and make
them BSVI compatible the number of new product launches by the leading
automobile manufacturers have fallen over the past year. Most of the automobile
firms are looking at the products that do not require much change before the new
BSVI norms take effect. Two-wheelers and four-wheeler producers have pulled
limit extension plans, as they anticipate that request could fall.

How Will This Impact on The Performance and Fuel Efficiency Of The Car?
Because we are moving to more stringent emission norms, it is a more significant
challenge for automakers in various ways. Since lowering the exhaust emissions
generally takes a toll on fuel efficiency and performance. The car manufacturers
have to make sure that they not only have to minimise the amount of pollution
caused by the exhaust of the cars, but the car manufacturers also have to make
sure to work with the BSVI cars in such a way that the overall performance and
efficiency of the car stays intact. The new BSVI engine technology usually engages
a slower combustion process. Furthermore, the exhaust system of the vehicle
after treatment will increase the amount of the back pressure on the engine and
some of these systems like particulate filters and the Nitrogen Oxide ( NOx) traps
will have to undergo a regeneration process which basically involves the exhaust
material build up in the filter being combusted by using fuel [11]. The backdrop of
this is that the process which involves reducing the amount of sulphur in the
diesel engines can impact the quality and performance of the fuel this drastically
affects the vehicles performance and efficiency. Most of the automobile
manufacturers are adopting various strategies to confront challenges. Tata
Motors for example has worked on the torque and power features of the car to
ensure the car's performance is up to the mark. Mahindra automobile
manufacturers have tweaked the powertrains of their cars to retain the
driveability of the car the powertrain of the car is that component that converts
the power generated by the engine into movement of the car this mainly includes
the engine, the transmission, the driveshaft, axles or basically anything from the
engine to the rotating wheels. Mahindra also claims to have achieved a decrease
in the friction of the engine to around 30 per cent thus improving the fuel
efficiency and the tweaking the performance of the car in the process [

Bharat stage emission standards

The supreme court of india banned the sale and registration of bs-iv complaint
motor vehicles in India from April 2020 signifying the shift from BS-IV emission
norms to BS-VI
Bharat stage or emission standard are government instituted emission standard
that all motor vehicle have to comply wih if they are to be sold and driven in
India.

 Currently all new vehicles sold and registered in India should be compliant
with the BS-IV iteration of emission standard
 The standards and timelines for their implementation are set by the Central
pollution Control Board (CPCB) Under the minister of Environment , Forest
and climate change
 The BS norms are based on the European emission standard (euro Norms)
and were first set in 2000. Equivalent to the Euro -1 , the first iteration was
known as ‘India 2000’ and not BS-I
 Subsequent emission standard were called BS-II, BS – III, and BS-IV.
 The Government Decided to jump directly From BS-IV TO BS-VI Skipping Bs-
v in view of the long time it took to move from BS-III to IV.
 With the implementation of the new norms, pollution levels are expected
to reduce to a large extent as the particulate matter (PM) Concentration
should decrees. About one third of the air pollution is caused but motor
vehicles and cars.

• At present, BS-IV auto fuels are being supplied in over 30 cities, and the

rest of the country has BS-III fuels.

• Earlier, the government planned the implementation of BS V and BS VI

emission norms Nationwide by 2020 and 2024 respectively. However, the

government decided to advance the

dates.

History of Emission Standards in India

• It was in the early nineties that the first emission standards were introduced
in the country.

• Other regulatory norms followed in the form of making the catalytic

converters mandatory for petrol vehicles and then, by the introduction of
unleaded petrol.

• In 1999, the apex court of the country made it mandatory for all vehicles to
meet the India 2000 norms by June 2000, in a ruling.

• In 2002, the Mashelkar Committee report was accepted by the Indian

Government. o The committee had recommended a roadmap for the
implementation of the Euro norms based emission standards for India. It also
recommended that the roll-out of the norms be implemented in major cities
first to be followed by the rest of the country in a phased manner. Based on
the committee’s recommendations, in 2003, the government released the
National Auto Fuel Policy.

Bharat Stage Emission Standards Timeline

The following table gives the timeline of the BS norms being implemented in
India starting from the India 2000 till the latest BS-VI norms.

