Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

 Define basic terms and phrases used in statistics;

 Identify the importance of statistics in everyday life;
 Compare and contrast descriptive and inferential
statistics; and
 Explain the concepts of methods of data collection
and presentation.

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

The field of statistics deals with the collection,
organization, presentation, analysis, and use of data to
make decisions, solve problems, and design products
and processes.
 In simple terms, statistics is the science of data.

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 Concerned with describing the characteristics and
properties of a group of persons, places or things.
 Based on easily verifiable facts or meaningful
information.
 Does not draw inferences or conclusions about a
larger set of data.

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Examples
 How many passed in the recent Electrical
Engineering Licensure examination?
 In Applied Life Data Analysis (Wiley, 1982), Wayne
Nelson presents the breakdown time of an insulating
fluid between electrodes at 34 kV. The times in
minutes, are as follows: 0.19, 0.78, 0.96, 1.31, 2.78,
3.16, 4.15, 4.67, 4.85, 6.50, 7.35, 8.01, 8.27, 12.06, 31.75,
35.52, 33.91, 36.71, and 72.89.

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 Draws inferences about a population based on the
data gathered from the samples using the techniques
of DS.
 Composed of those methods concerned with the
analysis of a smaller group of data leading to
predictions or inferences about the larger set of data.
 Statistics that deals in giving a generalization about
the whole from an analysis of the part of the group.

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Examples
 Is there a significant correlation between the amount
spent in studying and final grade in a computer
programming course?
 Study shows that ABET accredited programs draw
more students to enrol at Mapúa Institute of
Technology in such programs.

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 Totality of all observations from which the dataset is
acquired
 All of the possible events should be considered.
 Variable that describes population is known as
parameter.
Example:
There are 5,786 students enrolled in MATH10-1.
Population: Students of MATH10-1
Parameter: 5,786 (population size)
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 Small group taken from the population
 A group heterogeneous as possible taken from the
large group to represent the population
 Variable that describes sample is known as statistic.
Example:
Of the 5,786 students enrolled in MATH10-1, 3,456 are
females.
Sample: Female students in MATH10-1
Statistic: 3,456 (sample size)
Mapua University – Department of Mathematics
 are the parameters being studied in
statistics.

 Also known as categorical data which are commonly

answered by non numeric data usually qualitative in
form
 Examples are preferences, gender, civil status, and
location.

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 Also known as numerical data which are information
and observations that are countable or measurable
quantities
 Examples are force, weight, height, voltage, current,
resistance, tensile strength, and grades.

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Examples: Classify as Quantitative (QN) or Qualitative
(QL).
 Weekly allowance
 Income of parents
 Religion
 Age
 Address
 Educational attainment
 Jobs
 Schools attended
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 Measurable quantities. Have infinite values between
intervals.
 Data that have been measured by analog devices and
have infinite values based on interpolations
 Examples are height, weight, and ratio of persons.

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 Countable quantities. Have finite equal intervals.
 Data that have been measured by digital measuring
device that tends to have exact values
 Examples are number of individuals and months of
the year.

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 A naturally occurring phenomenon that can be
altered by increasing or decreasing its magnitude.

 A variable that is observed upon application of the

changes applied to the independent variable.

Example: The number of hours spent

in studying and test scores.

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 Kept constant to check for the external effects of the
dependent to the independent variable

 Would have minimal effect to the result of the

dependent variable to the independent variable

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- Assigning numerical to categorical data.

- Assigning rank to the levels of data.

- Assigning a constant difference between numeric

data.

- Assigning continuous range of data over a range.

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 Commonly categorical data assigned to numbers.
 The applicable measurement is simply counting the
number of times a certain data would fall on the
category, like assigning 1 for males and 2 for females.
 Other examples include course, civil status, color,
and preference.

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 Quantities where the numbers are used to designate
the rank order of the data
 The correlation or the effect of the ranking of one
variable can be measured. However, the range for
each rank is not constant.
 Examples are results of a race, ranking of a beauty
pageant, and level of hardness of a material in the
Moh’s scale.

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 The range between the numeric values is constant.
 Addition and subtraction is applicable, but not for
multiplication and division.
 Multiplication and division can only be done in the
difference between intervals.
 Zero point is arbitrary.
 Examples include years (1994, 2004, etc.), times
(00:00, 20:00, etc.) and temperature in Celsius and
Fahrenheit scales.

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 Widely used data in science and engineering
 Almost all the basic mathematical operations can be
performed in this data type.
 There is a non arbitrary zero point.
 Examples include length, mass, angles, charge, and
energy.

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 is the process of taking samples from the
population.

- This eliminates the biases against certain event that

has no chance to be selected by listing all the possible
events and taking a chance that they will be selected to
be part of the sample.

- This type of sampling technique has certain or has no

chance of an individual of being selected to be part
of the sample.
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 Performed by arranging the population according to
a certain rule, each element being numbered and a
sample is taken by various randomizing principles.
 Randomizing events examples are table of random
numbers, random number generator in computers
and calculators, and lottery or fish bowl technique.
 Each event in the population has equal chance of
being selected as part of the sample.

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 Done by arranging the population in accordance to a
certain order and the sample will be taken by
dividing the population into equal groups and
obtaining the kth element in each group
 Examples:
 Getting the temperature of the device every 4 hours
 Getting the voltage of the signal every constant
interval and converting to another signal

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 Done by grouping the population into strata, a
subpopulation with generally homogeneous or
similar characteristics
 After dividing the population into several strata, a
random sampling is performed in each stratum
proportional to the size of each stratum relative to
the population.

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Example: A survey to find out if families living in a
certain city are in favor of construction of
manufacturing plant will be conducted. To ensure all
income groups represented, respondents will be divided
into:
Class A – high income
Class B – middle income
Class C – low income

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 Strata Number of Families
A 1000
B 2500
C 1500
N = 5000

 Using a 5% margin of error, how many families should be

𝑁
included in the survey? Use Slovin’s formula: 𝑛 =
1+𝑁𝑒 2
 - Using proportional allocation, how many from each
group should be taken as samples?

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 Done by identifying groups called clusters, a
subpopulation with elements as heterogeneous or
diverse characteristics as possible
 The clusters must be similar to each other with
respect to the parameter being examined.
 A cluster or clusters will be selected as sample.
 Preferred since it will save time and money to go to
various clusters
 Example: Selection of a certain region.
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 Based primarily on the availability of the respondents
 Used because of the convenience it offers to the researcher
 Example: Gathering data through telephone.

 There is a desired number of sample and the respondents were

taken as they volunteered themselves to become part of the
experiment.
 Almost similar to the stratified random sampling
 Example: Phone call survey where the first 100 callers are taken

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 The sample is obtained based on a certain premise.
 Example: A study about pregnant women where the
male population would have zero chance of being
selected as part of the survey

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 There are two fields of Statistics: Descriptive and
Inferential Statistics.
 Population is the totality of all observations from which
the dataset is acquired. Sample is a subset of population.
 Variables are classified as quantitative or qualitative and
independent or dependent.
 The scales of measurement are nominal, ordinal, interval,
and ratio.
 Sampling techniques are classified as probability
(random, systematic, stratified, and cluster) and non-
probability (convenience, quota, and purposive).

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

 Montgomery and Runger. Applied Statistics and
Probability for Engineers, 5th Ed. © 2011
 Introduction to Business Statistics, Sirug, 2011
 Introduction to Quantitative Methods in
Business,Bharat Kolluri, 2016
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
 http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/stats/in
dex.cfm

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics