UJIAN SEMESTER GENAP T.A.

2021/2022
MATAUJIAN : SOCIOLINGUISTICS
SKS : 2 SKS
KODE MATAKULIAH : MKK 635
PROGRAM STUDI : SASTRA INGGRIS
LECTURE : Dr. Mac Aditiawarman, S.H., M.Hum.
EXAMINATION : R-1 AND R-2

Please answer these questions with your own words and do not cheating!
1. Who talks more, man or women? Give give the example in 15 sentences!
2. Do men and women speak differently? Why does it happen, and explain in 20 sentences!
3. Why does a language change? What is the impact of? Explain in 20 sentences!
4. What do you think if every language does not has politeness element in it? Explain in 20
sentences!
Please explain each point above and give the example.
5. When choosing an appropriate speaking for the situation, there are factors that you have to
consider in order to effectively convey the message to the other people, they are:
a) Participants
b) Social setting
c) Who is talking- status relationship/social roles
d) Aim or purpose of conversation
e) Topic
Explain them in 30 sentences!
6. What is lingua franca? Explain in 15 sentences!
7. What are pidgin, creole, social dialect, geography dialect, diglossia, code mixing and code
switching? Explain them in 100 words!
8. What are the effects of the language interference? Explain them in 25 sentences!
9. How to avoid our family from blushing? Explain them in 20 sentences!
10. What is the relationship between language and society? Explain them in 25 sentences!
11. What will happen if the people in a village are dumb? Explain them in 20 sentences!
12. There is a term that says “Time change all things: there is no reason why language should
escape this universal law?” Explain them in 50 words!
13. There are some factors that make language change, what are they? Explain them in 75
words!
14. Why does a language disappear? Explain them in 50 words!
15. How can a new language appear among the society? Explain them in 15 sentences!
16. Pidgin is a part of language. How does it appear? Explain them in 20 sentences!
17. What is the relationship between Pidgin and Creole? How does a Creole appear? Explain
them in 20 sentences!
18. What is the difference between Pidgin and Creole? Explain them in 15 sentences!
19. What is a Dialect? Explain them in 15 sentences!
20. What are the requirements of informants in Dialect research? Explain them in 20
sentences!
UJIAN SEMESTER GENAP T.A. 2021/2022
MATAUJIAN : SOCIOLINGUISTICS
SKS : 2 SKS
KODE MATAKULIAH : MKK 635
PROGRAM STUDI : SASTRA INGGRIS
LECTURE : Dr. Mac Aditiawarman, S.H., M.Hum.
EXAMINATION : R-1 AND R-2

Good Luck
Nama : Fransiskus Oktorius
Bp : 1910003924009

JAWABAN

1. Women,
Example : - I will cook your favorite food.
- You look so beautiful today !
- Are sure about that?
- Why were you so careless?
- What did i do wrong?
- Wait a minute, I'm getting dressed.
- He is the most handsome one of all.
- I have a crush on him.
- Yeah, let it be.
- Stop thinking about it! It just breaks our mood.
- I am thinking 0f how the boss could hire her.
- But it maybe just a normal problem.
-The shoes looks beautiful, I want to buy it.
- Where is he now? why did it take him so long to come!

2. Of course, men and women talk differently. Researchers have addressed questions about gender and
language for several decades. In the 1970s, the linguist Robin Lakoff identified a so-called ‘women’s
register’. It is through language, Lakoff argued, that women’s inferior place in society is maintained.
Women’s talk is more polite than men’s; women use more tag questions (e.g., ‘isn’t it?’), use weaker
directives, avoid swearing, and use more empty adjectives (e.g., ‘cute’) than men.

3. There are many different routes to language change. Changes can take originate in language learning,
or through language contact, social differentiation, and natural processes in usage.
 Language learning: Language is transformed as it is transmitted from one generation to the next.
Each individual must re-create a grammar and lexicon based on input received from parents,
older siblings and other members of the speech community. The experience of each individual is
different, and the process of linguistic replication is imperfect, so that the result is variable across
individuals. However, a bias in the learning process -- for instance, towards regularization -- will
cause systematic drift, generation by generation. In addition, random differences may spread and
become 'fixed', especially in small populations.
 Language contact: Migration, conquest and trade bring speakers of one language into contact
with speakers of another language. Some individuals will become fully bilingual as children,
while others learn a second language more or less well as adults. In such contact situations,
languages often borrow words, sounds, constructions and so on.
 Social differentiation. Social groups adopt distinctive norms of dress, adornment, gesture and so
forth; language is part of the package. Linguistic distinctiveness can be achieved through
vocabulary (slang or jargon), pronunciation (usually via exaggeration of some variants already
available in the environment), morphological processes, syntactic constructions, and so on.
 Natural processes in usage. Rapid or casual speech naturally produces processes such
as assimilation, dissimilation, syncope and apocope. Through repetition, particular cases may
become conventionalized, and therefore produced even in slower or more careful speech. Word
meaning change in a similar way, through conventionalization of processes
like metaphor and metonymy.
4. If every language does not have an element of politeness in it, there will definitely be disputes and will
lead to bad relationships in every communication. Of course this should not be done, because if you want
to get a good response in language we must apply politeness.