Standard (Reference Year/Region

India 2000 (Euro 1) 2000 – Nationwide
BS II (Euro 2) 2001 - Metro cities
2003 - 10 more major cities
2005 – Nationwide
BS III (Euro 3) 2005 - Metros and major cities
2010 – Nationwide
BS IV (Euro 4) 2010 - Metros and major cities
 2017 – Nationwide
BS V (Euro 5) Skipped
BS VI (Euro 6) 2018 – Delhi
2019 - NCR
2020 – Nationwide

The above table gives information for four-wheeler vehicles.

Difference Between BS4 (BSIV) and BS6 (BSVI):

Both BSIV and BSVI are emission norms that set the maximum permissible levels
for pollutants emitting from a car or a two-wheeler exhaust. Compared to the
BS4, BS6 emission standards are stricter. While manufacturers use this change to
update their vehicles with new features and safety standards, the biggest or the
significant change comes in the form of stricter permissible emission norms.

The below table offers an insight into the change in the permissible emission
levels of BS6 vehicles compared to BS4 vehicles:

Fuel Type Pollutant Gases BS6 (BSVI) BS4 (BSIV)

Petrol Passenger Nitrogen Oxide <60mg> <80mg>
Vehicle (NOx) Limit
Petrol Passenger Particulate <4.5mg/km -
Vehicle Matter (PM) Limit
Diesel Passenger Nitrogen Oxide <80mg> <250mg>
Vehicle (NOx) Limit
Diesel Passenger Particulate <4.5mg/km <25mg>
Vehicle Matter (PM) Limit
Diesel Passenger HC + NOx 170mg/km <300mg>
Vehicle

BS-VI Norms (and how it is different from BS-IV)

Emission norms are made further stringent with the introduction of the Bharat
Stage VI. BS-VI is the highest vehicle emissions standard specification in the world
currently.
• The volume of particulate matter 2.5 is between 20 to 40 micrograms per cubic
meter in BS-VI fuel, whereas, in BS-IV, it was up to 120 micrograms per cubic
meter

• The sulphur content in the BS-VI compliant fuel is brought down five times
when compared to the BS-IV version. (It is 10 pm of sulphur as against the
previous 50 ppm). o Sulphur in the fuel contributes to fine particulate matter
emissions. High sulphur content in the fuel also leads to corrosion and wear of the
automobile engine.

• Under the BS-VI fuel, for 1 KM, a car will emit 80% less PM and almost 70% less
nitrogen oxide (in a diesel engine). o In a petrol engine, the emission of nitrogen
oxide would be less by 25%.

• BS-VI norms will lead to the reduction of the emission of certain hydrocarbons
(that are produced because of the incomplete combustion of fuel).

• BS-VI fuel contains lesser air pollutants compared to BS-IV fuel.

• Car manufacturers will have to fix three new pieces of equipment for their
vehicles to comply with BSVI: o Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) o Selective Catalytic
Reduction (SCR) system o LNT (Lean NOx trap)

• Real Driving Emission (RDE) will be introduced in India for the first time. This will
measure a vehicle’s emissions under real conditions as against factory conditions.

• Onboard Diagnostics (OD) has been made compulsory for all vehicles.

Impact of shifting from BS-IV to BS-VI

• The cost of production of automobiles will be higher on account of the shift and
this would be translated to higher costs for the vehicle buyer.

• In particular, the diesel and the economy segment cars will see a higher increase
in the prices.
• Driving a pre-BS IV car using BS-VI fuel can be detrimental to engine life. There
may be trouble with injection pumps, oil seals and injectors leading to higher
wear and tear, consequently higher emissions. • The government is yet to
announce a scrap policy for old vehicles.

• Automakers say they have a huge stock of BS-IV vehicles and they might have
to face huge losses

• This shift is, however, set to have a positive impact on the quality of air.

• By reducing the emission of toxic substances, BS-VI will definitely reduce the air
pollution in cities in India.

• The levels of poisonous, highly reactive gases that form when fuel is burned at
high temperatures such as NOx, or oxides of nitrogen, are also expected to
reduce.
BS-III and BS- IV

• The auto emission norms are emission standards which are adopted by the
government of a nation to check the air pollutants released from any internal
combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles.

• These norms were introduced in India in 2000, when the Bharat Stage norms
were adopted by the then government, based on the European emission norms.

• Each stage specifies a certain limit on the pollutants released, which is

controlled by the type of fuel made by the oil companies and the up gradations
and modifications made by the auto firms to their vehicles to control the
pollutants released from the vehicle.

• India had enforced Bharat stage III norms across the country since October
2010. In 13 major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms were put in place since
April 2010.

• BS-IV fuels contain 50 parts per million (ppm) sulphur, while BS-V and BS-VI
grade fuel will have 10 ppm sulphur.

• Currently, BS-IV auto fuels are being supplied in whole of northern India
covering J&K, Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Delhi, parts of
Rajasthan and western Uttar Pradesh. The rest of the country has BS-III grade fuel.

Impact of BS6 on CNG Cars:

Vehicle manufacturers will have to make minor changes or modifications to their

diesel and petrol engines for the usage of CNG on BS6 vehicles. It’s only a matter
of time before manufacturers start offering CNG compliant BS6 engines in the
country. CNG powered BS6 cars or vehicles could be a stop-gap arrangement
before the era of electric and hybrid vehicles are sold in the country.
 How Do BS6 (BSVI) Diesel Engines Work?

The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) unit converts nitrogen oxide (NOx) into
diatomic nitrogen and water (both are harmless products) with the help of a
catalyst. The SCR unit uses AdBlue or diesel exhaust fluid to reduce NOx
emissions. This fluid is made up of two parts – urea and deionized water. When
exhaust gases come in contact with the AdBlue fluid, urea is converted to
ammonia and carbon dioxide and in turn, the ammonia converts NOx into
nitrogen and water vapour, thereby reducing pollutants.

The AdBlue will be filled in a 10-litre capacity tank in smaller passenger vehicles.
Currently, AdBlue is being sold by distributors at a premium rate; however, with
the rapid increase in sales of BS6 diesel engines, the cost of AdBlue is expected to
decline

Health and Environmental Effects of Air Pollution Generated by Vehicles in India:

The pollution emitted from vehicles in India is measured by government agencies.

They use the Air Quality Index (AQI) to gauge the level of pollution in a city. The
AQI uses the below criteria to measure emission:

 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

 Nitrogen Oxide (NO2)
 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
 Particulate Matter (PM)
 Ozone (OZ)

When the pollution levels are higher, it affects the health and some of the
effects are:

 Respiratory and heart ailments

 Cancer
 Throat and lung infections, asthma
 Lowered alertness
 Lethargy
 Itchy eyes
 Anaemia
 Kidney ailments
 The effects of higher pollution levels on the environment are:

 Global warming
 Contamination of air, soil and water
 Acid rain and smog
 Exhaustion of fossil fuel, the source for petrol and diesel.

BS6 Awareness

1. Skipped BSIV
2. Regulated Pollutants
 Unburned Hydrocarbon
 Carbon Monoxide
 Oxide Of Nitrogen
 Particulate Matter
The Real Driving Emissions (RDE) test measures the pollutants, such as NOx,
emitted by cars while driven on the road. RDE does not replace the WLTP
laboratory test, but complements it. RDE ensures that cars deliver low emissions
over on-road conditions. Europe is the first region in the world to introduce such
on-road testing, marking a major leap in the testing of car emissions.
 HOW DO RDE TESTS WORK IN PRACTICE?

Under RDE, a car is driven on public roads and over a wide range of different
conditions. Specific equipment installed on the vehicle collects data to verify that
legislative caps for pollutants such as NOx are not exceeded.

Conditions include:

 Low and high altitudes

 Year-round temperatures
 Additional vehicle payload
 Up- and down-hill driving
 Urban roads (low speed)
 Rural roads (medium speed)
 Motorways (high speed)

WHAT EQUIPMENT IS NEEDED FOR RDE?

 To measure pollutant emissions as the vehicle is being driven on the roads,

cars are fitted with Portable Emission Measuring Systems (PEMS) that
provide a complete real-time monitoring of the key pollutants emitted by
the vehicle ( I e NOx ).
 The PEMS used for regulated emissions are complex pieces of equipment
that integrate advanced gas analysers, exhaust mass flow meters, weather
station, Global Positioning System (GPS) and a connection to the vehicle
networks.
 All parties – including approval authorities – must learn the proper use of
PEMS systems. There is no ‘standard’ PEMS equipment and equipment
manufactured by different suppliers will always deliver slightly different
results. The collected data is analysed to check that the RDE trip boundary
conditions were achieved and that the emissions were within acceptable
levels.
Strategies and Challenges adopted by TOP 5 Manufacturing Companies

1) Tata Motors Strategy for BSVI Emission Standards

Tata motors are India’s largest automobile manufacturer of utility vehicles, buses,
cars, trucks and also army defence vehicles. It is not only India’s largest
automobile company, but it is also a part of the 100 billion US dollar Tata group.
Tata motors have operations in countries such as Korea, United Kingdom,
Thailand, Indonesia and South Africa. It also has a robust global network of 76
subsidiary and various associate companies such as Jaguar, Landover in the
United Kingdom and Daewoo in South Korea. Tata Motors is a market leader in
cars, commercial vehicles and utility vehicles and has around approximately 9
million vehicles on the Indian roads. Tata motors have a wide variety of products
which ranges from Sub-1 ton to 49 Ton gross vehicle weight (GVW) trucks, small,
medium and large buses and coach to passenger cars. The company’s various
segments include Information Technology, manufacturing of construction
equipment, machine tools, investment business and also automotive.

FUEL PARAMETER ANALYSIS

1) It is also found that reducing the
back-end volatility had little to no
effect on emissions from Light-duty
Vehicle (LDV) and tended to decrease
PAH Content PM and increase hydrocarbons and
Carbon Oxide emissions from heavy-
duty diesel engines.

2)The BSVI norm specifications for T95

in case of commercial diesel fuel is a
maximum of 370 degrees Celsius
which is higher than the European
specification of 360 degrees Celsius.

3)It is found that reducing PAH content

of diesel fuel have shown to reduce
 the particulate matter and Nitrogen
Oxide emissions from diesel engines.

4) European programme on emissions

fuels and engine technologies (EPEFE)
had found that a decrease in the diesel
fuel PAH content from 8 per cent to 1
per cent had contributed to reducing
the particulate matter emissions from
light-duty vehicles and heavyduty
vehicles by 5 per cent and 4 percent.

Strategies Adopted

Tata motors have recently declared about is BSVI type certification that it has
received BSVI type certificate of approval for its new 3.5 litres NASGI CNG
engine which is given by the automobile research association of India (ARAI). It
is a massive achievement for a company like Tata because of its first Original
equipment manager (OEM) in India to have achieved BSVI certification. For a
Tata motor have stated the certification includes meeting the tailpipe mass
emissions as well as compliance to onboard norms (OBD) which are mandated
by the regulations of the Indian government. The company stated that the 3.8
NA SGI CNG engine is a naturally aspirated engine which usually does not
require a turbocharger in order to function. The engine produces a power of
around 85 PS at 2500 repetitions per minute which has a torque of 285 NM at
2500 repetitions per minute. This type of combustion usually happens at
stoichiometric conditions in the engine. The engine also comes with the latest
sequential gas injection technology. The 3.8 NA SGI CNG engine will be used to
power 4T to 9T GVW buses and also famous tata trucks such as 407, 709, and
909which are already the most popular models in the automobile sector
market and which also has the best in class fuel efficiency. Rajendra Petkar
who is the chief technology officer (CTO) at Tata said that the BSVI engine
certification was achieved with a very intense focus on design and
development as well.

