Example

• Design a cantilever retaining wall which supports a 5m high soil

using the given materials.

q= 20 kN/m2

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• Step 1- Assuming initial dimension of the wall.

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Step 2- Calculating active and passive lateral pressure distributions
at the wall.
• The horizontal stress distribution along the height of the wall
could be illustrated in diagram as:

q= 20 kN/m2

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 Step 3- calculating the total vertical and horizontal forces acting
around the wall.
q= 20 kN/m2

Vertical force
due to weight:

Vertical force due

to surcharge:
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7
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A
1m
0.5 m 1.5 m

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Step 4- Check the wall stability against overturning.
Resistance moment
Load (kN/m) Moment arm (m) Moment per meter ( kNm)
303.75
4.5
56.25
78.125
10.51
67.5

Overturning moment
Load (kN/m) Moment arm (m) Moment per meter ( kNm)
85.61
141.27

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(Safe against overturning
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(Safe against failure due to
bearing capacity)

(No tension under the base

of the wall)

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Step 6- Structural design
a. Stem design

5m

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No need for compression reinforcement
Step 6- Structural design a. Stem design

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Step 6- Structural design a. Stem design

M
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Step 6- Structural design a. Stem design

Bottom bars

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Step 6- Structural design a. Stem design

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Step 6- Structural design a. Stem design

• Substituting all the values, the resistance shear will be:

(The width of the stem is good

enough to resist the wide beam
shear)

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Step 6- Structural design a. Stem design

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 Step 6- Structural design
b. Heel slab design
 Design moment for the heel slab
𝑷𝟑
• Total reinforcement area for
the heel slab is determined
based on the bending moment
𝑤4
on C. 𝑤1
5m

𝑤2

A B C 𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 D
1m 1.5 m
0.5 m

𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12.79 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

N.B The stress
78.545 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
distributions at B and C 104.73 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
were found using 𝑷𝟓 (rectangular force)
triangle similarity
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 169.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑷𝟔 20
Step 6- Structural design b. Heel slab design

• Bending moment for heel design

Load (kN/m) Moment arm (m) from c Moment per meter

( kNm) about c
• 𝑤1 = 135 1.5
= 0.75 101.25
2
1.5 3 28.125
• 𝑤𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 37.5 ∗ = 18.75 2
= 1.5
3
• 𝑃4 = 30 1.5
= 0.75 22.5
2
1.5
• 𝑃5 = 19.189 = 0.75 -14.389
2
1.5
• 𝑃6 = 104.73 = 0.5 -29.45
3
𝑴𝒄 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟎𝟑𝟔 𝐤𝐍𝐦
• The ultimate design moment, 𝑴𝑬𝑫 will be:
𝑴𝑬𝑫 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑀𝑐 = 1.5 ∗ 108.036 = 162.054 𝑘𝑁𝑚

• Use this 𝑴𝑬𝑫 value to calculate the required reinforcement area…….

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Step 6- Structural design b. Heel slab design

 Checking the depth of the heel slab for wide beam shear
𝑷′𝟑
• The critical section for the wide beam shear is
d distance from the face of the stem
• Effective depth for the given concrete cove 5m
(40mm) and bar diameter (12 mm) will be:
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 6 = 454 𝑚𝑚 𝑤′1 1.5 m

• Determine the contact pressure at this section

using triangle similarity:
1.046 d 1.5-d=1.046 m
(169.88−12.79)∗ = 54.765𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
3

A B C 𝑤′ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 D
1m
0.5 m
• The shear force at this section, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 will be:
12.79 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑉 = 𝑷′𝟓 + 𝑷′𝟔 − 𝑷′ 𝟑 − 𝑾′ 𝟏 − 𝑾′𝒉𝒆𝒆𝒍
54.765 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝑷′𝟓 (rectangular force)

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 169.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑷′𝟔 (triangular force)

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Step 6- Structural design b. Heel slab design

• Substituting the values,

37.5
𝑉 = 12.79 ∗ 1.046 + 0.5 ∗ 54.765 ∗ 1.046 − ∗ 1.046 − 5 ∗ 1.046 ∗ 18 − 20 ∗ 1.046
3

= −86.101 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

• The ultimate design shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 will be:

𝑉𝐸𝐷 1.5∗𝑉
𝑣𝐸𝐷 = = = 0.284 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 1000∗454

Determine the shear resistance, 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 and compare it with

the design shear 𝑣𝐸𝐷 …..

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Step 6- Structural design

c. Toe slab design

Design moment for the heel slab 𝑷𝟑

• Total reinforcement area for

the toe slab is determined 𝑤4
based on the bending moment 𝑤1
on B. 5m

𝑤2
𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑒
A B C D
1m 1.5 m
0.5 m

𝜎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 12.79 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 169.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 104.73 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝑷𝟕 (rectangular force) 24
𝑷𝟖 (triangular force)
Step 6- Structural design c. Toe slab design

• Bending moment for toe design

Load (kN/m) Moment arm (m) from Moment per meter ( kNm)
B about B
• 𝑤2 = 9 1
= 0.5 -4.5
2
1 1 -6.25
• 𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑒 = 37.5 ∗ = 12.5 = 0.5
3 2

1
• 𝑃7 = 104.73 = 0.5 52.365
2
1
• 𝑃8 = 26.18 = 0.33 8.639
3
𝑴𝑩 = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟒 𝐤𝐍𝐦

• The ultimate design moment, 𝑴𝑬𝑫 will be:

𝑴𝑬𝑫 = 1.5 ∗ 𝑀𝐵 = 1.5 ∗ 50.254 = 75.381 𝑘𝑁𝑚

• Use this 𝑴𝑬𝑫 value to calculate the required

reinforcement area…….

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Step 6- Structural design b.Toe slab design

 Checking the depth of the toe of slab for wide beam shear

• The critical section for the wide beam shear is

d distance from the face of the stem to the toe
direction.
• Effective depth will be:
𝑑 = 500 − 40 − 6 = 454 𝑚𝑚

• Determine the contact pressure at this section 1-d= 0.546 m

using triangle similarity: d
2.454
(169.88−12.79)∗ = 128.48 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 𝑤′2
3

A
𝑤′𝑡𝑜𝑒
B C 𝑤′ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑙 D
1m
0.5 m
• The shear force at this section, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 will be:
𝑉 = 𝑷′𝟕 + 𝑷′𝟖 − 𝑾′ 𝟐 − 𝑾′𝒕𝒐𝒆
128.48 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 12.79 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 169.88 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝑷′𝟕 (rectangular force)

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𝑷′𝟖 (triangular force)
Step 6- Structural design b. Toe slab design

• Substituting the values,

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𝑉 = 141.27 ∗ 0.546 + 0.5 ∗ (169.88 − 141.27) ∗ 0.546 − ∗ 0.546
3

= 83.31 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

• The ultimate design shear force, 𝑉𝐸𝐷 will be:

𝑉𝐸𝐷 1.5∗𝑉
𝑣𝐸𝐷 = = = 0.275 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑏𝑑 1000∗454

Determine the shear resistance, 𝑣𝑅𝑑,𝑐 and compare it with

the design shear 𝑣𝐸𝐷 …..

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Thank You

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