5. Factors that you have to consider in order to effectively convey the message to the other people,
a) Participants : Who is the speaking and who are they speaking to?. Examples : Speakers
communicate differently to different audiences. To take a simple example, people tell their
grandmothers about their new “significant other” in a different way than they tell their best
friend. Similarly, people speak about trees differently with their high school biology teacher than
they do with their younger siblings; and speakers often need to make arguments about public
policy differently to Republicans than to Democrats.
b) Social setting : Where and when are they speaking and what kind of physical interaction they
have.
c) Who is talking- status relationship/social roles : who are they talking to, for example like a
student talking to a teacher or a student talking to a lecturer.
d) Aim or purpose of conversation : Why are they speaking.
e) Topic : What is being talked about.

6. Lingua Franca is a language used for communication between speakers of different native languages.
Lingua Franca, (Italian: “Frankish language”) language used as a means of communication between
populations speaking vernaculars that are not mutually intelligible. The term was first used during the
Middle Ages to describe a French- and Italian-based jargon, or pidgin, that was developed by Crusaders
and traders in the eastern Mediterranean and characterized by the invariant forms of its nouns, verbs, and
adjectives. These changes have been interpreted as simplifications of the Romance languages.
Here are a couple of example situations of when a lingua franca is necessary :
 Example situation #1 : There are many languages spoken in a particular area or amongst different
ethnic groups and they need a language to communicate.
 Example situation #2 : There is trade between two different countries have no common language.
 Example situation #3 : At a professional conference for experts from different countries who have
different native language.

7. Pidgin, Creole, Social Dialect, Geography Dialect, Diglossia, Code Mixing and Code Switching :
Pidgin is a variety of a language which is developed for some partical purposes, such as tradding among
group of people who did not know each others language. A pidgin is a native languange is none. Pidgins
are formed by two speech communities attempting to communicate.
Creole is refers to a pidgin language which has become the mother tongue of speech community. Unlike
pidgin, creole languages have large numbers of native speakers and they develop in ex-colonial areas.
Social dialect is a variety which is thought of as being related to its speakers social background rather
than geographical background.
Geography dialect are varieties associated with speakers living in a particular location, while social
dialects are varieties associated with speakers belonging to a given demographic group.
Diglossia is a situation in which two varietiesof the same language are used under different conditions
within a community.
Code mixing is happen when speaker mix between mother language to another language.
Code switching is the phenomenom when there are two or more languages that exist in the community
and speaker frequently switch from one language to another language.
8. The effect can be on any aspect of language: grammar, vocabulary, accent, spelling and so on. It is
most often discussed as a source of errors (negative transfer), although where the relevant feature of both
languages is the same, it results in correct language production (positive transfer). The greater the
differences between the two languages, the more negative the effects of interference are likely to be.
Interference is most commonly discussed in the context of EAL teaching, but it will inevitably occur in
any situation where someone has an imperfect command of a second language.

9. Some ways to avoid Blushing :

- Snap out of it by relaxing your body. When you blush, you can quickly help fade the redness by
relaxing your muscles, particularly in your shoulders and neck. Try to let go of the tension that you are
suddenly holding on to. Keep your posture upright and your legs balanced.
In order to relax, try:
 Remembering to breathe in and out (deeply if you can).
 Reminding yourself that this isn't the first time you have blushed and it probably won't be
the last time. This can be oddly comforting.
 Smiling. Smiling may help as our cheeks naturally redden when we smile; smiling also
helps us feel happier, which may destroy any social anxiety.
- Don't fixate on blushing. Many people fixate on their blushing when it happens, worsening their social
anxiety. And research shows that the more we think about blushing, the more we blush. If you can find a
way to stop fixating on blushing, chances are you'll actually blush less!
- Consider calling attention to it. If a person's on a date and they do something incredibly awkward, one
way that they'll save the situation is by calling attention to it: "Well, now, that was clumsy. I promise I'm
only a klutz half of the time!" By calling attention to the awkwardness and putting it out in the open,
they've unmasked it. The awkwardness usually leaves right then and there. You can do the same thing
with blushing.
 It's obviously not something you can do every time, in every situation, but consider it a
tool you can use. Your blushing often gets worse because you're afraid of people
uncovering your anxiety. If you defuse the anxiety before other people have time to
realize it, you have no reason to blush anymore

10. The connection between language and society is tightly anchored. The relationship of the two is
deeply rooted. Language performs various functions in the society and the society does the same way. If
one will not exist, the other one will be affected. Language is the primary tool for communication
purposes, for establishing peace and order in our society, for showing authority and power, and for
attaining goals and objectives. But, it can also destruct the society if it will use inappropriately. It must
follow the conformity governing the society to avoid conflict s and to meet the boundary of individual
differences. Society however controls our language by giving us preferences as what are acceptable and
not, because each one of us has our own perception or point of view. A group of people may accept our
language, but for others, it could be kind of offence or insult. We must know how, when and where to say
it and for what purpose. Social changes produce changes in language. This affects values in ways that
have not been accurately understood. Language incorporates social values. However, social values are
only the same as linguistic values when the society is a stable and unchanging one. Once society starts
changing, then language change produces special effects.

11. The village will be difficult to progress and many things will be left behind. For example, such as
technology behind. Even the human resources are less competent so that many things are not known.
And this will have a negative impact on the village itself.
12. The causes of continuity are a priori within the scope of the observer, but the causes of change in time
are not. It is better not to attempt giving an exact account at this point, but to restrict discussion to the
shifting of relationships in general. Thus we may found the science for the study of the life of signs
against the background of social life; it would form part of social psychology, and consequently of
general psychology; we shall call it semiology (from Greek sēmeion — 'sign'). That science would
explain to us in what signs consist of and by what laws they are governed. Since it is a science which does
not yet exist, we do not know what it will be like; it has, however, a reason for its existence, its place is
allocated in advance. Linguistics is only a part of that general science ; the laws which semiology will
discover, will be applicable also to linguistics, which in turn will be linked with a domain clearly defined
throughout the entirety of human affairs.

13. languages change for a variety of reasons such as political pressures, technological development as
well as social, culture and moral factors. Below are examples of causes that lead to change in the English
language.
 Political factor : which is caused by foreign invasion, migration and colonization.
 Social factor : which means foreign influences from Latin, French, American, Australian, Indian
and others. The unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change. Vocabulary and
phrases people use depend upon the place, age, gender, education level, social status.
 Cultural factor : This means the exposure of one language group to another via television, radio,
films, music, magazines and fashion.
 Technological factor : which means rapid advances in information technology, industries,
products and economy simply require new words that drive language change.
 Moral factor : which is about recent developments in anti-racism and environmentalism (Beard,
2004).

14. But why do languages become either dead or extinct?

There are a number of ways in which this happens:
a. Gradual language death : Probably the most common form of language death, this happens when
speakers of a language become bilingual in another language which is more dominant, and over
time the original is phased out until it exists no more. The Cornish language, which became
extinct in the late 18th century, is a prime example of this happening. However, Cornish is slowly
being revived and in 2002, UNESCO declared it as a critically endangered language, as opposed
to extinct.
b. Bottom-to-top language death : This form of language death happens when a language ceases to
be used as a form of conversation but survives in special circumstances, such as religion or folk
songs. This applies to Latin.
c. Sudden language death : This form of death occurs when all or the vast majority of the language’s
speakers die as a result of natural disaster or violence. During the 1830s, a number of Tasmanian
languages suffered this fate as a result of The Black War, which saw European invaders
massacring the native inhabitants.
d. Radical language death : Similarly to sudden language death, radical language death happens
quickly and through violence. The difference, however, is that through radical death, not all
speakers necessarily die, but are driven underground through the persecution of their culture or
language. This happened to the Lencan and Cacaopera languages in El Salvador after the 1932
revolt.
15. A new language appear among the society is variation over time in a language's features. It is studied
in several subfields of linguistics: historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, and evolutionary linguistics.
Traditional theories of historical linguistics identify three main types of change: systematic change in the
pronunciation of phonemes, or sound change; borrowing, in which features of a language or dialect are
altered as a result of influence from another language or dialect; and analogical change, in which the
shape or grammatical behavior of a word is altered to more closely resemble that of another word.

16. A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second
language. A pidgin may be built from words, sounds, or body language from a multitude of languages as
well as onomatopoeia. Onomatopoeia is the process of creating a word that phonetically imitates,
resembles, or suggests the sound that it describes.

17. Pidgin is a linguistic communication that comprised of components of two or more other languages
and is used for communication among people. It can also be called business language. It is not a first
language. Whereas, creole is a language that was at first a pidgin but has “transformed” and become a
first language. Creole peoples are ethnic groups formed during the European colonial era, from the mass
displacement of peoples brought into sustained contact with others from
different linguistic and cultural backgrounds, who converged onto a colonial territory to which they had
not previously belonged.

18. Difference between Pidgin and Creole :

 Pidgin are non native lingua francas, no native speakers, a rise quickly for functional
communication, compromise between 2 or more languages, simple vocabulary from “dominant”
group’s language, simplified grammar of native language.
 Creole have native speakes, usually starts as a pidgin, bceomes children’s native language.

19. Dialect is a variety of a language that has characteristic of vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
that are different from other varieties. Dialect as the ‘sub-divisions of language’.
Characteristics of Dialect :
1. Dialect originates either from rationality or from politically divided ethnic groups.
2. Dialect is always a remarkable variation of socio-linguistics.
3. The usage of dialect sometimes become more serious for which it become accepted by many.
4. Every langguage has it’s dialect which originates form regionalism or topographical level.
5. Ethnicity & cultural or religious practices of small groups survive through dialects.
6. When dialects are studied in a complete scientific or academic way, then this high-serious hang-around
of dialect is known as ‘Dialect Geograph’

20. The informant requirements that must be considered in dialectological research are as follows :
 40 to 60 years old
 Not very high education (maximum junior high school level)
 Coming from the village and research area
 Born and raised and married to people from the research area
 Have a perfect and complete speech tool