Tata Invested Rupees 1200 Crores for BSVI Transition of Tiago, Tigor, Nexon

The process of upgrading to BSVI engines will cost a massive sum of money for
automobile manufacturers it is although very difficult to guess the correct
estimate of how much money will be invested by a car manufacturer to meet
the norms, the amount is estimated to be in crores. Not only will the car
manufacturers have to spend on upgrading the engines, but they will also have
to spend a considerable sum of money for adding new components to the car
as well. In the recent interview with the Hindu, Tata motors Managing director
and Chief Executive officer, Guenter Butscheck has told that he already
invested Rupees 1200 crores in the conversion of BSIV engines to BSVI engine
upgrades,as compared to that of petrol engines. Usually, the cost of upgrading
a diesel BSVI is higher as compared to the cost of upgrading petrol engines to
BSVI. Experts say that developing diesel engines for small vehicle is not very
cost effective because the higher they spend on converting BSIV engines to
BSVI engines it will not justify the investments because it will increase the
overall cost of the car and would lower the demand for that car in the process.
The predictions above were also made by Tata’s competitors Maruti Suzuki
who also announced that the sale of diesel-powered cars and vehicles would
be stopped from April 2020. However other car manufacturers such as
Hyundai, Ford and Toyota had stated that they would continue the production
of diesel engines to conform with the BSVI norms though they would have to
invest much money on them. Tata motors plan to stop producing diesel-
powered engine cars by April 2020. The company also said that they would
consider reintroducing diesel cars in the market only after investigating the
current market scenario and if there is sufficient demand for them in the
future. Tata Motors also sells diesel variants of most of its models the new
Tata Tiago hatchback gets options to choose from both diesel and petrol. The
Nexon compact SUV, Zest sedan and the newly launched Tata Harrier SUV get
diesel-powered engine options. Overall the share of diesel vehicles has seen a
massive decline from 58 per cent in the year 2012-2013 to 36 per cent in the
last year. The main reason for the decline was there was a ban on diesel
engines which were more than ten years in the NCR (National capital region),
and there was also a small price difference between Petrol and diesel. The
diesel engines might be a cheaper and more fuelefficient option compared to
petrol but there are usually very high costs involved in making these

engines to conform with the BSVI norms and if demand for that particular car
decreases it might not be worth it to invest so much money on the conversion
of diesel engines from BSIV to BSVI. Tata's competitors Hyundai, Toyota and
Ford will be considering to invest in upgrading their petrol and diesel engines
to comply with the BSVI norms. This investment might cause the price of the
vehicles to increase to around 8 to 10 per cent but this is not exclusively for
diesel vehicles it would include petrol vehicles as well. Hence every car
manufacturer will have to decide on their own whether they would like to go
ahead with their investment or not.

2) Ashok Leyland BSVI Strategies

AshokLeyland recently announced that its entire range of heavy-duty

commercial vehicles is now BSVI compliant. The heavy-duty commercial
vehicle manufacturer has already received the BSVI certification. It is also the
first commercial vehicle manufacturer to achieve this feat. The Indian
automobile market is moving towards the deadline for the implementation of
BSVI emission norms, which is equivalent to the Euro-VI emission norms. In
order to update from BSIV emission norms to BSVI, all the automobile
manufacturers are planning to implement significant engine changes in their
product blueprint and also are putting in many efforts to redesign and upgrade
specific components of their vehicles to conform with the BSVI emission
norms. In some of the cases, the companies are dumping the older engines
and developing and upgrading new ones. Ashok Leyland is way ahead of the
rest of the automobile companies when it comes to the implementation of
stricter emission regulations. BSVI norms will come into action on April 1st
2020, and Ashok Leyland is seven months early to the party

1) Hyundai BSVI Strategies

The South-Korean auto-major Hyundai plans to roll out upgraded BSVI
compliant models including diesel variants from next year. The company is also
planning to keep selling BSIV compliant cars till the end of March of next year
but at a slightly lower price. Hyundai recently informed that it would not
discontinue producing diesel cars like companies such as Ford and Honda. This
means that all the current- diesel-powered Hyundai cars that are including the
small ones like the venue, elite i20, Grand i10 and Xcent will get BSVI engines
post-April 2020. In comparison to India’s largest carmaker by volume, Maruti
Suzuki recently said that it would discontinue the production of diesel cars in
the BSVI era unless there is enough customer demand for diesel cars during
that particular fiscal year. Upgrading the BSIV compliant cars to BSVI emission
norms is likely to make them more expensive by about Rupees 1 lakh.
Upgrading petrol cars to conform to the BSVI norms will not be so expensive as
compared to the likes of diesel cars.

Diesel cars may also lose the edge over their petrol counterparts even for
those with high average running numbers. If we consider the cost mentioned
above of upgrading the petrol and the diesel engines to the BSVI standards,
then the price difference between the Venue Petrol E- variant and the Venue-
diesel E variant will go up from the current 1.25 Lakh to Rupees 2.05 lakh.
Hyundai also offers a 1.0-litre turbocharged direct-injection petrol engine on
the Hyundai venue which is very expensive compared to the 1.2-litre petrol
engine. The difference in price between the Venue 1.0S petrol variant and the
venue 1.4S diesel is around Rupees 24000 in the BSVI era. The difference in
prices between the 1.0 litre powered venue and 1.4-litre venue might go up to
Rupees 1 lakh which is the same in the current scenario. Hyundai’s subsidiary
Kia motors is set to enter the Indian car market with a Hyundai Creta rival soon
enough it is going to power its first SUV which has a 1.5-litre diesel engine. This
engine could be the only diesel engine for Hyundai small car portfolio while
replacing both the 1.4 litre and 1.6 litre engines.

4. Maruti Suzuki Strategies to Conform with BSVI Norms

Maruti Suzuki recently announced in the press meet that it had received a
good response from its customers for its new BSVI range of vehicles which are
already available in the market now. The BSVI vehicles which are sold by
Maruti Suzuki constitute around 70 per cent of the total petrol vehicles which
are sold in the market. Maruti Suzuki is continuing with its commitment to
launching environmentfriendly vehicles, Maruti Suzuki introduced its first BSVI
compliant petrol car Baleno in April in the year 2019. This was followed by the
launch of BSVI compliant petrol variants of Alto 800, Wagon R (1.2 litres), Swift
Dzire and Ertiga much before the given date for the implementation of BSVI
regulations. The upcoming XL6 multipurpose vehicle (MPV) will also conform
with the BSVI standards.

Maruti Suzuki Expands Its BSVI Car Line-up To 8 Models, And It Sells Over 2
Lakh Units In 2019

Some of the main BSVI petrol models of Maruti Suzuki include Alto 800,
Wagon R (1.2 Litre), Swift Dzire, Ertiga, XL6 and S-Presso. Maruti Suzuki
recently sold over two lakh vehicles which are BSVI complaint [24]. This
achievement was only achieved in 6 months of the launch of the first BSVI
compliant vehicle. Maruti Suzuki recently launched its BSVI range with Alto
800 and Baleno in April 2019, this launch happened One year before the
stipulated timeline of April 2020. The complete range of Maruti Suzuki BSVI
compliant models includes Alto 800, Baleno, Wagon R (1.2 litres), Swift Dzire,
Ertiga and the recently launched XL6 and S-presso.
 BS6 Phase 2

Indian automotive industry has been on the knees for the past 2-3 years, be it the
new emission norms kicking in or the Covid induced lockdowns. And now, the
next year can be tough too as phase 2 of BS6 norms is going to be implemented.
What’s new? And how can it affect the industry? Post the implementation of
phase 2, all the petrol engine vehicles will be required to have programmed fuel
injection. In the first phase, the carburettors have been replaced with electronic
fuel injection. The programmed FI will enhance the fuel delivery even better as it
controls the timing and amount of fuel injected on the basis of input from various
sensors.

The second most important part in this phase 2 is the CAFE norms for EVs and
hybrids. The IC engines will not be able to meet the CAFE 2022 norms for sure,
thus automakers will have to switch to hybrid or EVs eventually.

What will be the effect?

In short, the prices of vehicles will go up. By how much, this question cannot be answered as
of now. But yes, the overall ownership cost will increase. Due to covid, the semiconductor
prices are already seeing a rise. And with more technology being added, the prices are going
to see a rise for sure.

When will the BS6 Phase 2 come into effect?

