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 Identify and learn various ways of presenting data;

 Describe data through tables, graphs, and charts;
 Describe and interpret data presented in various
charts; and
 Practice different ways or presenting data.

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- Data presentation using sentences and paragraphs in
describing data

- Data presentation that uses tables arranged in rows

and columns for various parameters

- Pictorial representation of data

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- Data points are treated individually.

- Data points are treated and grouped according to

categories.

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Numerous data can be analyzed by grouping the data
into different classes with equal class intervals and
determining the number of observations that fall
within each class. This procedure is done to lessen
work done in treating each data individually by
treating the data by group.

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 The smallest and the largest values that fall within
the class interval (class)
 Taken with equal number of significant figures as the
given data.

 More precise expression of the class interval

 It is usually one significant digit more than the class
limit.
 Acquired as the midpoint of the upper limit of the
lower class and the lower limit of the upper class
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 The number of observations falling within a particular
class.
 Counting and tallying
)
 - Numerical difference between the upper and lower class
boundaries of a class interval.

 Middle element of the class

 It represents the entire class and it is usually symbolized
by x.

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 can be derived from the frequency distribution and
can be also obtained by simply adding the class
frequencies
 Partial sums
Types of Cumulative Frequency Distribution
 Less than cumulative frequency (<cf) refers to the
distribution whose frequencies are less than or below
the upper class boundary they correspond to.
 Greater than cumulative frequency (>cf) refers to
the distribution whose frequencies are greater than
or above the lower class boundary the correspond to.
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 Percentage frequency of the class with respect to the
total population
 For presenting pie charts

 The proportion in percent the frequency of each

class to the total frequency
 Obtained by dividing the class frequency by the total
frequency, and multiplying the answer by 100

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Class Interval Frequency x LCB UCB < 𝒄𝒇 > 𝒄𝒇 %𝐫𝒇

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Steps in Constructing a Frequency Distribution
Table (FDT)
1. Get the lowest and the highest value in the
distribution. We shall mark the highest and lowest
value in the distribution.

2. Get the value of the range. The range denoted by R,

refers to the difference between the highest and the
lowest value in the distribution. Thus,
R = H ─ L.

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3. Determine the number of classes. In the determination
of the number of classes, it should be noted that there is
no standard method to follow. Generally, the number of
classes must not be less than 5 and should not be more
than 15. In some instances, however, the number of
classes can be approximated by using the relation
𝒌 = 𝟏 + 𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟐 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒏 (Sturges’ Formula),
where k = number of classes and n = sample size. 𝑘 is the
ceiling operator (meaning take the closest integer above
the calculated value).
Square root principle: 𝑘 = 𝑛

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4. Determine the size of the class interval. The value of
C can be obtained by dividing the range by the
desired number of classes. Hence, 𝐶 = 𝑅 𝑘.
5. Construct the classes. In constructing the classes,
we first determine the lower limit of the
distribution. The value of this lower limit can be
chosen arbitrarily as long as the lowest value shall be
on the first interval and the highest value to the last
interval.

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6. Determine the frequency of each class. The
determination of the number of frequencies is done
by counting the number of items that shall fall in
each interval.

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1. Using the steps discussed, construct the frequency
distribution of the following results of a test in statistics
of 50 students given below. 88 62 63 88 65
85 83 76 72 63
60 46 85 71 67
75 78 87 70 43
63 90 63 60 73
55 62 62 83 79
78 43 51 56 80
90 47 48 54 77
86 55 76 52 76
43 52 72 43 60
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Answer: 88 62 63 88 65
1. Find the Range 85 83 76 72 63
𝑅 = 𝐻𝑉 − 𝐿𝑉
60 46 85 71 67
𝑅 = 90 − 43 = 47
75 78 87 70 43
2. Find the class size
𝑅 63 90 63 60 73
𝐶= 55 62 62 83 79
1 + 3.322𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑁
47 78 43 51 56 80
=
1 + 3.322log(50) 90 47 48 54 77
𝐶 = 7.07 = 7
86 55 76 52 76
To determine the upper limit of every class
interval, lower limit plus the class size minus 43 52 72 43 60
one.

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1. Answer:
88 62 63 88 65
Class Interval Frequency 85 83 76 72 63
43-49 7 60 46 85 71 67
75 78 87 70 43
50-56 7
63 90 63 60 73
57-63 10
55 62 62 83 79
64-70 3 78 43 51 56 80
71-77 9 90 47 48 54 77
78-84 6 86 55 76 52 76
43 52 72 43 60
85-91 8

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Class Interval Frequency x LCB UCB < 𝒄𝒇 > 𝒄𝒇 %𝒓𝒇

46 42.5 49.5 7 50 𝟕
= 𝟏𝟒
43-49 7 𝟓𝟎
53 49.5 56.5 14 43 𝟕
= 𝟏𝟒
𝟓𝟎
50-56 7
60 56.5 63.5 24 36 𝟏𝟎
= 𝟐𝟎
𝟓𝟎
57-63 10
67 63.5 70.5 27 26 𝟑
=𝟔
𝟓𝟎
64-70 3
74 70.5 77.5 36 23 𝟗
= 𝟏𝟖
𝟓𝟎
71-77 9
81 77.5 84.5 42 14 𝟔
= 𝟏𝟐
𝟓𝟎
78-84 6
88 84.5 91.5 50 8 𝟖
= 𝟏𝟔
𝟓𝟎
85-91 8

N=50 100%

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2. The following are the scores of 40 students in a Math
quiz. Prepare a frequency distribution for these scores
using a class size of 10.
22 31 55 76 48 49 50 85 17 38
92 62 94 88 72 65 63 25 88 88
86 75 37 41 76 64 66 58 66 76
52 40 42 76 29 72 59 42 54 62

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2. Answer:

Class Interval Frequency

17-26 3
27-36 2
37-46 6
47-56 6
57-66 9
67-76 7
77-86 2
87-96 5

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3. The thickness of a particular metal of an optical
instrument was measured on 121 successive items as
they came off a production line under what was
believed to be normal conditions. The results are shown
in Table 4.5.

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3. Answer

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Frequency Polygon
- Line graph
- The points are plotted at the midpoint of the classes.

Histogram (Frequency Histogram or Relative

Frequency Histogram)
- Bar graph
- Plotted at the exact lower limits of the classes

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Ogive
- Line graph
- Graphical representation of the cumulative
frequency distribution
- The < ogive represents the <cf while the > ogive
represents the >cf.

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4. Construct a frequency polygon, histogram, and ogives
of the given distribution. Class Frequency
Interval
25-29 1
30-34 1
35-39 5
40-44 8
45-49 15
50-54 4
55-59 4
60-64 3
65-69 4
70-74 3
75-79 2

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 Class Frequency X < 𝒄𝒇 > 𝒄𝒇
4. Answer Interval
25-29 1 27 1 50

30-34 1 32 2 49

35-39 5 37 7 48

40-44 8 42 15 43

45-49 15 47 30 35

50-54 4 52 34 20

55-59 4 57 38 16

60-64 3 62 41 12

65-69 4 67 45 9

70-74 3 72 48 5

75-79 2 77 50 2

N=50

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In the preparation of a polygon, the frequency values are
always plotted on the y-axis (vertical) while the classes are
plotted on the x-axis (horizontal). Here we use the class
midpoints.

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The preparation of the histogram is similar to the
construction of the frequency polygon. While the
frequency polygon is plotted using the frequencies against
the class midpoints, the histogram is plotted using the
frequencies against the exact limit of the classes.

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Frequency Histogram

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Ogives

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 The three ways in presenting the data are textual,
tabular and graphical.
 Frequency distribution can be depicted in two ways:
tabular and graphical (frequency polygon, histogram,
and ogives) forms.
 In ungrouped data, the data are treated individually.
 In grouped data, data are treated and grouped
according to categories.

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics

 Montgomery and Runger. Applied Statistics and
Probability for Engineers, 5th Ed. © 2011
 Introduction to Business Statistics, Sirug, 2011
 Introduction to Quantitative Methods in Business ,
Bharat Kolluri , 2016
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics
 http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/research/stats/in
dex.cfm

Mapua University – Department of Mathematics