We can expect the second phase to kick in around 2022-23. This means that automakers have
a strict deadline to meet. The transition from BS4 to BS6 was tough. But we can expect the
transition from phase 1 to phase 2 to be less brutal on the automobile industry. We can also
expect electric vehicles to boom. Rest, the time will tell!
What will be Changes In BS6 Phase 2

With the implementation of the second stage of BS6, vehicles will need to meet the
actual driving emission norms and not be limited to only tests in laboratories. All
vehicles will have an OBD2 (on-board diagnostics) standard. The OBD is an advanced
electronic device that checks for any malfunction in the vehicle. It will be
programmed in a way to monitor the Catalytic converter, oxygen sensors and engine
misfire. In short, emission monitoring will be even more stringent than any BSES
norms. 

The norms main target is to make improvements in emission control and fuel
efficiency. Cars will have more sensors monitoring various parameters such as
throttle and crankshaft position, air intake pressure and temperature and content of
the emissions from the exhaust. The focus of BS-VI stage 2 seems to be more on
increasing fuel efficiency which will, in turn, reduce emissions as well.

Effect on customers?
1) The auto industry is collectively spending a lot of time and effort on developing
the programmed fuel injection for the CAFE norms and BS6 stage 2.

2) Development of the technology plus the additional hardware and software will
add to the manufacturing cost.

3) This increase in manufacturing costs will also increase the cost of acquisition for
customers. In simple terms, BS6 stage 2 will increase the ex-showroom cost of all
automobiles. On the positive side, this change will help reduce emissions, lowering
pollution. 

As automakers prepare to upgrade their models to meet BS6 phase 2 emission

norms, customers will be paying more for the upgraded vehicles due to stricter
emission norms kicking in from April 2023. To comply with the second phase of
BS6 norms which will make Indian vehicular emissions norms the equivalent of
Euro VI norms, both passenger and commercial vehicles will be fitted with more
sophisticated equipment as standard. This would add to the overall production
cost that will be passed over to buyers from next year. Here are the notable
upgrades that upcoming BS6 phase 2 vehicles will feature.
Self Diagnostic Device:

As Reported by the economic times, vehicles will now need to be equipped with a
self Diagnostic device. The device will constantly monitor the vehicles emission
levels while driving, it will also monitor other critical emission device such as the
catalytic converter and oxygen sensors . The BS6 Phase 2 Mandated device will
warn drivers when emission exceed prescribed parameter and remind them to
get the vehicle serviced.

Programmed Fuel Injectors:

The newer Vehicles will also features programmed fuel injectors.these injectors
will assist in brining the amount of fuel burnt under control .fuel injectors control
the timing and amount of fuel and air injected into an ICE engine during every
combustion cycle.

Upgraded Semiconductor:

While the Industry Continues to face a massive semiconductor shortage, the BS6
phase 2 emission norms would require automaker to install better , upgraded
semiconductor in newer vehicle from April 2023. The more sophisticated
semiconductor will monitor the vehicle’s throttle, crankshaft position, air intake
pressure , engine temperature and emission content such as CO 2 and Particulate
matter.

CONCLUSION AND FURTHER SCOPE

The newly introduced BS-VI Phase II norms are going to bring a radical change
in the Indian automobile sector industry. India will also get low emission
producing and more fuel efficient vehicles soon. Diesel engines will be more
expensive as compared to that of petrol engines because they need more
adjustment and after-treatments in order to stay clean. So, this will make sure
to attract the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) towards hybrid fuels
and another environment friendly alternative technology solution providing
companies are also going to benefit a lot from the transition. In case of fuel
specifications in terms of BSVI the main understanding is that the consequence
of the fuel effects on the emission of controlled air pollutants has reduced
because of the recent advancements in the engine after treatment
technologies. The modern age engines usually require very low sulphur
content in the fuel in order to maintain a strong performance during their
need. The efforts put in for the transition from BSIV to BSVI can incredibly help
in the reduction of air pollution fromautomobiles. This will bring a substantial
enhancement in the air quality of highly populated cities as exhaust emission
from vehicles are the primary source of air pollution in cities. The researchers
could find out more on the strategies adopted by the foreign car
manufacturers in order to come up with the transition from BSIV to BSVI.
Researchers can further investigate on the sale strategies adopted by top car
manufacturers in order to sell their BSIV compliant vehicles existing in their
inventory.